Editing List of Chinese monarchs

{{Short description|none}}
[[File:Qinshihuang.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Imagined portrait of [[Qin Shi Huang]], the first [[Emperor of China|Emperor of a unified China]]. Depiction from the [[Qing dynasty]]|alt=illustration of Qin Shi Huang]]

The [[Chinese sovereign|Chinese monarchs]] were the rulers of [[History of China|China]] during [[History of China#Ancient China|Ancient]] and [[History of China#Imperial China|Imperial]] periods.{{efn|Contemporary scholars often split [[Chinese history]] into three periods: Ancient, Imperial and Modern, based on the Ancient, Medieval and Modern scheme developed by [[Liang Qichao]].{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=1}} In Chinese history, "Medieval"—originally defined as from the [[Qin dynasty|Qin]] to [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] dynasties—has since been replaced by "Imperial".{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|pp=1, 5}} "Medieval" now refers to the more specific period from the [[End of the Han dynasty]] through the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms]].{{sfn|Xiong|2009|pp=1–32}}}} The earliest rulers in traditional [[Chinese historiography]] are of [[Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors|mythological origin]], and followed by the [[Xia dynasty]] of highly uncertain and contested historicity. During the subsequent [[Shang dynasty|Shang]] ({{circa|1600–1046 BCE}}) and [[Zhou dynasty|Zhou]] (1046–256 BCE) dynasties, rulers were referred to as ''Wang'' {{lang|zh-hant|王}}, meaning [[king]].{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=287}} China was [[Qin's wars of unification|fully united]] for the first time by [[Qin Shi Huang]] ({{Reign}}259–210 BCE), who established the [[Qin dynasty|first Imperial dynasty]], adopting the title ''[[Emperor of China|Huangdi]]'' ({{lang|zh-hant|皇帝}}), meaning Emperor, which remained in use until the Imperial system's [[1911 Revolution|fall in 1912]].{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=287}}

At no point during Ancient or Imperial China was there a formalized means to confer legitimate succession between rulers.{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=8}} From the Zhou dynasty onwards, monarchs justified their reigns by claiming the [[Mandate of Heaven]] ({{lang|zh-hant|天命}}; ''Tiānmìng'').{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=7}}{{efn|The [[Mandate of Heaven]] is essentially equivalent to the European [[divine right of kings]].{{sfn|Wechsler|1985|p=12}} It was first formally introduced by the [[Duke of Zhou]] to justify his house's overthrow of the Shang.{{sfn|Wechsler|1985|p=12}} Prior to this, the Shang kings justified their rule by being claiming descent from a "divine ancestor",{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=9}} and being able to interpret, manipulate and maintain [[Chinese theology|cosmic relations]] between humans and [[heaven]] ({{lang|zh-hant|天}}; ''[[Tiān]]'').{{sfn|Wang|2000|p=193}}}} The mandate held that a ruler and their successors had permission from the heavens to rule as long as they did so effectively.{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=7}} It also declared a ruler the [[Son of Heaven]] ({{lang|zh-hant|天子}}; ''Tiānzǐ''), giving them the right to rule "[[Tianxia|all under heaven]]" ({{lang|zh-hant|天下}}; ''Tiānxià'').{{sfn|Paludan|1998|pp=6–7}} Given the Mandate's subjective nature, rulers also utilized a variety of methods to retain support and justify their accession.{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=7}} This ranged from military enforcement, [[political patronage]], establishing peace and solidity, institutional reform, and [[historical revisionism]] to legitimize the dissolution of previous dynasties and their own succession.{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|pp=7–8}} For most of Imperial China, the ''[[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|wuxing]]'' ({{lang|zh-hant|五行}}; "Five Elements") philosophical scheme was also central to justify dynastic succession.{{sfn|Chen|2014|pp=325–326}}

Most Chinese monarchs had many names. They were given a [[personal name]] ({{lang|zh-hant|名字}}; ''Míngzi'') at birth, but later referred to by a [[posthumous name]] ({{lang|zh-hant|謚號}}; ''Shìhào'')—which memorialized their accomplishments or character—due to a cultural [[naming taboo]].{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|pp=288, 290–291}} Most emperors of the Imperial period also received a [[temple name]] ({{lang|zh-hant|廟號}}; ''Miàohào''), used to venerate them in [[Ancestor veneration in China|ancestor worship]].{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=288}} From the rule of [[Emperor Wu of Han]] ({{Reign}}141–87 BCE) onwards,{{efn|Although [[era names]] originated in the reign of [[Emperor Wu of Han]] ({{Reign}}141–87 BCE),{{sfn|Wright|Fagan|1951|p=113}} his two immediate predecessors [[Emperor Wen of Han]] ({{Reign}}180–157) and [[Emperor Jing of Han]] ({{Reign}}157–141) were also given era names later.{{sfn|Moule|1957|pp=4–5}}}} emperors also adopted one or several [[Chinese era name|era name]]s ({{lang|zh-hant|年號}}; ''Niánhào''), or "reign mottos",{{sfn|Theobald|2011a}} to divide their rule by important events or accomplishments.{{sfn|Wright|Fagan|1951|pp=113–114}} [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] (1368–1644) and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] (1644–1912) rulers are referred to solely by their era names, of which they only had one.{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|pp=294–295}}

Apart from ethnic [[Han Chinese|Han]] rulers, China was also ruled by various non-Han monarchs, including [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]], [[Khitan people|Khitan]], [[Manchu people|Manchu]], [[Mongols|Mongol]] and [[Tangut people|Tangut]] and many others.{{sfn|Biran|2017|p=130}} To justify their reign, non-Han rulers sometimes aligned themselves with the Confucian sages or the ''[[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|Chakravarti]]'' of [[Chinese Buddhism]].{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=8}} There are numerous lengthy periods where many competing kingdoms claimed the throne, many of whose legitimacy is still debated by scholars.{{sfn|Biran|2017|p=130}}

{{toc limit|3}}

==Ancient China==
===Mythological rulers===
{{further|Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors}}

In traditional [[Chinese historiography]], various models of mythological founding rulers exist.{{sfn|Chang|1999|pp=65–66}} The relevancy of these figures to the earliest Chinese people is unknown, since most accounts of them were written from the [[Warring States period]] ({{circa|475–221}} BCE) onwards.{{sfnm|1a1=Chang|1y=1999|1p=67|2a1=Wilkinson|2y=2018|2p=746}} The sinologist [[Kwang-chih Chang]] has generalized the typical stages: "the first period was populated by [[Deity|god]]s, the second by [[demigod]]s/[[culture hero]], and the third by the [[Mythological king|legendary king]]s."{{sfn|Chang|1999|p=66}} The primordial god [[Pangu]] is given by many texts as the earliest figure and is credited with [[creation myth|forming the world]] by separating heaven and earth.{{sfnm|1a1=Wilkinson|1y=2018|1p=746|2a1=Chang|2y=1999|2pp=66–67}} Other gods include [[Nüwa]], who repaired heaven; [[Hou Yi]], a mythical archer; and [[Gonggong]], a serpent-like [[List of water deities|water deity]].{{sfn|Chang|1999|pp=66–68}}

Demigod and hero rulers from hero myths—the largest group [[Chinese mythology|Chinese myths]]—are attributed the invention of specific items, practices or traditions.{{sfn|Chang|1999|pp=68–69}} Among the more important of them are [[Fuxi]], the inventor of hunting; [[Suiren]], who invented fire; and [[Shennong]], who invented both agriculture and medicine.{{sfn|Chang|1999|p=70}} The subsequent legendary kings began with the [[Yellow Emperor]] ({{lang|zh-hant|黃帝}}), known as ''Huangdi'', a major [[culture hero]] of Chinese civilization whose reign was considered exemplary.{{sfn|Chang|1999|p=70}} Succeeding rulers include some combination of [[Shaohao]], [[Zhuanxu]], [[Emperor Ku]], [[Emperor Yao]] and [[Emperor Shun]].{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=747}} Since the late Warring States onwards, early Chinese monarchs have traditionally been ground into the concept of the [[Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors]];{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=747}} however, the chosen figures of this grouping varies considerably between sources.{{sfn|Chang|1999|p=70}} Generally, most accounts include at least Fuxi and Shennong among the Three Sovereigns as well as the Yellow Emperor, Yao and Shun among the Five Emperors.{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=747}}

===Xia dynasty===
{{further|Xia dynasty}}
The Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors period was followed by the [[Xia dynasty]] in traditional historiography.{{sfn|Morton|Lewis|2004|p=14}} Founded by [[Yu the Great]], both the dynasty and its rulers are of highly uncertain and controversial historicity.{{sfn|Morton|Lewis|2004|p=14}}{{sfn|Chang|1999|pp=71–73}}

{{legend|#EBEBEB|({{Hash-tag}}) – Uncertain legitimacy}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Xia dynasty (夏朝)
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="13%" | Name
! scope="col" colspan="2" width="20%" | Speculative reign length{{efn|All reign dates for the [[Xia dynasty|Xia]] rulers are excluded. They are highly speculative, due to their dependence on the already uncertain beginning and ending dates of the dynasty}}
! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="22%" | Traditional succession
! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="15%" | Capital{{sfn|Theobald|2018a}}
! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="30%" | Purported life details
|-
! {{abbr|ZTW|''Zizhi Tongjian Waiji'' lengths}}
! {{abbr|Trad|Traditional reign lengths}}{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|pp=314–316}}
|-
| '''[[Yu the Great|Yu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|禹}}
| 45
| 7
| Chosen by the mythical [[Emperor Shun]]
| Ji
| Awarded the throne after his institution of [[flood control]]. He is often known as "Yu the Great" and his passing of the throne to his son marked the beginning of China's [[hereditary monarchy|hereditary succession]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wu|1y=1982|1pp=110–117|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2pp=30, 314}}
|-
| '''[[Qi of Xia|Qi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|啟}}
| 10
| 8
| Son of [[Yu the Great|Yu]]
| Xiayi
| Prevented a rebellion led by his son Wuguan{{sfnm|1a1=Wu|1y=1982|1pp=117–119|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=314}}
|-
| '''[[Tai Kang|(Tai) Kang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|（太）康}}
| 29
| 28
| Son of [[Qi of Xia|Qi]]
| Zhenxun
| Traditionally considered an ineffective king, either due to tyranny or incompetence. May have been briefly dethroned by the mythical hero [[Han Zhuo]] and later murdered by Han's son Ao{{sfnm|1a1=Wu|1y=1982|1pp=119–121|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=314}}
|-
! colspan="6" |
|-style="background-color: #EAECF0"
| '''[[Zhong Kang|(Zhong) Kang]]''' ({{Hash-tag}})<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|（仲）康}}
| 13
| 13
| Son of [[Qi of Xia|Qi]]
| Zhenxun
| May not have ruled as his existence is sometimes absent from Xia king lists{{sfnm|1a1=Wu|1y=1982|1pp=121–122|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=314}}
|-
! colspan="6" |
|-
| '''[[Xiang of Xia|Xiang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|相}}
| 28
| 28
| Son of [[Zhong Kang|(Zhong) Kang]]
| Shang, then Zhenxun
| Killed by a son of [[Han Zhuo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wu|1y=1982|1pp=122–123|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=315}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color: #D8D8D8" | Interregnum, ruled by [[Han Zhuo]]
|-
| '''[[Shao Kang|(Shao) Kang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|（少）康}}
| 21
| 21
| Son of [[Xiang of Xia|Xiang]]
| Yuan
| Restored the dynasty after killing [[Han Zhuo]] and his sons{{sfnm|1a1=Wu|1y=1982|1pp=123–125|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=315}}
|-
| '''[[Zhu of Xia|Zhu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|杼}}
| 17
| 16
| Son of [[Shao Kang|(Shao) Kang]]
| Yuan, then Laoqiu
| Little is known of his reign{{sfnm|1a1=Wu|1y=1982|1pp=125–126|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=315}}
|-
| '''[[Huai of Xia|Huai]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|槐}}
| 26
| 25
| Son of [[Zhu of Xia|Zhu]]
| –
| Little is known of his reign; may have ruled up to 40 years{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=315}}
|-
| '''[[Mang of Xia|Mang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|芒}}
| 18
| 17
| Son of [[Huai of Xia|Huai]]
| –
| Little is known of his reign{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=315}}
|-
| '''[[Xie of Xia|Xie]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|泄}}
| 16
| 15
| Son of [[Mang of Xia|Mang]]
| –
| Little is known of his reign{{sfnm|1a1=Wu|1y=1982|1pp=126–127|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=315}}
|-
| '''[[Bu Jiang|(Bu) Jiang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|（不）降}}
| 59
| 58
| Son of [[Xie of Xia|Xie]]
| –
| Little is known of his reign; campaigned against the northwestern {{ill|九苑|zh|lt=Jiuyuan}} peoples{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=315}}
|-
| '''[[Jiong of Xia|Jiong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|扃}}
| 21
| 20
| Son of [[Xie of Xia|Xie]]
| –
| Little is known of his reign{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=315}}
|-
| '''[[Jin of Xia|Jin]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|廑}}
| 21
| 20
| Son of [[Jiong of Xia|Jiong]]
| Xihe
| Little is known of his reign{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=315}}
|-
| '''[[Kong Jia]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孔甲}}
| 31
| 30
| Son of [[Bu Jiang|(Bu) Jiang]]
| Xihe
| His reign inaugurated the Xia's gradual decline{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=315}}
|-
| '''[[Gao of Xia|Gao]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|皋}}
| 11
| 10
| Son of [[Kong Jia]]
| –
| Little is known of his reign{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=315}}
|-
| '''[[Fa of Xia|Fa]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|發}}
| 11
| 20?
| Son of [[Gao of Xia|Gao]]
| –
| May have only reigned 7 years. His reign saw the earliest recorded earthquake, identified with the [[Mount Tai earthquake]].{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=315}}
|-
| '''[[Jie of Xia|Jie]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|桀}}
| 52
| 52
| Son of [[Fa of Xia|Fa]]
| Zhenxun, then Henan
| Traditionally considered a cruel and oppressive ruler. Fled the empire after losing the [[Battle of Mingtiao]] to the state of Shang{{sfnm|1a1=Wu|1y=1982|1pp=129–143|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=315}}
|}

===Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE)===
{{further|Shang dynasty}}
Unlike the Xia, the [[Shang dynasty]]'s historicity is firmly established, due to [[Oracle bone script|written records]] on divination objects known as [[Oracle bone]]s. The oldest such oracle bones date to the [[Late Shang]] ({{circa|1250—1046 BCE}}), during the reign of [[Wu Ding]] (1250–1192), putting the exact details of earlier rulers into doubt.{{sfn|Keightley|1999|p=232}}{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=1277}}

{{legend|#EBEBEB|({{Hash-tag}}) – Uncertain legitimacy}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ Shang dynasty (商朝; c. 1600–1046/c. 1570—1045 BCE)
! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="15%" | Posthumous name{{sfn|Keightley|1985|pp=204–207}}
! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="15%" | Personal name{{sfn|Keightley|1985|pp=204–207}}
! scope="col" colspan="2" width="20%" | Tentative reign (BCE){{efn|The traditional dating method (beginning the [[Shang dynasty|Shang]] in 1766) is not included in this table. See {{harvnb|Liu|Wu|Guo|Yuan|2021|pp=165, 169}} for another, more recent, method of dating}}
! rowspan="2" scope="col" width="20%" | Traditional succession{{sfn|Moule|1957|p=xiv}}{{sfn|Indiana University|2006|pp=2–3}}
! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="10%" | Residence{{sfn|Theobald|2018b}}
! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="20%" | Purported life details
|-
! XSZ Project{{sfn|Lee|2002|p=18}}{{sfn|XSZCP Group|2000|pp=86–88}}
! {{abbr|CHAC|The Cambridge History of Ancient China}}{{sfn|Loewe|Shaughnessy|1999|p=25}}
|-
| colspan="9" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |

====Early Shang====
|-
| '''[[Tang of Shang|Tang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|汤}}
----'''[[Tang of Shang|Da Yi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|大乙}}
| Zi Lü<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子履}}
| {{floruit|{{circa|1600}}}}
| {{floruit|{{circa|1570}}}}{{sfn|Loewe|Shaughnessy|1999|p=2}}
| Defeated the purportedly tyrannous [[Jie of Xia]] at the [[Battle of Mingtiao]] and established the [[Shang dynasty]]
| Bo, then Shangyi
| Traditionally considered a noble and virtuous ruler{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=316}}
|-
! colspan="7" |
|-style="background-color: #EAECF0"
| '''[[Da Ding]]''' ({{Hash-tag}})<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|大丁}}
----'''[[Da Ding|Tai Ding]]''' ({{Hash-tag}})<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|太丁}}
| ''unknown''
| –
| –
| Son of Tang
| –
| Uncertain whether he was ever enthroned; may have died before succeeding his father{{sfn|Indiana University|2006}}{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=316}}
|-
! colspan="7" |
|-
| '''[[Wai Bing]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|外丙}}
| Zi Sheng<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子勝}}
| —
| —
| Son of Tang
| Bo
| —{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=316}}
|-
! colspan="7" |
|-style="background-color: #EAECF0"
| '''[[Zhong Ren]]''' ({{Hash-tag}})<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|中壬}}
| Zi Yong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子庸}}
| —
| —
| Son of Tang
| Bo
| Not listed in the oracle bones inscriptions{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=316}}
|-
! colspan="7" |
|-
| '''[[Tai Jia]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|太甲}}
| Zi Zhi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子至}}
| —
| —
| Son of Da Ding
| Bo
| Traditionally considered an [[autocratic]] and cruel ruler{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=316}}
|-
! colspan="7" |
|-style="background-color: #EAECF0"
| '''[[Wo Ding]]''' ({{Hash-tag}})<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|沃丁}}
----'''[[Wo Ding|Qiang Ding]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|羌丁}}
| Zi Xuan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子絢}}
| —
| —
| Son of Tai Jia
| Bo
| His name is not found in oracle bone inscriptions, making his certainty as a ruler less secure.{{sfn|Indiana University|2006}}{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=316}}
|-
! colspan="7" |
|-
| '''[[Tai Geng]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|太庚}}
----'''[[Tai Geng|Da Geng]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|大庚}}
| Zi Bian<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子辯}}
| —
| —
| Son of Tai Jia
| Bo
| –{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=317}}
|-
| '''[[Xiao Jia]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|小甲}}
| Zi Gao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子高}}
| —
| —
| Son of Tai Geng
| Bo
| –{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=317}}
|-
| '''[[Yong Ji]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|雍己}}
| Zi Zhou<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子伷}}
| —
| —
| Son of Tai Geng
| Bo
| May have reigned after [[Tai Wu]]{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=317}}
|-
| '''[[Tai Wu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|太戊}}
----'''[[Tai Wu|Da Wu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|大戊}}
| Zi Mi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子密}}
| —
| —
| Son of Tai Geng
| Bo
| Said to have had a particularly long reign; one source records 75 years. The astronomer [[Wuxian (Shang dynasty)|Wuxian]] was active under him{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=317}}
|-
| '''[[Zhong Ding]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|仲丁}}
| Zi Zhung<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子莊}}
| —
| —
| Son of Tai Wu
| Ao
| May have succeeded [[Yong Ji]]{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=317}}
|-
| '''[[Wai Ren]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|外壬}}
| Zi Fā<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子發}}
| —
| —
| Son of Tai Wu
| Ao
| –{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=317}}
|-
| '''[[He Dan Jia]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|河亶甲}}
| Zi Zheng<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子整}}
| —
| —
| Son of Tai Wu
| Xiang
| Moved the capital to Xiang ({{lang|zh-hant|相}}) and engaged in military campaigns{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=317}}
|-
| '''[[Zu Yi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|祖己}}
| Zi Teng<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子滕}}
| —
| —
| Son of Zhong Ding
| Geng
| The dynasty flourished particularly during his reign{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=317}}
|-
| '''[[Zu Xin]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|祖辛}}
| Zi Dan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子旦}}
| —
| —
| Son of Zu Yi
| Bi
| –{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=317}}
|-
| '''[[Wo Jia]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|沃甲}}
----'''[[Wo Jia|Qiang Jia]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|羌甲}}
| Zi Yu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子踰}}
| —
| —
| Son of Zu Yi
| Bi
| –{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=317}}
|-
| '''[[Zu Ding]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|祖丁}}
| Zi Xin<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子新}}
| —
| —
| Son of Zu Xin
| Bi
| –{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=317}}
|-
| '''[[Nan Geng]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|南庚}}
| Zi Geng<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子更}}
| —
| —
| Son of Wo Jia
| Bi, then Yan
| Moved the capital from Bi ({{lang|zh-hant|庇}}) to Yan ({{lang|zh-hant|奄}}){{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=317}}
|-
| '''[[Yang Jia of Shang|Yang Jia]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|陽甲}}
| Zi He<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子和}}
| —
| —
| Son of Zu Ding
| Yan
| His reign marked the decline of the Shang{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=318}}
|-
| '''[[Pan Geng]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|盤庚}}
| Zi Xun<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子旬}}
| rowspan="3" | ''1300–1251''<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1300|-1251}} years)</small>
| —
| Son of Zu Ding
| Yan, then Yin
| Traditionally said to have moved the dynasty's capital from Yan ({{lang|zh-hant|奄}}) to [[Yinxu|Yin]] ({{lang|zh-hant|殷}}){{sfn|Keightley|1985|pp=xiii–xiv}} Led a prosperous reign{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=318}}
|-
| '''[[Xiao Xin]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|小辛}}
| Zi Song<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子颂}}
| —
| Son of Zu Ding
| [[Yinxu|Yin]]
| His reign saw the continuation of the Shang's decline{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=318}}
|-
| '''[[Xiao Yi of Shang|Xiao Yi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|小乙}}
| Zi Lian<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子敛}}
| —
| Son of Zu Ding
| [[Yinxu|Yin]]
| –{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=318}}
|-
| colspan="9" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |

====Late Shang====

{{see also|Late Shang|Periodization of the Shang dynasty}}
|-
| '''[[Wu Ding]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|武丁}}
| Zi Zhao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子昭}}
| 1250–1192<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1250|-1192}} years)</small>
| ?–1189
| Son of Xiao Yi
| [[Yinxu|Yin]]
| A powerful king with a lengthy reign. Made his wife [[Fu Hao]] the a military general and is purportedly defeated the mostly-unknown [[Guifang]] people.{{sfn|Shaughnessy|1997|pp=13–14}} The first ruler whose name is included in [[oracle bone]]s which date to his reign.{{sfn|Keightley|1985|p=xiii}}{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=318}}
|-
| '''[[Zu Geng of Shang|Zu Geng]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|祖庚}}
| Zi Yue<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子躍}}
| rowspan="6" | ''1191–1148''<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1191|-1148}} years)</small>
| 1188–1178<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1188|-1178}} years)</small>
| Son of Wu Ding
| [[Yinxu|Yin]]
| Possibly commissioned the [[Houmuwu ding]] in memory of his mother [[Fu Jing (Shang dynasty)|Fu Jing]]{{sfnp|Li|2012|p=13}}{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=318}}{{efn|[[Zu Ji]], another son of [[Wu Ding]] is given a kingly title in some [[oracle bone]] texts, but did probably not reign.{{sfnm|1a1=Indiana University|1y=2006|1p=3|2a1=Theobald|2y=2018b}}}}
|-
| '''[[Zu Jia]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|祖甲}}
| Zi Zai<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子載}}
| 1177–1158<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1177|-1158}} years)</small>
| Son of Wu Ding
| [[Yinxu|Yin]]
| Reformed the ritual and calendar systems, as recording in the ''[[Book of Documents]]''{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=318}}
|-
! colspan="7" |
|-style="background-color: #EAECF0"
| '''[[Lin Xin]]''' ({{Hash-tag}})<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|廩辛}}
| Zi Xian<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子先}}
| 1157–1149<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1157|-1149}} years)</small>
| Son of Zu Jia
| [[Yinxu|Yin]]
| Due to inconsistencies in the oracle bone inscriptions, it is possible he did not reign.{{sfn|Keightley|1985|p=187}}{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|pp=318–319}}
|-
! colspan="7" |
|-
| '''[[Geng Ding]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|庚丁}}
----'''[[Geng Ding|Kang Ding]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|康丁}}
| Zi Xiao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子囂}}
| 1148–1132<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1148|-1132}} years)</small>
| Son of Zu Jia
| [[Yinxu|Yin]]
| His reign accelerated the dynasty's decline{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=319}}
|-
| '''[[Wu Yi of Shang|Wu Yi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|武乙}}
| Zi Qu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子瞿}}
| 1147–1131<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1147|-1131}} years)</small>
| 1131–1117<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1131|-1117}} years)</small>
| Son of Geng Ding
| [[Yinxu|Yin]], Hebei, then Mo
| Engaged in numerous military campaigns, including against the state of [[Yiqu]]. Traditionally held to have been killed by a lightning strike, considered a bad omen{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=319}}
|-
| '''[[Wen Wu Ding]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|文武丁}}
----'''[[Wen Wu Ding|Wen Ding]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|文丁}}
| Zi Tuo<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子托}}
| 1112–1102<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1112|-1102}} years)</small>
| 1116–1106<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1116|-1106}} years)</small>
| Son of Wu Yi
| [[Yinxu|Yin]]
| The [[Predynastic Zhou]] rose in power during his reign, led by [[Ji, King of Zhou]]{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=319}}
|-
| '''[[Di Yi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|帝乙}}
| Zi Xian<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子羡}}
| 1101–1076<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1101|-1076}} years)</small>
| 1105–1087<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1105|-1087}} years)</small>
| Son of Wen Wu Ding
| [[Yinxu|Yin]]
| Supposedly married his daughter to [[King Wen of Zhou]],{{sfn|Shaughnessy|1997|p=14}}{{sfn|Marshall|2001|p=157}} or married his sister to [[Ji, King of Zhou]]{{sfn|Marshall|2001|pp=157–158}}
|-
| '''[[King Zhou of Shang|Di Xin]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|帝辛 (紂)}}
| Zi Shou<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|子受}}
| 1075–1046<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1075|-1046}} years)</small>
| 1086–1045<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1086|-1045}} years)</small>
| Son of Di Yi
| [[Yinxu|Yin]]
| Killed by [[King Wu of Zhou|Ji Fa]] during the [[Battle of Muye]]{{sfn|Lee|2002|pp=31–32}}{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=319}}
|}

===Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BCE)===
{{further|Zhou dynasty|Family tree of Chinese monarchs (ancient)#Zhou dynasty|label2=Zhou dynasty family tree}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+Zhou dynasty (周; c. 1046–256 BCE)
! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="15%" | Posthumous name{{sfn|Loewe|Shaughnessy|1999|pp=25–28}}
! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" colspan="2" width="25%" | Tentative reign (BCE)
! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="20%" | Traditional succession{{sfn|Moule|1957|pp=xvii–xviii}}
! scope="col" rowspan="2" width="25%" | Purported life details
|-
! XSZ Project{{sfn|Lee|2002|p=18}}{{sfn|XSZCP Group|2000|pp=86–88}}
! {{abbr|CHAC|The Cambridge History of Ancient China}}{{sfn|Loewe|Shaughnessy|1999|pp=25–28}}
|-
| colspan="7" |

====Western Zhou====

{{see also|Western Zhou}}
|-
| '''[[King Wu of Zhou|Wu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|武}}
| Ji Fa<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬發}}
| 1046–1043<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1046|-1043}} years)</small>
| 1049–1043<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1049|-1043}} years)</small>
| Son of [[King Wen of Zhou|King Wen]]
| Defeated the tyrannical [[King Zhou of Shang]] in the [[Battle of Muye]]{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=320}}
|-
| '''[[King Cheng of Zhou|Cheng]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|成}}
| Ji Song<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬誦}}
| 1042–1021<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1042|-1021}} years)</small>
| 1042–1006<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1042|-1006}} years)</small>
| Son of Wu
| Most of his reign was controlled by the [[Duke of Zhou]], who suppressed the [[Rebellion of the Three Guards]]{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=320}}
|-
| '''[[King Kang of Zhou|Kang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|康}}
| Ji Zhao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬釗}}
| 1020–996<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1020|-996}} years)</small>
| 1005–978<br/><small>({{Age in years|-1005|-978}} years)</small>
| Son of Cheng
| His accession established Zhou [[primogeniture]]. A largely peaceful reign{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=320}}
|-
| '''[[King Zhao of Zhou|Zhao]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|昭}}
| Ji Xia<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬瑕}}
| 995–977<br/><small>({{Age in years|-995|-977}} years)</small>
| 977–957<br/><small>({{Age in years|-977|-957}} years)</small>
| Son of Kang
| Lost the [[Zhou–Chu War]], during which he died. His reign marked the Zhou's gradual decline{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|pp=320–321}}
|-
| '''[[King Mu of Zhou|Mu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|穆}}
| Ji Man<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬滿}}
| 976–922<br/><small>({{Age in years|-976|-922}} years)</small>
| 956–918<br/><small>({{Age in years|-958|-918}} years)</small>
| Son of Zhao
| Engaged in many destabilizing territory conflicts{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=321}}
|-
| '''[[King Gong of Zhou|Gong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|共}}
| Ji Yihu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬繄扈}}
| 922–900<br/><small>({{Age in years|-922|-900}} years)</small>
| 917–900<br/><small>({{Age in years|-917|-900}} years)</small>
| Son of Mu
| Little is known of his reign{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=321}}
|-
| '''[[King Yih of Zhou|Yih]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|懿}}
| Ji Jian<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬囏}}
| 899–892<br/><small>({{Age in years|-899|-892}} years)</small>
| 899–873<br/><small>({{Age in years|-899|-873}} years)</small>
| Son of Gong
| Little is known of his reign; may have been removed from power by [[King Xiao of Zhou|Xiao]]{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=321}}
|-
| '''[[King Xiao of Zhou|Xiao]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孝}}
| Ji Pifang<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬辟方}}
| 891–886<br/><small>({{Age in years|-891|-886}} years)</small>
| 872–866<br/><small>({{Age in years|-872|-866}} years)</small>
| Son of Mu
| Little is known of his reign{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=321}}
|-
| '''[[King Yi of Zhou (Xie)|Yí]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|夷}}
| Ji Xie<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬燮}}
| 885–878<br/><small>({{Age in years|-885|-878}} years)</small>
| 865–858<br/><small>({{Age in years|-865|-858}} years)</small>
| Son of Yih
| Continued decline of the Zhou{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=321}}
|-
| '''[[King Li of Zhou|Li]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|厲}}
| Ji Hu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬胡}}
| 877–841<br/><small>({{Age in years|-877|-841}} years)</small>
| 857–842<br/><small>({{Age in years|-857|-842}} years)</small>
| Son of Yí
| Traditionally considered a corrupt and cruel ruler. Exiled amid a peasant rebellion{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|pp=321–322}}
|-
| colspan="7" style="background-color: #D8D8D8" | [[Gonghe Regency]] (共和; 841–828){{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=322}}
|-
| '''[[King Xuan of Zhou|Xuan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|宣}}
| Ji Jing<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬靜}}
| colspan="2" | 827–782
| Son of Li
| Had military successes, aiming to restore Zhou authority{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=322}}
|-
| '''[[King You of Zhou|You]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|幽}}
| Ji Gongnie<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬宮涅}}
| 781–771<br/><small>({{Age in years|-781|-771}} years)</small>
| 782–771<br/><small>({{Age in years|-782|-771}} years)</small>
| Son of Xuan
| Numerous natural disasters occurred, after which [[Quanrong]] him and overran the capital{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=322}}
|-
| colspan="7" |

====Eastern Zhou====

{{see also|Eastern Zhou}}
|-
| colspan="7" style="background-color: #D8D8D8" | [[Spring and Autumn period]] (春秋時代; 770–476 BCE)
|-
| '''[[King Ping of Zhou|Ping]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|平}}
| Ji Yijiu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬宜臼}}
| colspan="2" | 770–720<br/><small>({{Age in years|-770|-720}} years)</small>
| Son of You
| Moved the capital to [[Luoyang]]{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=323}}
|-
| '''[[King Huan of Zhou|Huan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|桓}}
| Ji Lin<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬林}}
| colspan="2" | 719–697<br/><small>({{Age in years|-719|-697}} years)</small>
| Grandson of Ping
| Defeated by the [[Duke Zhuang of Zheng|Duke of Zheng]] at the [[Battle of Xuge]], accelerating the Zhou dynasty's decline in power{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=323}}
|-
| '''[[King Zhuang of Zhou|Zhuang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|莊}}
| Ji Tuo<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬佗}}
| colspan="2" | 696–682<br/><small>({{Age in years|-696|-682}} years)</small>
| Son of Huan
| Royal court's authority began declining{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=323}}
|-
| '''[[King Xi of Zhou|Xi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|釐}}
| Ji Huqi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬胡齊}}
| colspan="2" | 681–677<br/><small>({{Age in years|-681|-677}} years)</small>
| Son of Zhuang
| Briefly reigned as the [[Duke Huan of Qi|Duke Huan]] led the [[Qi (state)|Qi]] to surpass the Zhou in power{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=323}}
|-
| '''[[King Hui of Zhou|Hui]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|惠}}
| Ji Lang<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬閬}}
| colspan="2" | 676–652<br/><small>({{Age in years|-676|-652}} years)</small>
| Son of Xi
| Slowed the [[Chu (state)|Chu]] state's rise{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=323}}
|-
| '''[[King Xiang of Zhou|Xiang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|襄}}
| Ji Zheng<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬鄭}}
| colspan="2" | 651–619<br/><small>({{Age in years|-651|-619}} years)</small>
| Son of Hui
| Briefly deposed by his brother, but reinstated by [[Duke Wen of Jin|Duke Wen]]{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=323}}
|-
| '''[[King Qing of Zhou|Qing]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|頃}}
| Ji Renchen<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬壬臣}}
| colspan="2" | 618–613<br/><small>({{Age in years|-618|-613}} years)</small>
| Son of Xiang
| Briefly reigned{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=323}}
|-
| '''[[King Kuang of Zhou|Kuang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|匡}}
| Ji Ban<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬班}}
| colspan="2" | 612–607<br/><small>({{Age in years|-612|-607}} years)</small>
| Son of Qing
| Increasing fighting between surrounding kingdoms{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=323}}
|-
| '''[[King Ding of Zhou|Ding]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|定}}
| Ji Yu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬瑜}}
| colspan="2" | 606–586<br/><small>({{Age in years|-606|-586}} years)</small>
| Son of Qing
| Continued fighting of surrounding kingdoms{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=324}}
|-
| '''[[King Jian of Zhou|Jian]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|簡}}
| Ji Yi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬夷}}
| colspan="2" | 585–572<br/><small>({{Age in years|-585|-572}} years)</small>
| Son of Ding
| Continued fighting of surrounding kingdoms{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=324}}
|-
| '''[[King Ling of Zhou|Ling]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|靈}}
| Ji Xiexin<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬泄心}}
| colspan="2" | 571–545<br/><small>({{Age in years|-571|-545}} years)</small>
| Son of Jian
| Weakened relations with surrounding kingdoms{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=324}}
|-
| '''[[King Jing of Zhou (Gui)|Jing]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|景}}
| Ji Gui<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬貴}}
| colspan="2" | 544–521<br/><small>({{Age in years|-544|-521}} years)</small>
| Son of Ling
| Died without an heir, causing a power struggle and rebellion{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=324}}
|-
| '''[[King Dao of Zhou|Dao]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|悼}}
| Ji Meng<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬猛}}
| colspan="2" | 520<br/><small>(less than a year)</small>
| Son of Jing (544–521)
| Briefly ruled before being murdered by his brother{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=324}}
|-
| '''[[King Jing of Zhou (Gai)|Jing]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|敬}}
| Ji Gai<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬丐}}
| colspan="2" | 519–476<br/><small>({{Age in years|-519|-476}} years)</small>
| Son of Jing (544–521)
| Briefly exiled during a revolt. Ruled during the lifetime of [[Confucius]]{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=324}}
|-
| colspan="7" style="background-color: #D8D8D8" | [[Warring States period]] (戰國時代; 475–221 BCE)
|-
| '''[[King Yuan of Zhou|Yuan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|元}}
| Ji Ren<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬仁}}
| colspan="2" | 475–469<br/><small>({{Age in years|-475|-469}} years)</small>
| Son of Jing (519–476)
| Decline in Zhou's power{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=324}}
|-
| '''[[King Zhending of Zhou|Zhending]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|貞定}}
| Ji Jie<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬介}}
| colspan="2" | 468–442<br/><small>({{Age in years|-468|-442}} years)</small>
| Son of Yuan
| Continued decline of Zhou{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|pp=324–325}}
|-
| '''[[King Ai of Zhou|Ai]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|哀}}
| Ji Quji<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬去疾}}
| colspan="2" | 441<br/><small>(less than a year)</small>
| Son of Zhending
| Continued decline of Zhou. Killed by [[King Si of Zhou|Si]]{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=325}}
|-
| '''[[King Si of Zhou|Si]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|思}}
| Ji Shu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬叔}}
| colspan="2" | 441<br/><small>(less than a year)</small>
| Son of Zhending
| Continued decline of Zhou. Killed by [[King Kao of Zhou|Kao]]{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=325}}
|-
| '''[[King Kao of Zhou|Kao]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|考}}
| Ji Wei<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬嵬}}
| colspan="2" | 440–426<br/><small>({{Age in years|-440|-426}} years)</small>
| Son of Zhending
| –{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=325}}
|-
| '''[[King Weilie of Zhou|Weilie]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|威烈}}
| Ji Wu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬午}}
| colspan="2" | 425–402<br/><small>({{Age in years|-425|-402}} years)</small>
| Son of Kao
| –{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=325}}
|-
| '''[[King An of Zhou|An]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|安}}
| Ji Jiao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬驕}}
| colspan="2" | 401–376<br/><small>({{Age in years|-401|-376}} years)</small>
| Son of Weilie
| [[Wei (state)|Wei]] increased in power{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=325}}
|-
| '''[[King Lie of Zhou|Lie]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|烈}}
| Ji Xi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬喜}}
| colspan="2" | 375–369<br/><small>({{Age in years|-375|-369}} years)</small>
| Son of An
| –{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=325}}
|-
| '''[[King Xian of Zhou|Xian]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|顯}}
| Ji Bian<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬扁}}
| colspan="2" | 368–321<br/><small>({{Age in years|-368|-321}} years)</small>
| Son of An
| [[Qin (state)|Qin]] began to rise in power{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=325}}
|-
| '''[[King Shenjing of Zhou|Shenjing]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|慎靚}}
| Ji Ding<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬定}}
| colspan="2" | 320–315<br/><small>({{Age in years|-321|-315}} years)</small>
| Son of Xian
| [[Qin (state)|Qin]]'s power grew significantly during his reign{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=325}}
|-
| '''[[King Nan of Zhou|Nan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|赧}}
| Ji Yan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姬延}}
| colspan="2" | 314–256<br/><small>({{Age in years|-314|-256}} years)</small>
| Son of Shenjing
| Longest reigning Zhou ruler, though held little power amid the divided kingdom. Conquered and deposed by [[King Zhaoxiang of Qin]]{{sfn|''Imperial China''|2020|p=325}}
|}

==Early imperial China==
===Qin dynasty (221–207 BCE)===
{{further|Qin dynasty|Chinese emperors family tree (early)#Qin Dynasty|label 2=Qin dynasty family tree|Qin (state)}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ Qin dynasty (秦朝; 221–207 BCE){{sfnm|1a1=Loewe|1y=2000|1p=823|2a1=Barbieri-Low|2a2=Yates|2y=2015|2pp=XIX–XX}}
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Regnal name|Dynastic name]]
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Qin Shi Huang]]'''{{efn|In his lifetime, [[Qin Shi Huang|Ying Zheng]] would have been known as simply "'''Shi Huangdi'''", but after the [[Qin dynasty|Qin]]'s fall it became standard practice to include the dynasty's name when referring to him. His [[Regnal name|dynastic name]] is commonly abbreviated to 'Qin Shi Huang'. In its fullest form, it would be: '''Qin Shi Huangdi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|秦始皇帝}}){{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=287}}}}<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|秦始皇}}
| Ying Zheng<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|嬴政}}<hr/>Zhao Zheng<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|趙政}}
|221{{efn|[[Qin Shi Huang]] began his reign as king of [[Qin (state)|Qin]] in 246 BCE, but did not unite China and proclaim himself [[Emperor of China|Emperor (皇帝 ''Huangdi'')]] until 221 BCE.{{sfn|Vervoorn|1990|p=311}}}} – July 210 BCE{{efn|{{harvnb|Moule|1957|p=3}} gives 18 July 210 BCE as the exact date for the end of [[Qin Shi Huang]]'s reign, but also notes the issues surrounding this chronology. The date is accepted by {{harvnb|Vervoorn|1990|p=311}}, but it's not used by modern scholars.{{sfn|Loewe|2000|p=823}}{{sfn|Barbieri-Low|Yates|2015|p=xix}} {{harvnb|Hymes|2000|p=8}} gives July–August 210 BCE, the seventh [[lunar month]].}}<br/><small>(11 years)</small>
| Son of [[King Zhuangxiang of Qin|King Zhuangxiang]] of [[Qin (state)|Qin]]. As King Zheng of Qin, he [[Qin's wars of unification|conquered]] the [[Seven Warring States|six other states]] during the [[Warring States period]] and proclaimed himself [[Emperor of China|Emperor (皇帝; ''Huangdi'')]].{{sfn|Paludan|1998|pp=16–17}}
| 259 – July 210 BCE<br/><small>({{Age in years|-259|-210}} years)</small><hr/>Instilled a [[Legalism (Chinese philosophy)|Legalist]] philosophy, combined preexisting walls into the [[Great Wall of China]], and built the [[Lingqu]] canal and the [[Terracotta Army]]. Died of sudden illness,{{sfn|Loewe|2000|pp=654–655}} possibly [[Chinese alchemical elixir poisoning|alchemical elixir poisoning]]{{sfn|Wright|2001|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofchina00wrig/page/49 49]}}
|-
| '''[[Qin Er Shi]]'''{{efn|In its fullest form, [[Qin Er Shi|Ying Huhai]]'s dynastic name would be '''Qin Er Shi Huangdi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|秦二世皇帝}}){{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=287}}}}<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|秦二世}}
| Ying Huhai<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|嬴胡亥}}
| 210{{efn|Sources vary on the exact month of [[Qin Er Shi]]'s accession, though they agree it was in late 210. {{harvnb|Vervoorn|1990|p=311}} gives August 210 while {{harvnb|Barbieri-Low|Yates|2015|p=xix}} and {{harvnb|Moule|1957|p=3}} give September–October 210}} – October 207 BCE<br/><small>(3 years)</small>
| Second son of [[Qin Shi Huang]]. Put on the throne by [[Li Si]] and [[Zhao Gao]], who forced the appointed heir [[Fusu]] to commit suicide.{{sfn|Loewe|2004|p=575}}
|231/222 – October 207 BCE<br/><small>({{Age in years|-231|-207}}/{{Age in years|-222|-207}} years)</small><hr/>His reign was completely dominated by [[Zhao Gao]]. Forced by Zhao to commit suicide{{sfn|Loewe|2000|pp=652–653}}
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color: #EAECF0" | As the [[Qin dynasty]] greatly weakened in power, the [[Chu–Han Contention]] began in 206 BCE and ended with [[Liu Bang]] inaugurating the [[Han dynasty]] in 202 BCE{{efn|After [[Qin Er Shi]]'s death the [[Qin dynasty]] became increasingly weaker in power, so [[Zhao Gao]] proclaimed the state was once again a kingdom, not an empire. Thus when [[Ziying of Qin|Ziying]] ({{lang|zh-hant|子嬰}}) ascended to the throne, he only ruled as a King of [[Qin (state)|Qin]].{{sfn|Xiong|Hammond|2019|p=23}} After ruling for 46 days in late 207 BCE, Ziying surrendered to [[Liu Bang]] and was later killed by [[Xiang Yu]] during the [[Chu–Han Contention]].{{sfn|Loewe|2000|p=752}}{{sfn|Xiong|Hammond|2019|p=24}}}}
|}

===Han and Xin dynasties (202 BCE – 220 CE)===
{{Main list|List of emperors of the Han dynasty}}
{{further|Han dynasty|Xin dynasty|Chinese emperors family tree (early)#Han dynasty, Xin dynasty and Shu Han|label 3=Han and Xin dynasties family tree}}

{{legend|#EBEBEB|({{Hash-tag}}) – contested legitimacy}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+Han (漢朝; 202 BCE – 9 CE; 25–220 CE) and Xin (新; 9–23 CE) dynasties
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Posthumous name]]
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign{{sfnm|1a1=Barbieri-Low|1a2=Yates|1y=2015|1pp=xix–xx|2a1=Vervoorn|2y=1990|2pp=311–315|3a1=Twitchett|3a2=Loewe|3pp=xxxix–xli|3y=1986|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4pp=4–11}}
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| colspan="5" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |

====Western Han (202 BCE – 9 CE)====

{{see also|Han dynasty#Western Han}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Gaozu of Han|Gaozu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高祖}}<hr/>'''[[Emperor Gaozu of Han|Gao]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高帝}}
| Liu Bang<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉邦}}
| 28 February 202{{efn|[[Emperor Gaozu of Han|Liu Bang]] began his peasant revolt in 209 BCE, during the collapse of the [[Qin dynasty]]. He assumed the title "King of Han" (漢王) in 206 BCE, referencing his dominions near the [[Hanzhong|Han river]]. He only assumed the title of [[Emperor of China|Emperor]] ({{lang|zh-hant|皇帝}}; ''Huangdi'') in 202 BCE after his victory in the [[Chu–Han Contention]].{{sfn|Loewe|1986|pp=111–116}}}}– 1 June 195 BCE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|-202|2|28|-195|6|1}})</small>
| Unified China and proclaimed himself Emperor after victory in the [[Chu–Han Contention]]
| 256 – 1 June 195 BCE<br/><small>(aged 61)</small>
----Among the most revered Chinese emperors. Died from an arrow injury in a campaign against [[Ying Bu]]{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1pp=28–31|2a1=Loewe|2y=2000|2pp=253–259}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Hui of Han|Hui]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|惠帝}}
| Liu Ying<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉盈}}
| 23 June 195 – 26 September 188 BCE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|-195|6|23|-188|9|26}})</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Gaozu of Han|Gao]]
| 210 – 26 September 188 BCE<br/><small>(aged 22)</small>
----His reign was largely dominated by his mother [[Empress Lü]]. Died from an unknown illness{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=31|2a1=Loewe|2y=2000|2pp=397–399}}
|-
! colspan="5" |
|-style="background-color: #EAECF0"
| '''[[Emperor Qianshao of Han|Qianshao]]'''{{efn|Also known as:<br/>'''[[Emperor Qianshao of Han|Shaodi Gong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|少帝恭}}{{sfn|Loewe|2000|p=468}}}} ({{Hash-tag}})<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|前少帝}}
| Liu Gong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉恭}}
| 19 October 188 – 15 June 184 BCE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|-188|10|19|-184|6|15}})</small>
| Purportedly a son of [[Emperor Hui of Han|Hui]]{{efn|name=sons|In order to justify [[Emperor Wen of Han]]'s overthrow of the House of Lü's puppets, [[Emperor Houshao of Han|Houshao]] and [[Emperor Qianshao of Han|Qianshao]], both of the dynasty's official histories—the ''[[Records of the Grand Historian|Shiji]]'' and ''[[Book of Han|Hanshu]]''—assert that neither was actually a son of [[Emperor Hui of Han|Hui]].{{sfn|Theobald|2011b}}}}
| ? – after 184 BCE
----An infant emperor whose reign was completely dominated by [[Empress Lü]]. Deposed and put under [[house arrest]]; unknown date of death after 184{{sfnm|1a1=Loewe|1y=2000|1p=468|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=31}}
|-style="background-color: #EAECF0"
! colspan="5" |
|-style="background-color: #EAECF0"
| '''[[Emperor Houshao of Han|Houshao]]'''{{efn|Also known as:<br/>'''[[Emperor Qianshao of Han|Shaodi Hong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|少帝弘}}{{sfn|Loewe|2000|p=394}}}} ({{Hash-tag}})<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|後少帝}}
| Liu Yi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉盈}}<hr/>Liu Hong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉弘}}
| 15 June 184 – 15 August 180 BCE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|-184|6|15|-180|8|15}})</small>
| Purportedly a son of [[Emperor Hui of Han|Hui]]{{efn|name=sons}}
| ? – 14 November 180
----An infant emperor whose reign was completely dominated by [[Empress Lü]]. Put to death by the House of Lü{{sfnm|1a1=Loewe|1y=2000|1p=394|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=31}}
|-
! colspan="5" |
|-
| '''[[Emperor Wen of Han|Wen]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|文帝}}
| Liu Heng<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉恆}}
| <br/>14 November 180 – 6 July 157 BCE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|-180|12|14|-157|6|6}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Qianyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|前元}})<br/>25 November 180<!-- Moule dates Wen's accession to 1 November and the establishment of his first era as 12 November (11 days later). Modern calculations show that Wen began his reign on 14 November, so there are probably quite a lot of discrepancies here. With the exception of this particular one, all of the era dates given by Moule are left intact. After Wang Mang almost all dates are the same. It must be also noted that sometimes the first day of the era does not match with the date of its proclamation, meaning that only contemporary dates are given --> – 14 November 164 BCE
* '''Houyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|後元}})<br/>15 November 164 – 28 October 157 BCE
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Gaozu of Han|Gao]]
| 203/202 – 6 July 157 BCE<br/><small>(aged 46)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=33|2a1=Loewe|2y=2004|3pp=306–311}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Jing of Han|Jing]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|景帝}}
| Liu Qi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉啟}}
| <br/>14 July 157 – 10 March 141 BCE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|-157|7|14|-141|3|10}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Qianyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|前元}})<br/>29 October 157 – 10 November 150 BCE
* '''Zhongyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|中元}})<br/>11 November 149 – 3 November 144 BCE
* '''Houyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|後元}})<br/>4 November 143 – 31 October 141 BCE
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Wen of Han|Wen]]
| 188 – 10 March 141 BCE<br/><small>(aged 47)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=33|2a1=Loewe|2y=2004|2pp=338–344}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Wu of Han|Wu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|武帝}}
| Liu Che<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉徹}}
| <br/>10 March 141 – 29 March 87 BCE{{efn|Though most modern sources agree that Emperor Wu died on 29 March 87 BCE, {{harvnb|Vervoorn|1990|p=312}} gives 2 March; {{harvnb|Moule|1957|p=5}} gives 27 March.|name=WudiDate}}<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|-141|3|10|-87|3|29}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jianyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建元}})<br/>1 November 141 – 25 October 135 BCE		
* '''Yuanguang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元光}})<br/>26 October 135 – 17 November 129 BCE		
* '''Yuanshuo''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元朔}})<br/>18 November 129 – 11 November 123 BCE		
* '''Yuanshou''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元狩}})<br/>12 November 123 – 5 November 117 BCE		
* '''Yuanding''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元鼎}})<br/>6 November 117 – 14 May 110 BCE		
* '''Yuanfeng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元封}})<br/>15 May 110 – 24 June 104 BCE		
* '''Taichu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|太初}})<br/>25 June 104 – 5 February 100 BCE		
* '''Tianhan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天漢}})<br/>6 February 100 – 22 January 96 BCE		
* '''Taishi'''	({{lang|zh-hant|太始}})<br/>23 January 96 – 6 February 92 BCE		
* '''Zhenghe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|征和}})<br/>7 February 92 – 23 January 88 BCE		
* '''Houyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|後元}})<br/>24 January 88 – 29 March 87 BCE
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Jing of Han|Jing]]
| 157/156 – 29 March 87 BCE{{efn|name=WudiDate}}<br/><small>(aged 69)</small>
----Among the longest reigning and highly regarded Chinese emperors. [[Southward expansion of the Han dynasty|Expanded]] the Han dynasty considerably. Died from an unknown illness{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1pp=36–39|2a1=Loewe|2y=2004|2pp=273–282|3a1=Hymes|3p=11|3y=2000}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Zhao of Han|Zhao]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|昭帝}}
| Liu Fuling<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉弗陵}}
| <br/>30 March 87 – 5 June 74 BCE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|-87|3|30|-74|6|5}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Shiyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|始元}})<br/>1 February 86 – 25 January 80 BCE		
* '''Yuanfeng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元鳳}})<br/>26 January 80 – 18 February 74 BCE
* '''Yuanping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元平}})<br/>19 February 74 – 8 February 73 BCE
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Wu of Han|Wu]]
| 94 – 5 June 74 BCE<br/><small>(aged 20)</small>
----Died from natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=40|2a1=Loewe|2y=2004|2pp=298–301}}
|-
! colspan="5" |
|-style="background-color: #EAECF0"
| ''None, known as''<br/>'''[[Marquis of Haihun]]''' ({{Hash-tag}})<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|海昏侯}}
| Liu He<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉賀}}
| 18 July – 14 August 74 BCE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|-74|7|18|-74|8|14}})</small>
| Grandson of [[Emperor Wu of Han|Wu]]
| 92–59 BCE<br/><small>(aged 32–33)</small>
----Briefly installed by [[Huo Guang]] and not often considered legitimate. Died from natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=40|2a1=Loewe|2y=2004|2pp=305–306}}
|-
! colspan="5" |
|-
| '''[[Emperor Xuan of Han|Xuan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|宣帝}}
| Liu Bingyi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉病已}}<hr/>Liu Xun<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉詢}}
| <br/>10 September 74 – 10 January 48 BCE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|-74|9|10|-48|1|10}})</small><br/> <small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Benshi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|本始}})<br/>8 February 73 – 24 January 69 BCE		
* '''Dijie''' ({{lang|zh-hant|地節}})<br/>25 January 69 – 8 February 65 BCE		
* '''Yuankang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元康}})<br/>9 February 65 – 25 January 61 BCE		
* '''Shenjue''' ({{lang|zh-hant|神爵}})<br/>26 January 61 – 10 February 57 BCE		
* '''Wufeng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|五鳳}})<br/>11 February 57 – 27 January 53 BCE		
* '''Ganlu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|甘露}})<br/>28 January 53 – 12 February 49 BCE		
* '''Huanglong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|黃龍}})<br/>13 February 49 – 10 January 48 BCE
}}</small>
| Great-grandson [[Emperor Wu of Han|Wu]]
| 91 – 10 January 48 BCE<br/><small>(aged 43)</small>
----His reign is sometimes considered a cultural and political 'renaissance'. Died from natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=40|2a1=Loewe|2y=2004|2pp=260–267}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Yuan of Han|Yuan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|元帝}}
| Liu Shi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉奭}}
| <br/>29 January 48 – 3 July 33 BCE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|-48|1|29|-33|7|3}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Chuyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|初元}})<br/>1 February 48 – 5 February 43 BCE		
* '''Yongguang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永光}})<br/>6 February 43 – 10 February 39 BCE		
* '''Jianzhao''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建昭}})<br/>11 February 38 – 15 February 34 BCE		
* '''Jingning''' ({{lang|zh-hant|竟寧}})<br/>16 February 33 – 3 July 33 BCE
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Xuan of Han|Xuan]]
| 75 – 8 July 33 BCE<br/><small>(aged 42)</small>
----Died from an unknown illness{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=42|2a1=Loewe|2y=2004|2pp=355–360}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Cheng of Han|Cheng]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|成帝}}
| Liu Ao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉驁}}
| <br/>4 August 33 – 17 April 7 BCE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|-33|8|4|-7|4|17}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jianshi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建始}})<br/>4 February 32 – late 28 BCE		
* '''Heping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|河平}})<br/>late 28 – 10 August 25 BCE		
* '''Yangshuo''' ({{lang|zh-hant|陽朔}})<br/>11 August 25 – 20 February 20 BCE		
* '''Hongjia''' ({{lang|zh-hant|鴻嘉}})<br/>21 February 20 – 6 February 17 BCE		
* '''Yongshi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永始}})<br/>7 February 16 – 23 January 13 BCE		
* '''Yuanyan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元延}})<br/>24 January 12 – 8 February 8 BCE		
* '''Suihe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|綏和}})<br/>9 February 8 – 17 April 7 BCE	
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Yuan of Han|Yuan]]
| 51 – 17 April 7 BCE<br/><small>(aged 44)</small>
----Died from a stroke or possibly complications from an [[aphrodisiac]] overdose{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=42|2a1=Loewe|2y=2004|2pp=245–252}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Ai of Han|Ai]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|哀帝}}
| Liu Xin<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉欣}}
| <br/>7 May 7 – 15 August 1 BCE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|-7|5|7|-1|8|15}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jianping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建平}})<br/>17 February 6 – 2 February 2 BCE
* '''Taichu Yuan Jiang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|太初元將}})<br/>9 July – September 5 BCE
* '''Yuanshou''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元壽}})<br/>3 February 2 – 11 February 1 CE
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Emperor Yuan of Han|Yuan]]
| 27 – 15 August 1 BCE<br/><small>(aged 26)</small>
----Died from an unknown illness{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=42|2a1=Loewe|2y=2004|2pp=378–383}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Ping of Han|Ping]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|平帝}}
| Liu Kan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉衎}}
| <br/>17 October 1 BCE – 3 February 6 CE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|-1|10|17|6|2|3}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yuanshi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元始}})<br/>12 February 1 CE – 16 February 6 CE
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Emperor Yuan of Han|Yuan]]
| 9 BCE – 3 February 6 CE<br/><small>(aged 14)</small>
----His reign was dominated by [[Wang Zhengjun]] and [[Wang Mang]]. He was murdered, possibly by orders from the latter.{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=42|2a1=Loewe|2y=2004|2pp=322–326}}
|-
! colspan="5" |
|-style="background-color: #EAECF0"
| ''None, known as''<br/>'''[[Ruzi Ying]]''' ({{Hash-tag}})<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孺子嬰}}
| Liu Ying<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉嬰}}
| <br/>17 April 6 – 10 January 9 CE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|6|4|17|9|1|10}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jushe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|居攝}})<br/>17 February 6 – 27 January 8 CE	
* '''Chushi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|初始}})<br/>27 January – 10 January 9 CE
}}</small>
| [[Cousin-once-removed]] of [[Emperor Ping of Han|Ping]]
| 5 – 25 CE<br/><small>(aged 20)</small>
----A child puppet of [[Wang Mang]]; often not considered legitimate. He later attempted to succeed the [[Gengshi Emperor]], but was killed by him{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=42|2a1=Loewe|2y=2004|2pp=396–397}}
|-
! colspan="5" |
|-
| colspan="5" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |

====Xin dynasty (9–23 CE)====

{{see also|Xin dynasty}}
|-
| —
| '''[[Wang Mang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|王莽}}
| <br/>10 January 9 – 6 October 23 CE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|9|1|10|23|10|6}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Shijianguo''' ({{lang|zh-hant|始建國}})<br/>15 January 9 – 19 January 14 CE		
* '''Tianfeng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天鳳}})<br/>20 January 14 – 13 January 20 CE
* '''Dihuang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|地皇}})<br/>14 January 20 – 6 October 23 CE
}}</small>
| After dominating the reign of Emperor Ping, Wang Mang overthrew him and established the short-lived [[Xin dynasty]]
| 46 BCE – 6 October 23 CE<br/><small>(aged 68)</small>
----Established the [[Xin dynasty]], but his drastic reforms incited the [[Red Eyebrows]] and [[Lulin]] peasant rebellions which collapsed the dynasty.{{Sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1pp=42–43|2a1=Loewe|2y=2000|2pp=536–545}}
|-
| colspan="5" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |

====Gengshi Emperor (23–25 CE)====
|-style="background-color: #EAECF0"
| ''None, known by his era:''<br/>'''[[Gengshi Emperor|Gengshi]]''' ({{Hash-tag}})<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|更始帝}}
| Liu Xuan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉玄}}
| <br/>11 March 23 – November 25 CE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|23|3|11|25|11|11}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Gengshi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|更始}})<br/>10 February 23 – November 25 CE
}}</small>
| Descendant of [[Emperor Jing of Han|Jing]]
| ? – November 25 CE
----Strangled on the orders of {{ill|謝祿|zh|lt=Xie Lu}}, a leader of the [[Red Eyebrows]]. Sometimes considered a [[pretender]] and illegitimate{{sfn|de Crespigny|2007|pp=567–569}}
|-
| colspan="5" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |

====Eastern Han (25–220 CE)====

{{see also|Han dynasty#Eastern Han}}
|-
|'''[[Emperor Guangwu of Han|Guangwu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|光武帝}}
| Liu Xiu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉秀}}
| <br/>5 August 25 – 29 March 57 CE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|25|8|5|57|3|29}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jianwu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建武}})<br/>5 August 25 – 13 May 56 CE		
* '''Jianwezhongyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建武中元}})<br/>14 May 56 – 12 February 57 CE	
}}</small>
| Descendant of [[Emperor Jing of Han|Jing]]
| 15 January 5 BCE – 29 March 57 CE<br/><small>(aged 62)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1pp=44–45|2a1=Loewe|2y=2004|2p=389|3a1=de Crespigny|3y=2007|3pp=557–569}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Ming of Han|Ming]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|明帝}}
| Liu Yang<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉陽}}<hr/>Liu Zhuang<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉莊}}
| <br/>29 March 57 – 5 September 75 CE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|57|3|29|75|9|5}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yongping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永平}})<br/>13 February 58 – 23 February 76 CE	
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Guangwu of Han|Guangwu]]
| 28 – 5 September 75 CE<br/><small>(aged 48)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1pp=48–49|2a1=de Crespigny|2y=2007|2pp=604–609}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Zhang of Han|Zhang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|章帝}}
| Liu Da<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉炟}}
| <br/>5 September 75 – 9 April 88 CE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|75|9|5|88|4|9}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jianchu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建初}})<br/>24 February 76 – 26 January 84 CE		
* '''Yuanhe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元和}})<br/>27 January 84 – 11 September 87 CE		
* '''Zhanghe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|章和}})<br/>12 September 87 – 29 April 88 CE
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Ming of Han|Ming]]
| 56 – 9 April 88 CE<br/><small>(aged 32)</small>
----His reign marked the beginning of the Han's decline. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1pp=48–49|2a1=de Crespigny|2y=2007|2pp=495–500}}
|-
|'''[[Emperor He of Han|He]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|和帝}}
| Liu Zhao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉肇}}
| <br/>9 April 88 – 13 February 106 CE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|88|4|9|106|2|13}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yongyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永元}})<br/>30 January 89 – 17 May 105 CE		
* '''Yuanxing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元興}})<br/>18 May 105 – 20 February 106 CE
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Zhang of Han|Zhang]]
| 79 – 13 February 106<br/><small>(aged 27)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1pp=50–51|2a1=de Crespigny|2y=2007|2pp=588–593}}
|-
|'''[[Emperor Shang of Han|Shang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|殤帝}}
| Liu Long<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉隆}}
| <br/>13 February – 21 September 106 CE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|106|2|13|106|9|21}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yanping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|延平}})<br/>21 February 106 – 9 February 107 CE
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor He of Han|He]]
| 105 – 21 September 106<br/><small>(aged 4)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1pp=50–51|2a1=de Crespigny|2y=2007|2p=531}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor An of Han|An]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|安帝}}
| Liu Hu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉祜}}<hr/>Liu You<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉友}}
| <br/>23 September 106 – 30 April 125 CE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|106|9|23|125|4|30}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yongchu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永初}})<br/>10 February 107 – 23 February 113 CE
* '''Yuanchu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元初}})<br/>24 February 114 – 24 May 120 CE
* '''Yongning''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永寧}})<br/>25 May 120 – 30 September 121 CE
* '''Jianguang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建光}}) <br/>1 August 121 – 24 April 122 CE
* '''Yanguang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|延光}})<br/>25 April 122 – 30 April 125 CE
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Emperor Zhang of Han|Zhang]]
| 94 – 30 April 125<br/><small>(aged 32)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1pp=50–51|2a1=de Crespigny|2y=2007|2pp=580–583}}
|-
! colspan="5" |
|-style="background-color: #EAECF0"
| ''None, known as''<br/>'''[[Marquess of Beixiang]]''' ({{Hash-tag}})<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|北鄉侯}}
| Liu Yi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉懿}}
| 18 May – 10 December 125 CE{{efn|[[Marquess of Beixiang|Liu Yi]] reigned for less than a year, so thus did not live long enough to receive an era name{{sfn|de Crespigny|2007|p=576}}}}<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|125|5|18|125|12|10}})</small>
| Grandson of [[Emperor Zhang of Han|Emperor Zhang]]
| ?–125 CE
----Briefly reigned, probably as a child; often not considered legitimate. Died of natural causes{{sfn|de Crespigny|2007|p=576}}
|-
! colspan="5" |
|-
| '''[[Emperor Shun of Han|Shun]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|順帝}}
| Liu Bao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉保}}
| <br/>16 December 125 – 20 September 144<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|125|12|16|144|9|20}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yongjian''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永建}})<br/>10 February 126 – 15 April 132 CE
* '''Yangjia''' ({{lang|zh-hant|陽嘉}})<br/>16 April 132 – 4 March 135 CE
* '''Yonghe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永和}})<br/>5 March 136 – 25 February 142 CE
* '''Han'an''' ({{lang|zh-hant|漢安}})<br/>26 February 142 – 2 June 144 CE
* '''Jiankang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建康}})<br/>3 June 144 – 9 February 145 CE
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor An of Han|An]]
| 115 – 20 September 144 CE<br/><small>(aged 29)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=51|2a1=de Crespigny|2y=2007|2pp=473–478}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Chong of Han|Chong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|沖帝}}
| Liu Bing<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉炳}}
| <br/>20 September 144 – 15 February 145<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|144|9|20|145|2|15}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yongxi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永嘉}})<br/>10 February 145 – 29 January 146 CE
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Shun of Han|Shun]]
| 143 – 15 February 145 CE<br/><small>(aged 2)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=51|2a1=de Crespigny|2y=2007|2pp=486–487}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Zhi of Han|Zhi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|質帝}}
| Liu Zuan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉纘}}
| <br/>6 March 145 – 26 July 146<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|145|3|6|146|7|26}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Benchu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|本初}})<br/>30 January 146 – 17 February 147 CE
}}</small>
| Cousin of [[Emperor Chong of Han|Chong]] and great-grandson of [[Emperor Zhang of Han|Emperor Zhang]]
| 138 – 26 July 146 CE<br/><small>(aged 7–8)</small>
----His reign was dominated by [[Liang Ji]], who may have poisoned him. Otherwise he died from [[food poisoning]]{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=51|2a1=de Crespigny|2y=2007|2pp=610–611}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Huan of Han|Huan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|桓帝}}
| Liu Zhi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉志}}
| <br/>1 August 146 – 25 January 168<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|146|8|1|168|1|25}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jianhe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建和}})<br/>18 February 147 – 14 February 150 CE
* '''Heping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|和平}})<br/>15 February 150 – 18 February 151 CE
* '''Yuanjia''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元嘉}})<br/>19 February 151 – 30 June 153 CE
* '''Yongxing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永興}})<br/>1 July 153 – 4 March 155 CE
* '''Yongshou''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永壽}})<br/>5 March 155 – 16 July 158 CE
* '''Yanxi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|延熹}})<br/>17 July 158 – 11 July 167 CE
* '''Yongkang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永康}})<br/>12 July 167 – 16 February 168 CE
}}</small>
| Great-grandson of [[Emperor Zhang of Han|Zhang]]
| 132 – 25 January 168 CE<br/><small>(aged 36)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=51|2a1=de Crespigny|2y=2007|2pp=595–603}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Ling of Han|Ling]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|靈帝}}
| Liu Hong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉宏}}
| <br/>17 February 168 – 13 May 189<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|168|2|17|189|3|13}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jianning''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建寧}})<br/>17 February 168 – 23 June 172 CE
* '''Xiping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|熹平}})<br/>24 June 172 – 25 April 178 CE
* '''Guanghe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|光和}})<br/>26 April 178 – 15 February 185 CE<!-- The 7th year of Guanghe (184) was renamed the 1st year of Zhongping, but that era name wasn't adopted until the next year. See also "Fire over Luoyang" p. 414 (ttps://books.google.com/books?id=jSJ4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA414). -->
* '''Zhongping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|中平}})<br/>16 February 184 – 14 May 189 CE	
}}</small>
| Great-great-grandson of [[Emperor Zhang of Han|Zhang]]
| 156 – 13 May 189 CE<br/><small>(aged 32–33)</small>
----Died of an unknown illness{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=52, 54–55|2a1=de Crespigny|2y=2007|2pp=510–517}}
|-
! colspan="5" |
|-style="background-color: #EAECF0"
| '''[[Liu Bian|Prince of Hongnong]]''' ({{Hash-tag}})<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;{{lang|zh-hant|弘農王}}
| Liu Bian<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉辯}}
| <br/>15 May – 28 September 189 CE<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|189|3|15|189|9|28}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Guingxi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|光熹}})<br/>15 May – 24 September 189 CE
* '''Zhaoning''' ({{lang|zh-hant|昭宁}})<br/>25–27 September 189 CE
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Ling of Han|Ling]]
| 173/176 – 22 March 190 CE<br/><small>(aged 13–14)</small>
----Briefly reigned as a child; often not considered legitimate. Poisoned by [[Dong Zhuo]]{{sfn|de Crespigny|2007|pp=484–485}}
|-
! colspan="5" |
|-
| '''[[Emperor Xian of Han|Xian]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|獻帝}}
| Liu Xie<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉協}}
| <br/>28 September 189 – 11 December 220{{efn|{{harvnb|de Crespigny|2010|p=450}} notes that "On 11 December [...] Cao Cao's son and successor Cao Pi received the abdication of the last emperor of Han. [...] Some authorities give the date of abdication as 25 November [...] This is the date upon which Emperor Xian issued an edict calling upon Cao Pi to take the throne, but the ceremonial transfer of sovereignty was carried out two weeks later"}}<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|189|9|18|220|12|11}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yonghan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永汉}})<br/>28 September 189 – 18 February 190 CE
* '''Zhongping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|中平}})<br/>19–22 February 193 CE
* '''Chuping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|初平}})<br/>23 February 190 – 20 February 194 CE
* '''Xingping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|兴平}})<br/>21 February 194 – 22 February 196 CE
* '''Jian'an''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建安}})<br/>23 February 196 – 20 March 220 CE
* '''Yankang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|延康}})<br/>21 March – 11 December 220 CE
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Ling of Han|Ling]]
| 2 April 181 – 21 April 234<br/><small>(aged 53)</small>
----A puppet of [[Dong Zhuo]] and later [[Cao Cao]]. Forced to abdicate by [[Cao Pi]], but spared. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=55|2a1=de Crespigny|2y=2007|2pp=554–556}}
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color: #EAECF0" | Cao Cao is defeated at the [[Battle of Red Cliffs]] by [[Sun Quan]] and [[Liu Bei]], preventing him from uniting seceded southern Han territory. The region becomes split into [[Three Kingdoms|three competing powers]]: [[Cao Wei]], [[Eastern Wu]], and [[Shu Han]].{{sfnm|1a1=Beck|1y=1986|1p=352|2a1=de Crespigny|2y=2007|2p=37}}
|}

==Six Dynasties==
{{further|Six Dynasties}}

===Three Kingdoms (220–280)===
{{further|Three Kingdoms}}

====Cao Wei (220–266)====
{{further|Cao Wei|Cao Wei family trees}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ Cao Wei (曹魏; 220–266)
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Cao Pi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|曹丕}}
| Emperor Wen<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|文帝}}
| 11 December 220 – 29 June 226<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|220|12|11|226|06|29}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Huangchu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|黃初}}) December 220–226
}}</small>
| The eldest surviving son of [[Cao Cao]]. Inherited what lands the [[Eastern Han dynasty]] still controlled to found the [[Cao Wei]] state
| 187 – 29 June 226<br/><small>(aged 38–39)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=de Crespigny|1y=2007|1p=452|2a1=Moule|2y=1957|2p=12}}
|-
| '''[[Cao Rui]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|曹叡}}
| Emperor Ming<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|明帝}}
| 29 June 226 – 22 January 239<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|226|06|29|239|01|22}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand =| <hr/> 
* '''Taihe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|太和}}) 227–233
* '''Qinglong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|青龍}}) 233–237
* '''Jingchu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|景初}}) 237–239
}}</small>
| Son of [[Cao Pi]] and grandson of [[Cao Cao]]
| {{circa|206}} – 22 January 239<br/><small>(aged 34–35)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=de Crespigny|1y=2007|1p=47|2a1=Moule|2y=1957|2p=13}}
|-
| '''[[Cao Fang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|曹芳}}
| Emperor Shao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|少帝}}<br/><hr/>Emperor Fei<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|廢帝}}
| 22 January 239 – 16 October 254<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|239|01|22|254|10|16}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand =| <hr/> 
* '''Zhengshi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|正始}}) 240 – 7 May 249
* '''Jiaping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|嘉平}}) 8 May 249 – 1 November 254
}}</small>
| Adopted heir by [[Cao Rui]], who had no sons of his own. He was presumably related to the imperial family in some way
| 231–274<br/><small>(aged 42–43)</small>
----His reign was completely dominated by [[Cao Shuang]], [[Sima Yi]] and [[Sima Shi]], the latter of which eventually deposed Cao Fang. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=de Crespigny|1y=1991|1p=33|2a1=Moule|2y=1957|2p=13}}
|-
| '''[[Cao Mao]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|曹髦}}
| Duke of Gaogui District<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高貴鄉公}}
| 2 November 254 – 2 June 260<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|254|11|02|260|06|02}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Zhengyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|正元}}) 2 November 254 – 9 July 256
* '''Ganlu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|甘露}}) 10 July 256 – 13 July 260
}}</small>
| The cousin of [[Cao Fang]] and grandson of [[Cao Pi]]. Put on the throne by [[Sima Shi]]
| {{circa|241}} – 9 July 260<br/><small>(aged 18–19)</small>
----His reign was completely dominated by [[Sima Shi]] and [[Sima Zhao]]. Died in a [[Coup of Cao Mao|failed coup]] to regain power from Sima Zhao{{sfnm|1a1=de Crespigny|1y=1991|1pp=34–35|2a1=Moule|2y=1957|2p=13}}
|-
| '''[[Cao Huan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|曹奐}}
| Emperor Yuan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|元皇帝}}
| 27 July 260 – 4 February 266<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|260|07|27|266|02|04}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jingyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|景元}}) 8 July 260 – June 264
* '''Xianxi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|咸熙}}) June 264 – 4 February 266
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Cao Cao]] and the [[first cousin once-removed]] of [[Cao Mao]]
| 245–302<br/><small>(aged 56–57)</small>
----His reign was completely dominated by [[Sima Zhao]] and [[Sima Yan]]. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=de Crespigny|1y=1991|1p=35|2a1=Moule|2y=1957|2p=13}}
|}

====Shu Han (221–263) ====
{{further|Shu Han|Shu Han family trees}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ Shu Han (蜀漢; 221–263)
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
|'''[[Liu Bei]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉備}}
| Emperor Zhaolie<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|昭烈皇帝}}
| 15 May 221 – 10 June 223<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|221|05|15|223|06|10}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Zhangwu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|章武}}) 221–223
}}</small>
| Claimed to descend from [[Emperor Jing of Han]]. [[Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province|Conquered]] the [[Yi Province]] to found the [[Shu Han]] state
| 161 – 10 June 223<br/><small>(aged 61–62)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=de Crespigny|1y=2007|1pp=478–483|2a1=Moule|2y=1957|2p=14}}
|-
| '''[[Liu Shan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉禪}}
| Emperor Xiaohuai<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孝懷皇帝}}
| June 223 – December 263<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|223|06|01|263|12|01}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jianxing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建興}}) 223–237
* '''Yanxi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|延熙}}) 238–257
* '''Jingyao''' ({{lang|zh-hant|景耀}}) 258–263
* '''Yanxing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|炎興}}) 263
}}</small>
| The son of [[Liu Bei]]
| 207–271<br/><small>(aged 63–64)</small>
----Abdicated after the [[Conquest of Shu by Wei|fall]] on the Shu capital of [[Chengdu]] in 263.{{sfnm|1a1=de Crespigny|1y=2007|1pp=541–542|2a1=Moule|2y=1957|2p=14}}
|}

====Eastern Wu (222–280)====
{{further|Eastern Wu|Eastern Wu family trees}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ Eastern Wu (東吳; 222–280)
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Sun Quan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孫權}}
| Emperor Da<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|大皇帝}}
| 23 May 229 – May 252<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|229|05|23|252|05|01}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Huangwu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|黃武}}) 222–229
* '''Huanglong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|黃龍}}) 229–231
* '''Jiahe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|嘉禾}}) 232–238
* '''Chiwu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|赤烏}}) 238–251
* '''Taiyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|太元}}) 251–252
* '''Shenfeng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|神鳳}}) 252
}}</small>
| The son of [[Sun Jian]]; inherited [[Sun Ce's conquests in Jiangdong|the conquests]] of his brother [[Sun Ce]]. Proclaimed "King of Wu" in 221 and later "Emperor" in 229
| 182–252<br/><small>(aged 69–70)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=de Crespigny|1y=2007|1pp=772–774|2a1=Dien|2a2=Knapp|2y=2019|2p=52|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=15}}
|-
| '''[[Sun Liang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孫亮}}
| Emperor Fei<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|吳廢帝}}
| May 252 – 9 November 258<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|252|05|01|258|11|09}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jianxing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建興}}) 252–253
* '''Wufeng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|五鳳}}) 254–256
* '''Taiping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|太平}}) 256–258
}}</small>
| Son of [[Sun Quan]]
| 243–260<br/><small>(aged 16–17)</small>
----His reign was completely dominated by three successive regents: [[Zhuge Ke]], [[Sun Jun (Three Kingdoms)|Sun Jun]] and [[Sun Chen]]. He was later deposed and died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=de Crespigny|1y=1991|1p=17|2a1=Moule|2y=1957|2p=15}}
|-
|'''[[Sun Xiu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孫休}}
| Emperor Jing<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|景皇帝}}
| 30 November 258 – 3 September 264<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|258|11|30|264|11|03}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yongan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永安}}) 258–264
}}</small>
| Son of [[Sun Quan]]
| 235–264<br/><small>(aged 28–29)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=de Crespigny|1y=1991|1p=17|2a1=Moule|2y=1957|2p=15}}
|-
| '''[[Sun Hao]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孫皓}}
| Emperor Mo<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|末帝}}
| 3 September 264 – 1 May 280<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|264|11|03|280|05|01}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yuanxing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元興}}) 264–265 
* '''Ganlu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|甘露}}) 265–266
* '''Baoding''' ({{lang|zh-hant|寶鼎}}) 266–269
* '''Jianheng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建衡}}) 269–271
* '''Fenghuang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|鳳凰}}) 272–274
* '''Tiance''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天冊}}) 275–276
* '''Tianxi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天璽}}) 276
* '''Tianji''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天紀}}) 277–280
}}</small>
| Son of [[Sun He (Zixiao)|Sun He]], former [[heir apparent]] to [[Sun Quan]]
| 241–283<br/><small>(aged 41–42)</small>
----[[Eastern Wu]] was [[Conquest of Wu by Jin|conquered]] by [[Sima Yan]] in 280. Died of natural causes{{sfn|de Crespigny|1991|pp=17–18}}
|}

===Jin dynasty (266–420)===
{{further|Jin dynasty (266–420)|Chinese emperors family tree (early)#Jin Dynasty and Chu|label 2=Jin emperors family tree}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ Jin dynasty (晉朝; 266–420){{sfn|Hong Lee|2015|p=xix}}
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Posthumous name]]
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| colspan="5" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |

====Western Jin (266–316)====

{{see also|Jin dynasty (266–420)#Western Jin}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Wu of Jin|Emperor Wu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|晉武帝}}
| Sima Yan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|司馬炎}}
| <br/>8 February 266 – 16 May 290<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|266|2|8|290|6|16}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* Taishi (泰始) 266–274
* Xianning (咸寧) 275–280
* Taikang (太康) 280–289
* Taixi (太熙) 290
}}</small>
|Son of Prince [[Sima Zhao]], proclaimed emperor after the abdication of [[Cao Huan]] of [[Cao Wei|Wei]]. He unified China after conquering [[Eastern Wu]] in 280
|236–290<br/><small>(aged 53–54)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=554|2a1=Dien|2pp=79–92|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Hui of Jin|Emperor Hui]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|晉惠帝}}
| Sima Zhong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|司馬衷}}
| <br/>16 May 290 – 8 January 307<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|290|5|16|307|1|8}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* Yongxi (永熙) 290
* Yongping (永平) 291
* Yuankang (元康) 291–299
* Yongkang (永康) 300–301
* Yongning (永寧) 301–302
* Taian (太安) 302–303
* Yongan (永安) 304
* Jianwu (建武) 304
* Yongan (永安) 304
* Yongxing (永興) 305–306
* Guangxi (光熙) 306
}}</small>
| Son of Emperor Wu, ruled under the regency of his wife, [[Jia Nanfeng]], until her death in 300 CE
| 259–307<br/><small>(aged 47–48)</small>
----Possibly mentally unstable, his reign was marked by the disastrous [[War of the Eight Princes]]. He was poisoned by [[Sima Yue]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=232|2a1=Dien|2pp=92–93|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp}}
|-
| —
| '''[[Sima Lun]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|司馬倫}}
|<br/>3 February – 30 May 301<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|301|2|3|301|5|30}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* Jianshi (建始) 301
}}</small>
|Prince of Zhao and son of [[Sima Yi]], briefly usurped power from Emperor Hu
|One of the infamous [[Eight Princes]]; often seen as an usurper. He was forced to commit suicide by Princes [[Sima Jiong|Jiong]], [[Sima Ying|Ying]] and [[Sima Yong|Yong]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=466}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Huai of Jin|Emperor Huai]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|晉懷帝}}
| Sima Chi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|司馬熾}}
|<br/>8 January 307 – 14 March 311<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|307|1|8|311|3|14}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* Yongjia (永嘉) 307–313
}}</small>
|Younger brother of Emperor Hui
|284–313<br/><small>(aged 30–31)</small>
----His reign, dominated by [[Sima Yue]], saw widespread ethnic rebellions. He was deposed and killed by the [[Han Zhao|Han-Zhao]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=222|2a1=Dien|2pp=92–93|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Min of Jin|Emperor Min]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|晉愍帝}}
| Sima Ye<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|司馬鄴}}
|<br/>14 March 313 – 7 February 316<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|313|3|14|316|2|7}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* Jianxing  (建興) 313–317
}}</small>
|Nephew of Emperor Huai, proclaimed emperor in [[Chang'an]] after the fall of [[Luoyang]] to the [[Five Barbarians]].
|300 – 7 February 316<br/><small>(aged 15–16)</small>
----Killed by [[Liu Cong (Han Zhao)|Liu Cong]] of [[Han Zhao|Han-Zhao]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=362|2a1=Dien|2pp=92–93|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp}}
|-
| colspan="5" data-sort-value="ZZZZ9999" |

====Eastern Jin (318–420)====

{{see also|Jin dynasty (266–420)#Eastern Jin}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Yuan of Jin|Emperor Yuan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|晉元帝}}
| Sima Rui<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|司馬睿}}
|<br/>26 April 318 – 3 January 323<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|318|4|26|323|1|3}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* Jianwu (建武) 317–318
* Taixing (太興) 318–322
* Yongchang (永昌) 322–323
}}</small>
|Great-grandson of [[Sima Yi]], proclaimed himself emperor with the help of [[Wang Dun]] in [[Jiankang]] after the fall of [[Chang'an]].
|276 – 323<br/><small>(aged 47)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=645|2a1=Dien|2pp=93–104|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=18}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Ming of Jin|Emperor Ming]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|晉明帝}}
| Sima Shao <br/>{{lang|zh-hant|司馬紹}}
| <br/>3 January 323 – 18 October 325<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|323|1|3|325|10|18}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* Taining (太寧) 323–326
}}</small>
|Son of Emperor Yuan
|299 – 325<br/><small>(aged 26)</small>
----His reign was dominated by [[Wang Dao]] and antagonized by [[Wang Dun]]. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=362|2a1=Dien|2pp=104–105|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=18}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Cheng of Jin|Emperor Cheng]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|晉成帝}}
| Sima Yan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|司馬衍}}
| 19 October 325 – 26 July 342<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|325|10|19|342|7|26}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* Xianhe (咸和) 326–335
* Xiankang (咸康) 335–342
}}</small>
|Son of Emperor Ming, ruled initially under the regency of [[Yu Wenjun]]
|321 – 342<br/><small>(aged 21)</small>
----Dominated by [[Yu Liang]], he was briefly deposed in 328 by rebel [[Su Jun]]. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=87|2a1=Dien|2pp=105–106|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=18}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Kang of Jin|Emperor Kang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|晉康帝}}
| Sima Yue<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|司馬岳}}
| <br/>27 July 342 – 17 November 344<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|342|7|27|344|11|17}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* Jianyuan (建元) 343–344
}}</small>
|Son of Emperor Ming
|322 – 344<br/><small>(aged 22)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=276|2a1=Moule|2y=1957|2p=18}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Mu of Jin|Emperor Mu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|晉穆帝}}
| Sima Dan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|司馬聃}}
|<br/>18 November 344 – 10 July 361<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|344|11|18|361|7|10}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* Yonghe (永和) 345–357
* Shengping (升平) 357–361
}}</small>
|Son of Emperor Kang, "ruled" under the regency of [[Empress Dowager Chu]] until 357
|343 – 361<br/><small>(aged 18)</small>
----The youngest Chinese emperor.{{efn|Not counting [[Ruzi Ying]], who never officially ascended to the throne.}} Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=367|2a1=Moule|2y=1957|2p=18}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Ai of Jin|Emperor Ai]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|晉哀帝}}
| Sima Pi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|司馬丕}}
|<br/>13 July 361 – 30 March 365<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|361|7|13|365|3|30}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* Longhe (隆和) 362–363
* Xingning (興寧) 363–365
}}</small>
|Son of Emperor Cheng, reigned alongside [[Empress Dowager Chu]]
|341 – 365<br/><small>(aged 24)</small>
----Died of drug poisoning{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=38|2a1=Moule|2y=1957|2p=18}}
|-
| ''none, known as:''<br/>'''[[Emperor Fei of Jin|Emperor Fei]]'''{{efn|Also known as:<br/>'''[[Duke of Haixi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|海西公}}{{sfn|Xiong|2009|p=199}}}}<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|晉廢帝}}
| Sima Yi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|司馬奕}}
|<br/>31 March 365 – 6 January 372<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|365|3|31|372|1|6}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* Taihe (太和) 366–372
}}</small>
|Son of Emperor Cheng
|342 – 386<br/><small>(aged 44)</small>
----Deposed by [[Huan Wen]], later dying of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=199|2a1=Dien|2p=111|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=18}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Jianwen of Jin|Emperor Jianwen]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|晉簡文帝}}
| Sima Yu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|司馬昱}}
|<br/>6 January – 19 August 372<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|372|1|6|372|8|19}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* Xianan (咸安) 372
}}</small>
|Son of Emperor Yuan and great-great-grandson of [[Sima Yi]], enthroned by [[Huan Wen]]
|320 – 372<br/><small>(aged 52)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=248|2a1=Dien|2p=111|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=19}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Xiaowu of Jin|Emperor Xiaowu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|晉孝武帝}}
| Sima Yao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|司馬曜}}
|<br/>19 August 372 – 6 November 396<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|372|8|19|396|11|6}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* Ningkang (寧康) 373–376
* Taiyuan (太元) 376–397
}}</small>
|Son of Emperor Jianwen
|362 – 396<br/><small>(aged 34)</small>
----His army's defeat of the [[Former Qin]] army at the [[Battle of Fei River]] led to the eventual collapse of the Former Qin. Killed by a jealous concubine{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=575|2a1=Dien|2pp=111–114|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=19}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor An of Jin|Emperor An]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|晉安帝}}
| Sima Dezong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|司馬德宗}}
|<br/>7 November 396 – 28 January 419<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|396|11|7|419|1|28}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* Longan (隆安) 397–402
* Yuanxing (元興) 402–405
* Yixi (義熙) 405–419
}}</small>
|Son of Emperor Xiaowu
|382/3 – 419<br/><small>(aged 36–37)</small>
----Dominated by [[Sima Daozi]], [[Huan Xuan]] and [[Emperor Wu of Song|Liu Yu]], he was killed by the latter{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=42|2a1=Dien|2pp=114–117|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=19}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Gong of Jin|Emperor Gong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|晉恭帝}}
| Sima Dewen<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|司馬德文}}
|<br/>28 January 419 – 5 July 420<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|419|1|28|420|7|5}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* Yuanxi (元熙) 419–420
}}</small>
|Son of Emperor Xiaowu
|386 – 12 November 421<br/><small>(aged 35)</small>
----Abdicated in favor of Liu Yu ([[Emperor Wu of Song]]), later assassinated{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=181|2p=117|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=19}}
|}

===Sixteen Kingdoms (304–439)===
{{further|Sixteen Kingdoms}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ [[Cheng Han]] (成漢; 304–347){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=341}} 
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Li Xiong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李雄}}
| Emperor Wu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|武皇帝}}
| 304–334<br/><small>({{Age in years|304|334}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jianxing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建興}}) 304–306
* '''Yanping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|晏平}}) 306–311
* '''Yuheng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|玉衡}}) 311–334
}}</small>
| Son of rebel [[Li Te (Cheng Han)|Li Te]], proclaimed himself King in 304 and then Emperor in 306
| 274–334<br/><small>(aged 59–60)</small>
----Died of disease{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=309|2a1=Dien|2pp=150–153|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp}}
|-
| '''[[Li Ban]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李班}}
| Emperor Ai<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|哀皇帝}}
| 334<br/><small>(less than a year)</small>
| Nephew of [[Li Xiong]]
| 274–334<br/><small>(aged 59–60)</small>
----Killed by [[Li Qi (emperor)|Li Qi]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=292|2a1=Dien|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp|2p=153}}
|-
| '''[[Li Qi (emperor)|Li Qi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李期}}
| Duke You<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|幽公}}
| 334–338<br/><small>({{Age in years|334|338}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yuheng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|玉恆}}) 335–338
}}</small>
| Son of [[Li Xiong]]
| 314–338<br/><small>(aged 23–24)</small>
----Committed suicide{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=301–302|2a1=Dien|2pp=153–154|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp}}
|-
| '''[[Li Shou]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李壽}}
| Emperor Xiaowen<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|昭文皇帝}}
| 338–343<br/><small>({{Age in years|338|343}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Hanxing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|漢興}}) 338–344
}}</small>
| Nephew of [[Li Te (Cheng Han)|Li Te]], usurped power from Li Qi and renamed the state from "Cheng” to “Han”
| 300–343<br/><small>(aged 42–43)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=301–302|2a1=Dien|2pp=153–154|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp}}
|-
| '''[[Li Shi (emperor)|Li Shi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李勢}}
| Marquess of Guiyi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|歸義侯}}
| 343–347<br/><small>({{Age in years|343|347}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Taihe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|太和}}) 343–346
* '''Jianing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|嘉寧}}) 346–347
}}</small>
| Son of [[Li Shou]]
| Abdicated to [[Huan Wen]] after the fall of Cheng in 347. Died of natural causes in 361 in the [[Eastern Jin]] capital{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=301–302|2a1=Dien|2pp=153–154|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ [[Former Zhao|Han-Zhao]] (漢趙; 304–319) / [[Former Zhao]] (前趙; 319–329){{sfnm|1a1=Adamek|1y=2017|1p=341|2a1=Dien|2a2=Knapp|2y=2019|2p=xix}}
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)|Liu Yuan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉淵}}
| Emperor Guangwen<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|光文皇帝}}
| 304–310<br/><small>({{Age in years|304|310}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yuanxi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元熙}}) 304–308
* '''Yongfeng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永鳳}}) 308–309
* '''Herui''' ({{lang|zh-hant|河瑞}}) 309–310
}}</small>
| Rebelled against the Jin dynasty. Proclaimed himself King of Han in 304 and Emperor in 308
| {{circa|}} 250–310<br/><small>(aged approx. 60)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfn|Xiong|2009|pp=328–330}}
|-
| '''[[Liu He (Han Zhao)|Liu He]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉和}}
| –
| 310<br/><small>(less than a year)</small>
| Son of [[Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)|Liu Yuan]]
| Killed by his brother Liu Cong{{sfn|Xiong|2009|pp=322–324}}
|-
| '''[[Liu Cong (Han Zhao)|Liu Cong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉聰}}
| Emperor Zhaowu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|昭武皇帝}}
| 310–318<br/><small>({{Age in years|310|318}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Guangxing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|光興}}) 310–311
* '''Jiaping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|嘉平}}) 311–315
* '''Jianyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建元}}) 315–316
* '''Linjia''' ({{lang|zh-hant|麟嘉}}) 316–318
}}</small>
| Son of [[Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)|Liu Yuan]]
| Died of natural causes in 318{{sfn|Xiong|2009|pp=322–324}}
|-
| '''[[Liu Can]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉粲}}
| Emperor Yin<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|隱皇帝}}
| 318<br/><small>(less than a year)</small>
| Son of [[Liu Cong (Han Zhao)|Liu Cong]]
| Killed by officer [[Jin Zhun]] in 318{{sfn|Xiong|2009|pp=322–324}}
|-
| '''[[Liu Yao]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉曜}}
| –
| 318–329<br/><small>({{Age in years|318|329}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Guangchu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|光初}}) 318–329
}}</small>
| Nephew of [[Liu Yuan (Han Zhao)|Liu Yuan]], changed the dynastic title from "Han" to "Zhao"
| Ended the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Western Jin]] in 316. Captured and killed by [[Shi Le]] of [[Later Zhao]]{{sfn|Xiong|2009|pp=328–330}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ [[Later Zhao]] (後趙; 319–351)
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Shi Le]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|石勒}}
| Emperor Ming<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|明皇帝}}
| 319–333<br/><small>({{Age in years|319|333}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand =| <hr/> 
* '''Zhaowang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|趙王}}) 319–328
* '''Taihe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|太和}}) 328–330
* '''Jianping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建平}}) 330–333
}}</small>
| Rebelled with [[Ji Sang]] during the [[War of the Eight Princes]]. Proclaimed himself King of Zhao in 319 and then Emperor in 330
| 374–333<br/><small>(aged 58–59)</small>
----Ended the [[Former Zhao]] in 329. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=449–452|2a1=Dien|2pp=127–130|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp}}
|-
| '''[[Shi Hong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|石弘}}
| –
| 333–334<br/><small>({{Age in years|333|334}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand =| <hr/> 
* '''Yanxi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|延熙}}) 334
}}</small>
| Son of [[Shi Le]]
| 313–334<br/><small>(aged 20–21)</small>
----Deposed and killed by [[Shi Hu]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=449–452|2a1=Dien|2pp=127–130|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp}}
|-
| '''[[Shi Hu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|石虎}}
| Emperor Wu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|武皇帝}}
| 334–349<br/><small>({{Age in years|334|349}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand =| <hr/> 
* '''Jianwu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建武}}) 335–349
* '''Taining''' ({{lang|zh-hant|太寧}}) 349
}}</small>
| Nephew of [[Shi Le]], usurped power from [[Shi Hong]] in 334. Ruled as [[Heavenly King]] until 349
| 295–349<br/><small>(aged 53–54)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=449–452|2a1=Dien|2pp=127–130|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp}}
|-
| '''[[Shi Shi (emperor)|Shi Shi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|石世}}
| –
| 349<br/><small>(less than a year)</small>
| Son of [[Shi Hu]]
| 339–349<br/><small>(aged 9–10)</small>
----Murdered{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=449–452|2a1=Dien|2pp=127–130|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp}}
|-
| '''[[Shi Zun]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|石遵}}
| –
| 349<br/><small>(less than a year)</small>
| Son of [[Shi Hu]]
| Killed by [[Ran Min]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=449–452|2a1=Dien|2pp=127–130|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp}}
|-
| '''[[Shi Jian]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|石鑒}}
| –
| 349–350<br/><small>({{Age in years|349|350}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand =| <hr/> 
* '''Qinglong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|青龍}}) 350
}}</small>
| Son of [[Shi Hu]], enthroned by [[Ran Min]]
| Killed by [[Ran Min]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=449–452|2a1=Dien|2pp=127–130|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp}}
|-
| '''[[Shi Zhi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|石祇}}
| –
| 350–351<br/><small>({{Age in years|350|351}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand =| <hr/> 
* '''Yongning''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永寧}}) 350–351
}}</small>
| Son of [[Shi Hu]]
| Gave up the imperial title in 351, later killed by a subordinate officer{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=449–452|2a1=Dien|2pp=127–130|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ [[Former Liang]] (前涼; 320–376){{sfn|Adamek|2017|pp=342–343}}
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Zhang Mao]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|張茂}}
| Duke Cheng<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|成公}}
| 320–324<br/><small>({{Age in years|320|324}} years)</small>
| Son of governor [[Zhang Gui]]
| 377–324<br/><small>(aged 52–53)</small>
----Made vassal of [[Former Zhao]] in 323. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=663–668|2a1=Dien|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp|2p=133}}
|-
| '''[[Zhang Jun (prince)|Zhang Jun]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|張駿}}
| Duke Zhongcheng<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|忠成公}}
| 324–346<br/><small>({{Age in years|324|346}} years)</small>
| Son of governor [[Zhang Shi (Former Liang)|Zhang Shi]]
| 307–346<br/><small>(aged 38–39)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=663–668}}
|-
| '''[[Zhang Chonghua]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|張重華}}
| Duke Huan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|桓公}}
| 346–353<br/><small>({{Age in years|346|353}} years)</small>
| Son of Zhang Jun, didn't assume the dynastic title until 349
| 327–353<br/><small>(aged 25–26)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=661}}
|-
| '''[[Zhang Yaoling]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|張曜靈}}
| Duke Ai<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|哀公}}
| 353<br/><small>(less than a year)</small>
| Son of [[Zhang Chonghua]]
| 344–355<br/><small>(aged 25–26)</small>
----Killed by [[Zhang Zuo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=663–668}}
|-
| '''[[Zhang Zuo]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|張祚}}
| King Wei<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|威王}}
| 354–355<br/><small>({{Age in years|354|355}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Heping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|和平}}) 354–355
}}</small>
| Son of [[Zhang Jun (prince)|Zhang Jun]]
| Discontinued the use of [[Western Jin]] era names before being killed in 355{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=663–668}}
|-
| '''[[Zhang Xuanjing]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|張玄靚}}
| Duke Chong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|沖公}}
| 355–363<br/><small>({{Age in years|355|363}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Taishi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|太始}}) 355–356
}}</small>
| Son of [[Zhang Chonghua]]
| 350–363<br/><small>(aged 12–13)</small>
----Killed by [[Zhang Tianxi]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=663–668}}
|-
| '''[[Zhang Tianxi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|張天錫}}
| Duke Dao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|悼公}}
| 363–376<br/><small>({{Age in years|363|376}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Taiqing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|太清}}) 363–376
}}</small>
| Son of [[Zhang Jun (prince)|Zhang Jun]]
| 346–406<br/><small>(aged 59–60)</small>
----Surrendered to the [[Former Qin]], later dying of natural causes in [[Eastern Jin]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=663–668}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ [[Former Yan]] (前燕; 337–370){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=342}}
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Murong Huang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|慕容皝}}
| Emperor Wenming<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|文明皇帝}}
| 337–348<br/><small>({{Age in years|337|348}} years)</small>
| Son of governor [[Murong Hui]], proclaimed himself Prince of Yan in 337. Remained loyal to the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin]]
| 297–348<br/><small>(aged 50–51)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=368–369|2a1=Dien|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp|2p=130–133}}
|-
| '''[[Murong Jun]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|慕容儁}}
| Emperor Jingzhao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|景昭皇帝}}
| 348–360<br/><small>({{Age in years|348|360}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yuanxi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元璽}}) 353–357
* '''Guangshou''' ({{lang|zh-hant|光壽}}) 357–360
}}</small>
| Son of [[Murong Huang]], proclaimed himself Emperor in 352
| 319–360<br/><small>(aged 38–39)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=663–668}}
|-
| '''[[Murong Wei]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|慕容暐}}
| Emperor You<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|幽皇帝}}
| 360–370<br/><small>({{Age in years|360|370}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jianxi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建熙}}) 360–370
}}</small>
| Son of [[Murong Jun]], ruled under the regency of [[Murong Ping]]
| 350–384<br/><small>(aged 33–34)</small>
----Captured by [[Former Qin]] in 370, executed by [[Fu Jiān]] in 384 after a failed coup{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=661}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ [[Former Qin]] (前秦; 351–394){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=344}}
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Fu Jian (317–355)|Fu Jiàn]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|苻健}}
| Emperor Jingming<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|景明皇帝}}
| 351–355<br/><small>({{Age in years|351|355}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Huangshi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|皇始}}) 351–355
}}</small>
| Son of Prince [[Fu Hong|Hong]], leader of the [[Di (Five Barbarians)|Di]]. Proclaimed [[Heavenly King]] and Great [[Chanyu]] after Hong's murder in 351, became Emperor in 352
| 307 or 317–355<br/><small>(aged 48 or 38)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=163–164|2a1=Dien|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp|2p=134–137}}
|-
| '''[[Fu Sheng (Former Qin)|Fu Sheng]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|苻生}}
| Prince Li<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|厲王}}
| 355–357<br/><small>({{Age in years|355|357}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Shouguang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|壽光}}) 355–357
}}</small>
| Son of [[Fu Jiàn]]
| 335–357<br/><small>(aged 22)</small>
----Killed by his cousin{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=163–164|2a1=Dien|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp|2p=134–137}}
|-
| '''[[Fu Jian (337–385)|Fu Jiān]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|苻堅}}
| Emperor Xuanzhao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|宣昭皇帝}}
| 357–385<br/><small>({{Age in years|357|385}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yongxing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永興}}) 357–359
* '''Ganlu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|甘露}}) 359–364
* '''Jian yuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建元}}) 365–385
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Fu Hong]], ruled as [[Heavenly King]]
| 338–385<br/><small>(aged 47)</small>
----Conquered [[Former Yan]], [[Former Liang]], and [[Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)|Dai]]. Killed by [[Yao Chang]].{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=163–164|2a1=Dien|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp|2p=134–137}}
|-
| '''[[Fu Pi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|苻丕}}
| Emperor Aiping<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|哀平皇帝}}
| 385–386<br/><small>({{Age in years|385|386}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Taian''' ({{lang|zh-hant|太安}}) 385–386 
}}</small>
| Son of [[Fu Jiān]]
| Defeated by [[Murong Yong]] of [[Western Yan]], later killed by the [[Eastern Jin]] army{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=163–164|2a1=Dien|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp|2p=134–137}}
|-
| '''[[Fu Deng]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|苻登}}
| Emperor Gao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高皇帝}}
| 386–394<br/><small>({{Age in years|386|394}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Taichu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|太初}}) 386–394
}}</small>
| Grandnephew of [[Fu Jiān]]
| 343–394<br/><small>(aged 51)</small>
----Killed by [[Yao Xing]] of [[Later Qin]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=163–164|2a1=Dien|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp|2p=134–137}}
|-
| '''[[Fu Chong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|苻崇}}
| –
| 394<br/><small>(less than a year)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yanchu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|延初}}) 394
}}</small>
| Son of [[Fu Deng]]
| Killed by [[Qifu Gangui|Qifu Qiangui]] of [[Western Qin]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=163–164|2a1=Dien|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp|2p=134–137}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ [[Later Yan]] (後燕; 384–409){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=342}}
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Murong Chui]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|慕容垂}}
| Emperor Wucheng<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|成武皇帝}}
| 384–396<br/><small>({{Age in years|384|396}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jianxing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建興}}) 386–396
}}</small>
| Son of Prince [[Murong Huang]] of [[Former Yan]], reestablished his kingdom after the [[Battle of Fei River]]
| 326–396<br/><small>(aged 70)</small>
----Conquered [[Western Yan]] in 394{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=367–369}}
|-
| '''[[Murong Bao]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|慕容寶}}
| Emperor Huimin<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|惠愍皇帝}}
| 396–398<br/><small>({{Age in years|396|398}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yongkang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永康}}) 396–398
}}</small>
| Son of [[Murong Chui]]
| 355–398<br/><small>(aged 43)</small>
----Killed by the usurper [[Lan Han]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=367–369}}
|-
| '''[[Murong Sheng]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|慕容盛}}
| Emperor Zhaowu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|昭武皇帝}}
| 398–401<br/><small>({{Age in years|398|401}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jianping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建平}}) 398
* '''Changle''' ({{lang|zh-hant|長樂}}) 399–401
}}</small>
| Son of [[Murong Bao]], came to power after killing [[Lan Han]]
| 373–401<br/><small>(aged 28)</small>
----Killed by general Duan Ji{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=367–369}}
|-
| '''[[Murong Xi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|慕容熙}}
| Emperor Zhaowen<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|昭文皇帝}}
| 401–407<br/><small>({{Age in years|401|407}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Guangshi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|光始}}) 401–406
* '''Jianshi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建始}}) 407
}}</small>
| Son of [[Murong Chui]]
| 385–407<br/><small>(aged 22)</small>
----Killed by [[Feng Ba]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=367–369}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ [[Later Qin]] (後秦; 384–417){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=344}}
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Yao Chang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姚萇}}
| Emperor Wuzhao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|武昭皇帝}}
| 384–393<br/><small>({{Age in years|384|393}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Baique''' ({{lang|zh-hant|白雀}}) 384–386
* '''Jianchu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建初}}) 386–393
}}</small>
| Proclaimed King after the [[Battle of Fei River]], then Emperor after killing [[Fu Jiān]] of [[Former Qin]]
| 343–394<br/><small>(aged 51)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=617–618|2a1=Dien|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp|2p=137–138}}
|-
| '''[[Yao Xing]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姚興}}
| Emperor Wenhuan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|文桓皇帝}}
| 394–416<br/><small>({{Age in years|394|416}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Huangchu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|皇初}}) 394–399
* '''Hongshi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|弘始}}) 399–416
}}</small>
| Son of [[Yao Chang]]
| 366–416<br/><small>(aged 50)</small>
----Conquered [[Former Qin]] and [[Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)|Later Liang]].  Favored [[Buddhism]] and [[Taoism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=617–618|2a1=Dien|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp|2p=137–138}}
|-
| '''[[Yao Hong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|姚泓}}
| –
| 416–417<br/><small>({{Age in years|416|417}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yonghe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永和}}) 416–417
}}</small>
| Son of [[Yao Xing]]
| 388–417<br/><small>(aged 29)</small>
----Executed by the [[Eastern Jin]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=617–618|2a1=Dien|2y=2019|2a2=Knapp|2p=137–138}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ [[Western Qin]] (西秦; 385–400, 409–431){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=344}}
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Qifu Guoren]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|乞伏國仁}}
| Prince Xuanlie<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|宣烈王}}
| 385–388<br/><small>({{Age in years|385|388}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jianyi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建義}}) 385–388
}}</small>
| Former general of [[Former Qin]]
| Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=406}}
|-
| '''[[Qifu Gangui]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|乞伏乾歸}}
| Prince Wuyuan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|武元王}}
| 388–412<br/><small>({{Age in years|388|412}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Taichu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|太初}}) 388–400
* '''Gengshi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|更始}}) 409–412
}}</small>
| Younger brother of [[Qifu Guoren]]
| Surrendered to [[Later Qin]] in 400, reclaimed the throne in 409. Killed by his nephew{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=406}}
|-
| '''[[Qifu Chipan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|乞伏熾磐}}
| Prince Wenzhao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|文昭王}}
| 412–428<br/><small>({{Age in years|412|428}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yongkang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永康}}) 412–419
* '''Jianhong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建弘}}) 419–428
}}</small>
| Son of [[Qifu Gangui]]
| Conquered [[Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)|Southern Liang]] in 414{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=406}}
|-
| '''[[Qifu Mumo]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|乞伏暮末}}
| –
| 428–431<br/><small>({{Age in years|428|431}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yonghong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永弘}}) 428–431
}}</small>
| Son of [[Qifu Chipan]]
| Killed by the [[Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)|Xia]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=406}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ [[Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)|Later Liang]] (後涼; 386–403){{sfnm|1a1=Adamek|1y=2017|1p=343|2a1=Dien|2a2=Knapp|2y=2019|2p=xix}}
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Lü Guang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|呂光}}
| Emperor Yiwu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|懿武皇帝}}
| 386–399<br/><small>({{Age in years|386|399}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Taian''' ({{lang|zh-hant|太安}}) 386–389
* '''Linjia''' ({{lang|zh-hant|麟嘉}}) 389–396
* '''Longfei''' ({{lang|zh-hant|龍飛}}) 396–400
}}</small>
| Former general of [[Former Qin]], proclaimed himself Duke of Jiuquan in 386 and [[Heavenly King]] in 396
| 337–399<br/><small>(aged 19)</small>
----Abdicated in favor of his son{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=350–351}}
|-
| '''[[Lü Shao]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|呂紹}}
| Prince Yin<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|隱王}}
| 399<br/><small>(less than a year)</small>
| Son of [[Lü Guang]]
| Forced to commit suicide by his brother{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=350–351}}
|-
| '''[[Lü Zuan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|呂纂}}
| Emperor Ling<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|靈皇帝}}
| 399–401<br/><small>({{Age in years|399|401}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Xianning''' ({{lang|zh-hant|咸寧}}) 400–401
}}</small>
| Son of [[Lü Guang]]
| Killed by Lü Chao, Guang's nephew{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=350–351}}
|-
| '''[[Lü Long]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|呂隆}}
| –
| 401–403<br/><small>({{Age in years|401|403}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Shending''' ({{lang|zh-hant|神鼎}}) 401–403
}}</small>
| Nephew of [[Lü Guang]]
| Killed by [[Yao Hong]] of [[Later Qin]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=350–351}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ [[Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)|Southern Liang]] (南涼; 397–414){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=343}}
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Tufa Wugu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|禿髮烏孤}}
| Prince Wu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|武王}}
| 397–399<br/><small>({{Age in years|397|399}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Taichu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|太初}}) 397–400
}}</small>
| Proclaimed himself Great [[Chanyu]]
| Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=511}}
|-
| '''[[Tufa Lilugu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|禿髮利鹿孤}}
| Prince Kang<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|康王}}
| 399–402<br/><small>({{Age in years|399|402}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jianhe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建和}}) 400–402
}}</small>
| Elder brother of [[Tufa Wugu]]
| Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=511}}
|-
| '''[[Tufa Rutan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|禿髮傉檀}}
| Prince Jing<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|景王}}
| 402–414<br/><small>({{Age in years|402|414}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Hongchang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|弘昌}}) 402–404
* '''Jiaping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|嘉平}}) 409–414
}}</small>
| Elder brother [[Tufa Lilugu]]
| 364–415<br/><small>(aged 51)</small>
----Captured and killed by [[Western Qin]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=511}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ [[Northern Liang]] (北涼; 397–439){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=342}}
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Duan Ye]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|段業}}
| –
| 397–401<br/><small>({{Age in years|397|401}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Shenxi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|神璽}}) 397–399
* '''Tianxi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天璽}}) 399–401
}}</small>
| Governor of [[Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)|Later Liang]], proclaimed himself Prince of Liang in 397
| Killed by [[Juqu Mengxun]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=136}}
|-
| '''[[Juqu Mengxun]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|沮渠蒙遜}}
| –
| 401–433<br/><small>({{Age in years|401|433}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yongan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永安}}) 401–412
* '''Xuanshi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|玄始}}) 412–428
* '''Chengxuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|承玄}}) 428–430
* '''Yihe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|義和}}) 430–433
}}</small>
| Former ally of [[Duan Ye]], proclaimed himself Duke of Zhangye
| Conquered [[Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)|Western Liang]] in 421{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=273}}
|-
| '''[[Juqu Mujian]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|沮渠牧犍}}
| Prince Ai<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|哀王}}
| 433–439<br/><small>({{Age in years|433|439}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Shenxi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|神璽}}) 397–399
* '''Yonghe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永和}}) 433–439
}}</small>
| Son of [[Juqu Mengxun]]
| Defeated by [[Northern Wei]], later forced to commit suicide in 449 for sedition{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=273}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ [[Southern Yan]] (南燕; 398–410){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=342}}
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Murong De]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|慕容德}}
| Emperor Xianwu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|獻武皇帝}}
| 398–405<br/><small>({{Age in years|398|405}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jianping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建平}}) 400–405
}}</small>
| Younger brother of [[Murong Chui]] of [[Later Yan]], declared himself Prince in 398 and then Emperor in 400
| 336–405<br/><small>(aged 69)</small>
----Captured and killed by [[Western Qin]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=367–368}}
|-
| '''[[Murong Chao]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|慕容超}}
| –
| 405–410<br/><small>({{Age in years|405|410}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Taishang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|太上}}) 405–410
}}</small>
| Uncertain succession
| 385–410<br/><small>(aged 25)</small>
----Captured and killed by [[Eastern Jin]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=367–368}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ [[Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)|Western Liang]] (西涼; 400–421){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=343}}
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Li Gao]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李暠}}
| Prince Wuzhao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|武昭王}}
| 400–417<br/><small>({{Age in years|400|417}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Gengzi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|庚子}}) 400–405
* '''Jianchu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建初}}) 406–417
}}</small>
| Governor of [[Dunhuang]] under [[Duan Ye]] of [[Northern Liang]], declared himself Duke
| 351–417<br/><small>(aged 66)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=296}}
|-
| '''[[Li Xin (Western Liang)|Li Xin]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李歆}}
| –
| 417–420<br/><small>({{Age in years|417|420}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jiaxing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|嘉興}}) 417–420
}}</small>
| Son of [[Li Gao]]
| Killed by [[Juqu Mengxun]] of [[Northern Liang]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=304–305}}
|-
| '''[[Li Xun (Western Liang)|Li Xun]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李恂}}
| –
| 420–421<br/><small>({{Age in years|420|421}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yongjian''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永建}}): 420–421
}}</small>
| Son of [[Li Gao]]
| Committed suicide after the fall of [[Dunhuang]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=304–305}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ [[Helian Xia]] (胡夏; 407–431){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=344}}
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Helian Bobo]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|赫連勃勃}}
| Emperor Wulie<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|武烈皇帝}}
| 407–425<br/><small>({{Age in years|407|425}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Longsheng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|龍升}}) 407–413
* '''Fengxiang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|鳳翔}}) 413–418
* '''Changwu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|昌武}}) 418–419
* '''Zhenxing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|真興}}) 419–425
}}</small>
| Subordinate of [[Yao Xing]] of [[Later Qin]], declared himself [[Heavenly King]] in 407 and then Emperor at [[Chang'an]] in 418
| 381–425<br/><small>(aged 44)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=210}}
|-
| '''[[Helian Chang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|赫連昌}}
| –
| 425–428<br/><small>({{Age in years|425|428}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Chengguang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|承光}}) 425–428
}}</small>
| Son of [[Helian Bobo]]
| Executed by [[Northern Wei]] in 434{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=210}}
|-
| '''[[Helian Ding]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|赫連定}}
| –
| 428–431<br/><small>({{Age in years|428|431}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Shengguang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|勝光}}): 428–431
}}</small>
| Son of [[Helian Bobo]]
| Executed by [[Tuyuhun]] in 432{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=210}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ [[Northern Yan]] (北燕; 407–436){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=342}}
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="15%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Gao Yun (emperor)|Gao Yun]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高雲}}
| Emperor Huiyi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|惠懿皇帝}}
| 407–409<br/><small>({{Age in years|407|409}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Zhengshi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|正始}}) 407–409
}}</small>
| Adopted son of [[Murong Bao]] or [[Later Yan]], proclaimed [[Heavenly King]] by [[Feng Ba]]
| Killed by his underlings{{sfn|Xiong|2009|p=210}}
|-
| '''[[Feng Ba]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|馮跋}}
| Emperor Wencheng<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|文成皇帝}}
| 409–430<br/><small>({{Age in years|409|430}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Taiping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|太平}}) 409–430
}}</small>
| Seized power after Yun's death
| Died of natural causes{{sfn|Xiong|2009|pp=153–154}}
|-
| '''[[Feng Hong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|馮弘}}
| Emperor Zhaocheng<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|昭成皇帝}}
| 430–436<br/><small>({{Age in years|430|436}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Daxing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|大興}}) 431–436
}}</small>
| Younger brother of [[Feng Ba]]
| Defeated by [[Northern Wei]], later murdered in [[Goguryeo]]{{sfn|Xiong|2009|p=210}}
|}

===Northern and Southern Dynasties (420–589)===
{{further|Northern and Southern dynasties}}

====Northern Dynasties (420–581)====
{{Main list|List of emperors of China's Northern Dynasties}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ '''[[Northern Wei]]''' (北魏; 386–535){{sfn|Adamek|2017|pp=346–347}}
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Posthumous name]]
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei|Emperor Daowu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|道武皇帝}}
| Tuoba Gui<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|拓拔珪}}
| 20 February 386 – 409<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Dengguo ({{lang|zh-hant|登國}}) 386–396
* Huangshi ({{lang|zh-hant|皇始}}) 396–398
* Tianxing ({{lang|zh-hant|天興}}) 398–404
* Tianci ({{lang|zh-hant|赤烏}})404–409
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Leader of the [[Tuoba]], refounded the [[Dai (Sixteen Kingdoms)|Dai State]] as Wei
| 371–409<br/><small>(aged 39)</small>
----Killed by his son Tuoba Shao{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=514–515|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=340|3a1=Liu|3y=2020|3pp=26–28}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei|Emperor Mingyuan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|明元皇帝}}
| Tuoba Si<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|拓拔嗣}}
| 409–423<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Yongxing (永興) 409–413
* Shenrui (神瑞) 414–416
* Taichang (泰常) 416–423
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Emperor Daowu
| 392–423<br/><small>(aged 31)</small>
----Died of disease{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=514–515|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=340|3a1=Liu|3y=2020|3pp=26–28}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei|Emperor Taiwu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|太武皇帝}}
| Tuoba Tao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|拓拔燾}}
|423–452<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Shiguang (始光) 424–428
* Shenjia (神䴥) 428–431
* Yanhe (延和) 432–434
* Taiyan (太延) 435–440
* Taipingzhenjun (太平真君) 440–451
* Zhengping (正平) 451–452
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Emperor Mingyuan
| 408–452<br/><small>(aged 43–44)</small>
----Conquered [[Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)|Xia]], [[Northern Yan]] and [[Northern Liang|Liang]]. Killed by eunuch [[Zong Ai]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=514–515|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=340|3a1=Liu|3y=2020|3pp=26–28}}
|-
| '''[[Tuoba Yu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|拓拔余}}
| Tuoba Yu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|拓拔余}}
| 452<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Chengping({{lang|zh-hant|承平}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Taiwu. Put on the throne by eunuch [[Zong Ai]]
| Killed by [[Zong Ai]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=516|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=340}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei|Emperor Wencheng]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|文成皇帝}}
| Tuoba Jun<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|拓拔濬}}
| 452–465<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Xing'an (興安) 452–454
* Xingguang (興光) 454–455
* Tai'an (太安) 455–459
* Heping (和平) 460–465
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Grandson of Taiwu. Ascended to the throne after the murder of Zong.
| 440–465<br/><small>(aged 24–25)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=542|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2pp=340–341}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei|Emperor Xianwen]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|獻文皇帝}}
| Tuoba Hong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|拓拔弘}}
| 465–471<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Tianan (天安) 466–467
* Huangxin (皇興) 467–471
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Wencheng
| 454–476<br/><small>(aged 21–22)</small>
----Abdicated in favor of his son Yuan Hong, later dying of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=569|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=341}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei|Emperor Xiaowen]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孝文皇帝}}
| Tuoba Hong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|拓拔宏}}
----Yuan Hong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|元宏}}
|471–499<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Yanxing (延興) 471–476
* Chengming (承明) 476
* Taihe (太和) 477–499
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Xianwen, ruled under the regency of [[Empress Dowager Feng]] until 470.
| 467–499<br/><small>(aged 31–32)</small>
----One of the most significant reformers in medieval China. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=575|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=341}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei|Emperor Xuanwu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|宣武皇帝}}
| Yuan Ke<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|元恪}}
| 499–515<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Jingming (景明) 500–503
* Zhengshi (正始) 504–508
* Yongping (永平) 508–512
* Yanchang (延昌) 512–515
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Xiaowen
| 483–515<br/><small>(aged 31–32)</small>
----His reign marked the decline of Wei{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=595|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=341}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei|Emperor Xiaoming]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孝明皇帝}}
| Yuan Xu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|元詡}}
| 515–528<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Xiping (熙平) 516–518
* Shengui (神龜) 518–520
* Zhengguang (正光) 520–525
* Xiaochang (孝昌) 525–527
* Wutai (武泰) 528
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Xuanwu
| 510–528<br/><small>(aged 17–18)</small>
----Killed in a power struggle against [[Empress Dowager Hu (Northern Wei)|Empress Dowager Hu]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=574|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=341}}
|-
| ''None, known as''<br/>'''[[Yuan Zhao|Youzhu of Northern Wei]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|北魏幼主}}
| Yuan Zhao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|元釗}}
| 528
| Enthroned by [[Empress Dowager Hu (Northern Wei)|Empress Dowager Hu]]
| 526–528<br/><small>(aged 2)</small>
----Killed by general [[Erzhu Rong]]{{sfn|Xiong|2009|pp=644–645}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei|Emperor Xiaozhuang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孝莊皇帝}}
| Yuan Ziyou<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|元子攸}}
| 528–530<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Jianyi (建義) 528
* Yongan (永安) 528-530
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Enthroned by [[Erzhu Rong]]
| 507–early 531<br/><small>(aged 24)</small>
----Killed by general [[Erzhu Zhao]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=576|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2pp=341–342}}
|-
| '''[[Yuan Ye (emperor)|Yuan Ye]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|元曄}}
| Yuan Ye<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|元曄}}
| 530–531<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Jianming (建明) 530–531
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Enthroned by the Erzhu Clan in opposition to Xiaozhuang
| Executed in 532{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=644–645|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=342}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei|Emperor Jiemin]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|節閔皇帝}}
| Yuan Gong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|元恭}}
| 531–532<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Putai (普泰) 531–532
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Enthroned by [[Erzhu Shilong]]
| 498–532<br/><small>(aged 33–34)</small>
----Deposed and executed by [[Gao Huan]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=642–643|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=342}}
|-
| '''[[Yuan Lang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|元朗}}
| Yuan Lang<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|元朗}}
| 531–532<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Zhongxing (中興) 531–532
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Enthroned by [[Gao Huan]]
| 513–532<br/><small>(aged 19–18)</small>
----Deposed and executed by [[Gao Huan]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=642–643|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=342}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei|Emperor Xiaowu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孝武皇帝}}
| Yuan Xiu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|元脩}}
| 532–535<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Taichang (太昌) 532
* Yongxing (永興) 532
* Yongxi (永熙) 532–534
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Enthroned by [[Gao Huan]]
| 510–early 535<br/><small>(aged 25)</small>
----Fled to Chang’an, where he was poisoned by [[Yuwen Tai]] of [[Northern Zhou]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=642–643|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2pp=342–343}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ '''[[Eastern Wei]] (东魏; 534–550){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=347|pp=}}'''
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Posthumous name]]
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei|Emperor Xiaojing]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孝靜皇帝}}
| Yuan Shanjian<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|元善見}}
| 534–550<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Tianping ({{lang|zh-hant|登國}}) 534–537
* Yuanxiang ({{lang|zh-hant|皇始}}) 538–539
* Xinghe ({{lang|zh-hant|天興}}) 539–542
* Wuding ({{lang|zh-hant|赤烏}}) 543–550| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Enthroned by [[Gao Huan]]
| 524–552<br/><small>(aged 27–28)</small>
----Forced to abdicate and later poisoned by [[Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi|Gao Yang]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=574|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=343}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ '''[[Northern Qi]] (北齐; 550–577){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=347|pp=}}'''
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Posthumous name]]
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi|Emperor Wenxuan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|文宣皇帝}}
| Gao Yang<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高洋}}
| 550–559<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Tianbao ({{lang|zh-hant|天保}})| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Regent of [[Eastern Wei]], proclaimed himself emperor after deposing [[Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei|Emperor Xiaojing]]
| 529–559<br/><small>(aged 29–30)</small>
----Supposedly suffered insanity in his late reign. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=173–174|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=344}}
|-
|'''[[Emperor Fei of Northern Qi|Emperor Fei]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|廢皇帝}}
| Gao Yin<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高殷}}
| 559–560<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Qianming ({{lang|zh-hant|乾明}})| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Emperor Wenxuan, enthroned by official [[Yang Yin]]
| 545–561<br/><small>(aged 15–16)</small>
----Forced to abdicate by his uncles [[Emperor Xiaozhao of Northern Qi|Gao Yan]] and [[Gao Zhan]], later executed{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=173–174|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=344}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Xiaozhao of Northern Qi|Emperor Xiaozhao]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孝昭皇帝}}
| Gao Yan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高演}}
| 560–561<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Huangjian ({{lang|zh-hant|登國}})| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Gao Huan]], seized power through a palace coup
| 535–559<br/><small>(aged 25–26)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=173–174|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=344}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi|Emperor Wucheng]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|武成皇帝}}
| Gao Zhan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高湛}}
| 561–565<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Taining ({{lang|zh-hant|太寧}}) 561–562
* Heqing ({{lang|zh-hant|河清}}) 562–565| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Brother of Xiaozhao
| 537–569<br/><small>(aged 31–32)</small>
----[[Taishang Huang|Abdicated]] in favor of his son, later dying of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=173–174|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2pp=344–345}}
|-
| '''[[Gao Wei]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高緯}}
| Gao Wei<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高緯}}
| 565–577<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
|<hr/> 
* Tiantong ({{lang|zh-hant|天統}}) 565–569
* Wǔpíng ({{lang|zh-hant|河清}}) 570–576
* Longhua ({{lang|zh-hant|隆化}}) 576| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Wucheng, ruled under his father's regency until 569
| 557–577<br/><small>(aged 19–20)</small>
----[[Taishang Huang|Abdicated]] in favor of his son, later killed by [[Northern Zhou]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=173–174|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=345}}
|-
| '''[[Gao Heng]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高恆}}
| Gao Heng<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高恆}}
| 577<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Chengguang ({{lang|zh-hant|承光}})| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Gao Wei
| 557–577<br/><small>(aged 19–20)</small>
----[[Taishang Huang|Abdicated]] in favor of his uncle Gao Jie, but was soon killed alongside him{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=171|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2pp=345–346}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+'''[[Western Wei]] (西魏; 535–557){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=347|pp=}}'''
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Posthumous name]]
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Emperor Wen of Western Wei|Emperor Wen]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|文皇帝}}
| Yuan Baoyu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|元寶炬}}
| 535–551<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Datong ({{lang|zh-hant|大統}}) 535–551
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei]]
| 507–551<br/><small>(aged 43–44)</small>
----Killed by [[Yuwen Tai]] of [[Northern Zhou]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=642–643|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=344}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Fei of Western Wei|Emperor Fei]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|廢帝}}
| Yuan Qin<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|元欽}}
| 551–554
| Son of Emperor Wen, enthroned by [[Yuwen Tai]]
| Poisoned to death by Yuwen Tai{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=642–643|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=344}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Gong of Western Wei|Emperor Gong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|恭皇帝}}
| Yuan Kuo<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|元廓}}
| 554–556
| Son of Emperor Wen, enthroned by [[Yuwen Tai]]
| 537–557<br/><small>(aged 19–20)</small>
----Abdicated in favor of [[Yuwen Jue]], Tai's son. Killed shortly after{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=642–643|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=344}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ '''[[Northern Zhou]] (北周; 557–581){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=348|pp=}}'''
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Posthumous name]]
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Zhou|Emperor Xiaomin]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孝閔皇帝}}
| Yuwen Jue<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|宇文覺}}
| 557
| Son of [[Yuwen Tai]], proclaimed himself [[Heavenly King]] under [[Yuwen Hu]]'s patronage and refounded the Northern Wei State as ''Zhou''
| 542–557<br/><small>(aged 14–15)</small>
----Poisoned to death after a failed coup against Yuwen Hu{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=654–656|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2pp=346–347}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou|Emperor Ming]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|明皇帝}}
| Yuwen Yu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|宇文毓}}
| 557–560<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
|<hr/> 
* Wucheng ({{lang|zh-hant|武成}}) 559–560
}}</small>
| Son of [[Yuwen Tai]], ruled alongside [[Yuwen Hu]]
| 534–560<br/><small>(aged 25–26)</small>
----Poisoned to death by Yuwen Hu{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=654–656|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=347}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou|Emperor Wu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|武皇帝}}
| Yuwen Yong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|宇文邕}}
| 561–578<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Baoding ({{lang|zh-hant|保定}}) 561–565
* Tianhe ({{lang|zh-hant|河清}}) 565–572
* Jiande ({{lang|zh-hant|隆化}}) 572–578
* Xuanzheng ({{lang|zh-hant|隆化}}) 578
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Yuwen Tai]], sole ruler after deposing [[Yuwen Hu]] in 572
| 543–578<br/><small>(aged 34–35)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=654–656|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=347}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou|Emperor Xuan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|宣皇帝}}
| Yuwen Yun<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|宇文贇}}
| 578–579<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Dacheng ({{lang|zh-hant|大成}}) 579
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
|Son of Yuwen Yong
|559–580<br/><small>(aged 34–35)</small>
----He neglected government and abdicated in favor of his son{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=654–656|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=347}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou|Emperor Jing]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|靜皇帝}}
| Yuwen Yan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|宇文衍}}
----Yuwen Chan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|宇文闡}}
|579–581<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* Daxiang ({{lang|zh-hant|大象}}) 579–581
* Dading ({{lang|zh-hant|大定}}) 581
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Yuwen Yun
| 573–581<br/><small>(aged 7–8)</small>
----Killed by officer Yang Jian, the future [[Emperor Wen of Sui]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=654–656|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=347}}
|}

====Southern Dynasties (420–589)====
{{Main list|List of emperors of China's Southern Dynasties}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ '''[[Liu Song dynasty]] (劉宋, 420–479){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=345|pp=}}'''
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Posthumous name]]
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Emperor Wu of Song|Emperor Wu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|武皇帝}}
| Liu Yu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉裕}}
| 420–422<br/><small>({{Age in years|420|422}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Yongchu ({{lang|zh-hant|永初}})| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Proclaimed himself emperor after defeating [[Huan Xuan]] of [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin]] in 404, conquering [[Southern Yan]] in 410 and taking [[Later Qin]] in 417.
| 363–422<br/><small>(aged 58–59)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=329|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=336}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Shao of Song|Emperor Shao]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|少帝}}
| Liu Yifu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉義符}}
| 422–424<br/><small>({{Age in years|422|424}} years)</small><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Jingping ({{lang|zh-hant|景平}}) 423–424| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Emperor Wu
| 406–424<br/><small>(aged 17–18)</small>
----Killed by officer [[Xu Xianzhi]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=442|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=336}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Wen of Song|Emperor Wen]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|文皇帝}}
| Liu Yilong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉義隆}}
| 424–453<br/><small>({{Age in years|424|453}} years)</small><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Yuanjia ({{lang|zh-hant|元嘉}}) 424–453| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Emperor Wu
| 407–453<br/><small>(aged 45–46)</small>
----Killed by his son{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=542|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=336}}
|-
| '''[[Liu Shao (Liu Song)|Liu Shao]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉劭}}
| Liu Shao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉劭}}
| 453<br/><small>(less than a year)</small><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Taichu ({{lang|zh-hant|太初}}) 453| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Emperor Wen
| {{Circa}} 426–453<br/><small>(aged c. 27)</small>
----Killed by his brother{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=326|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=336}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Xiaowu of Song|Emperor Xiaowu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孝武皇帝}}
| Liu Jun<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉駿}}
| 453–464<br/><small>({{Age in years|453|464}} years)</small><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Xiaojian ({{lang|zh-hant|孝建}}) 454–456
* Daming ({{lang|zh-hant|大明}}) 457–464| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Emperor Wen
| 430–464<br/><small>(aged 13–14)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=575|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=336}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Qianfei of Song|Emperor Qianfei]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|前廢帝}}
| Liu Ziye<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉子業}}
| 464–465<br/><small>({{Age in years|464|465}} years)</small><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Yongguang ({{lang|zh-hant|永光}}) 456
* Jinghe ({{lang|zh-hant|景和}}) 456| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Emperor Xiaowu
| 449–465<br/><small>(aged 15–16)</small>
----Killed in a conspiracy{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=401|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=336}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Ming of Song|Emperor Ming]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|明皇帝}}
| Liu Yu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉彧}}
| 466–472<br/><small>({{Age in years|466|472}} years)</small><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Taishi ({{lang|zh-hant|泰始}}) 465–471
* Taiyu ({{lang|zh-hant|泰豫}}) 472| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Emperor Wen
| 439–472<br/><small>(aged 15–16)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=362|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2pp=336–337}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Houfei of Song|Emperor Houfei]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|後廢帝}}
| Liu Yu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉昱}}
| 472–477<br/><small>({{Age in years|472|477}} years)</small><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Yuanhui ({{lang|zh-hant|元徽}}) 473–477| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Emperor Ming
| 463–477<br/><small>(aged 13–14)</small>
----Killed by [[Xiao Daocheng]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=220|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=337}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Shun of Song|Emperor Shun]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|順皇帝}}
| Liu Zhun<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉準}}
| 477–479<br/><small>({{Age in years|477|479}} years)</small><br/> <small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =
|<hr/> 
* Shengming ({{lang|zh-hant|昇明}})| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Emperor Ming, enthroned by Xiao Daocheng, the future [[Emperor Gao of Southern Qi]]
| 467–479<br/><small>(aged 13–14)</small>
----Killed by [[Xiao Daocheng]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=461|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=337}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ '''[[Southern Qi]] (南齊; 479–502){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=345|pp=}}'''
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Posthumous name]]
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Emperor Gao of Southern Qi|Emperor Gao]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高皇帝}}
| Xiao Daocheng<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|蕭道成}}
|479–482<br/><small>({{Age in years|479|482}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Jianyuan ({{lang|zh-hant|建元}}) 479–482| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Proclaimed himself emperor after overthrowing the [[Liu Song dynasty]]
| 427–482<br/><small>(aged 54–55)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=570|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=337}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Wu of Southern Qi|Emperor Wu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|武皇帝}}
| Xiao Ze<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|蕭賾}}
|482–493<br/><small>({{Age in years|482|493}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Jianyuan ({{lang|zh-hant|建元}}) 483–493| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
|Son of Emperor Gao
|440–493<br/><small>(aged 54–55)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=554|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=337}}
|-
| '''Prince of Yulin'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|鬱林王}}
| [[Xiao Zhaoye]]<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|蕭昭業}}
|493–494<br/><small>({{Age in years|493|494}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Jianyuan ({{lang|zh-hant|隆昌}}) 494| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
|Grandson of Emperor Wu
|473–494<br/><small>(aged 20–21)</small>
----Killed by [[Xiao Luan]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=554|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=337}}
|-
| '''[[Xiao Zhaowen]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|蕭昭文}}
| Xiao Zhaowen<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|蕭昭文}}
| 494<br/><small>(less than a year)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Yanxing ({{lang|zh-hant|延興}}) 494| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Younger brother of [[Xiao Zhaoye]]
| 480–494<br/><small>(aged 13–14)</small>
----Killed by [[Xiao Luan]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=573|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=337}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Ming of Southern Qi|Emperor Ming]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|明皇帝}}
| Xiao Luan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|蕭鸞}}
| 494–498<br/><small>({{Age in years|494|498}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Jianwu ({{lang|zh-hant|建武}}) 494–498
* Tongtai ({{lang|zh-hant|永泰}}) 498| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Nephew of Emperor Gao
| 452–498<br/><small>(aged 45–46)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=572|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=338}}
|-
| '''[[Marquess of Donghun]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|東昏侯}}
| Xiao Baojuan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|蕭寶卷}}
| 498–501<br/><small>({{Age in years|498|501}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Yongyuan ({{lang|zh-hant|永元}}) 499–501| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Xiao Luan]]
| 483–501<br/><small>(aged 17–18)</small>
----Killed by his underlings{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=126|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=338}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor He of Southern Qi|Emperor He]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|和皇帝}}
| Xiao Baorong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|蕭寶融}}
| 501–502<br/><small>({{Age in years|501|502}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Zhongxing ({{lang|zh-hant|中興}}) 501–502| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Xiao Luan]], set up in [[Jiangling County|Jiangling]] in opposition to his brother
| 488–502<br/><small>(aged 13–14)</small>
----Deposed and killed by [[Emperor Yuan of Liang|Xiao Yan]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=208|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=338}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ '''[[Liang dynasty]] (梁; 502–557){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=345|pp=}}'''
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Posthumous name]]
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Emperor Wu of Liang|Emperor Wu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|武皇帝}}
| Xiao Yan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|蕭衍}}
| 502–549<br/><small>({{Age in years|502|549}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Tianjian ({{lang|zh-hant|天監}}) 502–519
* Putong ({{lang|zh-hant|普通}}) 520–527
* Datong ({{lang|zh-hant|大通}}) 527–529
* Zhongdatong ({{lang|zh-hant|中大通}}) 529–534
* Datong ({{lang|zh-hant|大同}}) 535–546
* Zhongdatong ({{lang|zh-hant|中大同}}) 546–547
* Taiqing ({{lang|zh-hant|太清}}) 547–549| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Overthrew the [[Southern Qi]]
| 464–549<br/><small>(aged 85)</small>
----Imprisoned during the rebellion of [[Hou Jing]], died of hunger{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=554|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=338}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Jianwen of Liang|Emperor Jianwen]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|簡文皇帝}}
| Xiao Gang<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|蕭綱}}
| 549–551<br/><small>({{Age in years|549|551}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Dabao ({{lang|zh-hant|大寶}}) 550–551| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Emperor Wu, enthroned by [[Hou Jing]]
| 503–551<br/><small>(aged 47–48)</small>
----Deposed and killed by [[Hou Jing]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=248|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=338}}
|-
| ''None, known by his personal name''
| '''[[Xiao Dong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|蕭棟}}
| 551<br/><small>(less than a year)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Tianzheng ({{lang|zh-hant|天正}}) 551| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Xiao Tong]] and great-grandson of [[Emperor Wu of Liang|Emperor Wu]], enthroned by [[Hou Jing]]
| 503–551<br/><small>(aged 47–48)</small>
----Deposed by [[Hou Jing]] and killed by [[Emperor Yuan of Liang|Xiao Yi]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=248|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=338}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Yuan of Liang|Emperor Yuan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|元皇帝}}
| Xiao Yi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|蕭繹}}
| 552–555<br/><small>({{Age in years|552|555}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Chengsheng ({{lang|zh-hant|承聖}}) 552–555| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Wu. Sole ruler after defeating [[Hou Jing]] in 552 and [[Xiao Ji]] in 553.
| 508–555<br/><small>(aged 46–47)</small>
----Captured and killed by [[Western Wei]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=248|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=338}}
|-
| Emperor Min<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|閔皇帝}}
| '''[[Xiao Yuanming]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|蕭淵明}}
| 555<br/><small>(less than a year)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Tiancheng ({{lang|zh-hant|天成}}) 555| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Nephew of Wu, enthroned by official [[Wang Sengbian]]
| Deposed by [[Chen Baxian]], died of natural causes in 556{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=573|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=339}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Jing of Liang|Emperor Jin]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|敬皇帝}}
| Xiao Fangzhi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|蕭方智}}
| 555–557<br/><small>({{Age in years|555|557}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Shaotai (紹泰) 555–556
* Taiping (太平) 556–557| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Yuan, enthroned by [[Chen Baxian]]
| 543–558<br/><small>(aged 14–15)</small>
----Deposed and killed by [[Chen Baxian]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=571|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=339}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ '''[[Western Liang (555–587)|Western Liang]] (西梁; 555–587){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=346|pp=}}'''
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Posthumous name]]
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| Emperor Xuan<br />{{lang|zh-hant|宣皇帝}}
| '''[[Xiao Cha]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|蕭詧}}
| 555–562<br/><small>({{Age in years|555|562}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Dading ({{lang|zh-hant|大定}}) 555–562| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Xiao Tong]] and grandson of [[Emperor Wu of Liang|Emperor Wu]], enthroned by [[Western Wei]]
| 519–562<br/><small>(aged 42–43)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfn|Xiong|2009|p=570}}
|-
| Emperor Ming<br />{{lang|zh-hant|明皇帝}}
| '''[[Xiao Kui]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|蕭巋}}
| 562–585<br/><small>({{Age in years|562|585}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Tianbao ({{lang|zh-hant|天保}}) 562–585| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Xiao Cha]]
| 542–585<br/><small>(aged 42–43)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfn|Xiong|2009|p=571}}
|-
| Emperor Jing<br />{{lang|zh-hant|靖皇帝}}
| '''[[Xiao Cong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|蕭琮}}
| 585–587<br/><small>({{Age in years|585|587}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Guangyun ({{lang|zh-hant|廣運}}) 586–587| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Xiao Kui]]
| Deposed by [[Emperor Wen of Sui]] in 587, died of natural causes {{circa}} 607{{sfn|Xiong|2009|p=570}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ '''[[Chen dynasty]]'''(陳; 557–589){{sfn|Adamek|2017|p=346|pp=}}
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Posthumous name]]
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Emperor Wu of Chen|Emperor Wu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|武皇帝}}
| Chen Baxian<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|陳霸先}}
| 557–559<br/><small>({{Age in years|557|559}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Yongding ({{lang|zh-hant|永定}}) 557–559| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Overthrew the [[Liang Dynasty]]
| 503–559<br/><small>(aged 55–56)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=84|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=339}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Wen of Chen|Emperor Wen]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|文皇帝}}
| Chen Qian<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|陳蒨}}
| 559–566<br/><small>({{Age in years|559|566}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Tianjia ({{lang|zh-hant|永定}}) 560–566
* Tiankang ({{lang|zh-hant|天康}}) 566| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Nephew of [[Chen Baxian]]
| 522–566<br/><small>(aged 43–44)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=|1p=542|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=339}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Fei of Chen|Emperor Fei]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|廢帝}}
| Chen Bozong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|陳伯宗}}
| 566–568<br/><small>({{Age in years|566|568}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Guangda ({{lang|zh-hant|光大}}) 555–568| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Emperor Wen
| 554–570<br/><small>(aged 15–16)</small>
----Deposed by his uncle{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=152|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=339}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Xuan of Chen|Emperor Xuan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|宣皇帝}}
| Chen Xu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|陳頊}}
| 569–582<br/><small>({{Age in years|569|582}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* Taijian ({{lang|zh-hant|太建}}) 569–582| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
|Younger brother of Emperor Wen
|528–582<br/><small>(aged 59–60)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=594|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=339}}
|-
| '''[[Chen Houzhu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|陳後主}}
| Chen Shubao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|陳叔寶}}
| 582–589<br/><small>({{Age in years|582|589}} years)</small>
| Son of Emperor Xuan
| 553–604<br/><small>(aged 50–51)</small>
----Neglect of government, he was captured by the Sui army. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=221|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=339}}
|}

==Mid-imperial China==
===Sui dynasty (581–619)===
{{further|Sui dynasty|Chinese emperors family tree (middle)#Sui dynasty|label2=Sui emperors family tree}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ Sui dynasty (隋朝; 581–619)
|-
! scope="col" width="10%" | Portrait
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Posthumous name]]
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="23%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="12%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| [[File:Sui Wendi Tang.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Emperor Wen of Sui|Wen]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|文}}
| Yang Jian<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|楊堅}}
| <br/>4 March 581 – 13 August 604<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|581|3|4|604|8|13}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Kaihuang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|開皇}})<br/>4 March 581 – 7 February 601
* '''Renshou''' ({{lang|zh-hant|仁壽}})<br/>8 February 601 – 13 August 604| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Yang Zhong]], Duke of Sui. Overthrew the [[Northern Zhou]] and conquered the other Chinese states
| 21 July 541 – 13 August 604<br/><small>(aged 63)</small>
----Instituted several institutional reforms and promoted Buddhism. Murdered by his son{{sfnm|1a1=Moule|1y=1957|1p=34|2a1=Wright|2y=1979|2pp=57–114|3a1=Xiong|3y=2009|3pp=652–653}}
|-
| [[File:Sui Yangdi Tang.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Emperor Yang of Sui|Yang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|煬}}
| Yang Guang<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|楊廣}}
| <br/>21 August 604 – 11 April 618<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|604|8|21|618|4|11}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Daye''' ({{lang|zh-hant|大業}})<br/>25 January 605 – 11 April 618| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Wen of Sui|Wen]]
| 569 – 11 April 618<br/><small>(aged 51)</small>
----Led several construction projects and military campaigns. Overthrown in a rebellion and killed by his underlings{{sfnm|1a1=Moule|1y=1957|1p=34|2a1=Wright|2y=1979|2pp=115–149|3a1=Xiong|3y=2009|3pp=612–613}}
|-
| colspan="2" | '''[[Yang You|Gong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|恭}}
| Yang You<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|楊侑}}
| 18 December 617 – 12 June 618{{efn|{{harvnb|Moule|1957|p=34}} gives 30 May 618 as the date for the end of [[Yang You]]'s reign, but modern sources usually give 12 June.{{sfn|San|2014|p=172}}}}<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|617|12|18|618|6|12}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yining''' ({{lang|zh-hant|義寧}})<br/>18 December 617 – 12 June 618
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Emperor Wen of Sui|Wen]]
| 605 – 619<br/><small>(aged 14)</small>
----A puppet of [[Emperor Gaozu of Tang|Li Yuan]]. Deposed and later executed{{sfnm|1a1=Moule|1y=1957|1p=34|2a1=Xiong|2y=2009|2p=611}}
|}

===Tang and Zhou dynasties (618–907)===
{{Main list|List of emperors of the Tang dynasty}}
{{further|Tang dynasty|Chinese emperors family tree (middle)#Tang and Wu Zhou dynasties|label 2=Tang emperors family tree}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ '''[[Tang dynasty|Tang]] (唐; 618–690; 705–907) and [[Wu Zhou|(Wu) Zhou]] ((武)周; 690–705) dynasties'''
|-
! scope="col" width="10%" | Portrait
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Temple name]]
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="23%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="12%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| colspan="6" |

====Early Tang (618–690)====
|-
| [[File:TangGaozu.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Emperor Gaozu of Tang|Gaozu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高祖}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name (635)''' Emperor Taiwu ({{lang|zh-hant|太武皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (674)''' Emperor Shenyao<br/>({{lang|zh-hant|神堯皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (754)'''<br/>Emperor Shenyao Dasheng Daguang Xiao<br/>({{lang|zh-hant|神堯大聖大光孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Yuan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李淵}}
| 18 June 618 – 4 September 626<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|618|6|18|626|9|4}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Wude''' ({{lang|zh-hant|武德}})<br/>18 June 618 – 22 January 627| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal}}</small>
|Son of [[Li Bing (Northern Zhou)|Li Bing]], Duke of Tang and officer of [[Northern Zhou]]. Claimed descent from [[Li Gao]], founder of [[Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)|Western Liang]]
|566 – 25 June 635<br/><small>(aged 69)</small>
----Abdicated in favor of his son following the [[Xuanwu Gate Incident]]. A fair and capable ruler, his reign is said to have started a golden age in Chinese history, although imperial propaganda often underestimated his reign to exalt that of his son{{sfnm|1a1=Wechsler|1y=1979a|1pp=150–187|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=88–89|3a1=Xiong|3y=2009|3p=177|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=54}}
|-
| [[File:TangTaizong- cropped.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Taizong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|太宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name (649)''': Emperor Wen ({{lang|zh-hant|文皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (754)''':<br/>Emperor Wen Wu Dasheng Daguang Xiao<br/>({{lang|zh-hant|文武大聖大廣孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Shimin<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李世民}}
| 4 September 626 – 10 July 649<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|625|9|4|649|7|10}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Zhenguan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|貞觀}})<br/>23 January 627 – 6 February 650| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Gaozu of Tang|Gaozu]]; named heir after the murder of Crown Prince [[Li Jiancheng]] in the [[Xuanwu Gate Incident]]
| 23 January 597/99 – 10 July 649<br/><small>(aged 50–52)</small>
----Considered one of the greatest emperors in Chinese history, both as a conqueror and administrator. His reign saw a territorial expansion and economic growth not seen since the [[Han dynasty]]. Died after a period of prolonged illness, possibly due to [[Chinese alchemical elixir poisoning|alchemical elixir poisoning]]{{sfnm|1a1=Wechsler|1y=1979b|1pp=188–241|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=89–93|3a1=Xiong|3y=2009|3p=492|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=54}}
|-
| [[File:Gaozong of Tang.jpg|100px]]<br/><small>(non-contemporary)</small>
| '''[[Emperor Gaozong of Tang|Gaozong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name (683)''': Great Emperor Tianhuang ({{lang|zh-hant|天皇大皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (754)''': Emperor Tianhuang Dasheng Dahong Xiao<br/>({{lang|zh-hant|天皇大聖大弘孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Zhi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李治}}
| <br/>15 July 649 – 27 December 683<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|649|7|15|683|12|27}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Yonghui''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永徽}})<br/>7 February 650 – 6 February 656
* '''Xianqing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|顯慶}})<br/>7 February 656 – 3 April 661
* '''Longshuo''' ({{lang|zh-hant|龍朔}})<br/>4 April 661 – 1 February 664
* '''Linde''' ({{lang|zh-hant|麟德}})<br/>2 February 664 – 13 February 666
* '''Qianfeng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|乾封}})<br/>14 February 666 – 21 April 668
* '''Zongzhang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|總章}})<br/>22 April 668 – 26 March 670
* '''Xianheng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|咸亨}})<br/>27 March 670 – 19 September 674
* '''Shangyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|上元}})<br/>20 September 674 – 17 December 676
* '''Yifeng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|儀鳳}})<br/>18 December 676 – 14 July 679
* '''Tiaolu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|調露}})<br/>15 July 679 – 21 September 680
* '''Yonglong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永隆}})<br/>22 September 680 – 14 November 681
* '''Kaiyao''' ({{lang|zh-hant|開耀}})<br/>15 November 681 – 1 April 682
* '''Yongchun''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永淳}})<br/>2 April 682 – 26 December 683
* '''Hongdao''' ({{lang|zh-hant|弘道}})<br/>27 December 683 – 22 January 684| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Taizong]]
| 20 July 628 – 27 December 683<br/><small>(aged 55)</small>
----A well-meaning but ineffectual ruler, his reign was dominated by several successive regencies. Suffered a serious stroke in late 660, whereafter the government was run by his wife, the future Empress [[Wu Zetian]]. Died after several years of illness{{sfnm|1a1=Twitchett|1a2=Wechsler|1y=1979|1pp=242–290|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=96–97|3a1=Xiong|3y=2009|3pp=177–178|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4pp=54–55}}
|-
| [[File:Tang Zhongzong.png|100px]]<br/><small>(non-contemporary)</small>
| '''[[Emperor Zhongzong of Tang|Zhongzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|中宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name (710)''': Emperor Xiaohe ({{lang|zh-hant|孝和皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (754)''':<br/>Emperor Dahe Dasheng Dazhao Xiao<br/>({{lang|zh-hant|大和大聖大昭孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Xian<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李顯}}
|<br/>3 January 684 – 26 February 684<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|683|1|3|683|2|26}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Sisheng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|嗣聖}})<br/>23 January – 26 February 684| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Gaozong of Tang|Gaozong]] and [[Wu Zetian]]
| 26 November 656 – 3 July 710<br/><small>(aged 53)</small>
----Deposed by his mother after challenging her authority{{sfnm|1a1=Guisso|1y=1979|1pp=290|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=98|3a1=Xiong|3y=2009|3p=686|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=55}}
|-
| [[File:Tang Ruizong.png|100px]]
| '''[[Emperor Ruizong of Tang|Ruizong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|睿宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name (716)''': Great Emperor Shengzhen ({{lang|zh-hant|大圣真皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (754)''':<br/>Emperor Xuanzhen Dasheng Daxing Xiao<br/>({{lang|zh-hant|玄真大聖大興孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Dan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李旦}}
| <br/>27 February 684 – 16 October 690<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|684|2|27|690|10|16}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* '''Wenming'''({{lang|zh-hant|文明}})<br/>27 February – 18 October 684
* '''Guangzhai'''({{lang|zh-hant|光宅}})<br/>19 October 684 – 8 February 685
* '''Chuigong'''({{lang|zh-hant|垂拱}})<br/>9 February 685 – 26 January 689
* '''Yongchang'''({{lang|zh-hant|永昌}})<br/>27 January – 17 December 689
* '''Zaichu'''({{lang|zh-hant|載初}})<br/>18 December 689 – 15 October 690
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Gaozong of Tang|Gaozong]] and [[Wu Zetian]]
| 22 June 662 – 13 July 716<br/><small>(aged 54)</small>
----A complete puppet of his mother; forced to abdicate{{sfnm|1a1=Guisso|1y=1979|1p=291ff|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=98|3a1=Xiong|3y=2009|3p=243|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=56}}
|-
| colspan="6" |

====Wu Zhou (690–705)====

{{see also|Wu Zhou}}
|-
| [[File:唐后行從圖 (局部) - 武則天.png|100px]]
| ''none, known as''<br/>'''[[Wu Zetian]]'''<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{lang|zh-hant|武則天}}{{efn|Also known as "'''Wu Hou'''" ({{lang|zh-hant|武后}}). The title ''Huanghou'' (皇后) given to consorts it's often translated as "Empress consort" in English. Though often translated as "Emperor" in this context, the title ''Huangdi'', as well as many other Chinese words, has no assigned gender.{{sfn|Moule|1957|p=656}}}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Dynastic name''':<br/>Emperor Jinlun ({{lang|zh-hant|金輪皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (706)''': Emperor Zetian Dasheng<br/>({{lang|zh-hant|則天大聖皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (710)''':<br/>Holy Empress ({{lang|zh-hant|大聖天后}})
: '''Posthumous name (716)''':<br/>Empress Zetian ({{lang|zh-hant|則天皇后}})
: '''Posthumous name (749)''':<br/>Holy Empress Zetianshun ({{lang|zh-hant|則天順聖皇后}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Wu Zhao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|武曌}}
|<br/>16 October 690 – 21 February 705<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|690|10|16|705|2|21}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Tianshou''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天授}})<br/>16 October 690 – 21 April 692
* '''Ruyi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|如意}})<br/>22 April – 22 October 692
* '''Changshou''' ({{lang|zh-hant|長壽}})<br/>23 October 692 – 8 June 694
* '''Yanzai''' ({{lang|zh-hant|延載}})<br/>9 June 694 – 21 January 695
* '''Zhengsheng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|證聖}})<br/> 22 January – 21 October 695
* '''Tiancewansui''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天冊萬歲}})<br/>22 October 695 – 19 January 696
* '''Wansuidengfeng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|萬歲登封}})<br/>20 January – 21 April 696
* '''Wansuitongtian''' ({{lang|zh-hant|萬歲通天}})<br/>22 April 696 – 28 September 697
* '''Shengong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|神功}})<br/>29 September – 19 December 697
* '''Shengli''' ({{lang|zh-hant|聖曆}})<br/>20 December 697 – 26 May 700
* '''Jiushi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|久視}})<br/>27 May 700 – 14 February 701
* '''Dazu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|大足}})<br/>15 February – 25 November 701
* '''Chang'an''' ({{lang|zh-hant|長安}})<br/>26 November 701 – 21 February 705| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Former consort of emperors [[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Taizong]] and [[Emperor Gaozong of Tang|Gaozong]]; regent since November 660, ''[[de facto]]'' ruler since January 683
| 623/625 – 16 December 705<br/><small>(aged 81–83)</small>
----Only female sovereign in Chinese history. Notable for her contribution to the [[Imperial examination system]] and her support for [[Buddhism]], but also for her violent methods of enforcement. Deposed by [[Zhang Jianzhi]]; died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Guisso|1y=1979|1pp=306–321ff|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=98–101|3a1=Xiong|3y=2009|3pp=551–552|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=56}}
|-
| colspan="6" |

==== Tang restoration (705–907)====
|-
| [[File:Tang Zhongzong.png|100px]]<br/><small>(non-contemporary)</small>
| '''[[Emperor Zhongzong of Tang|Zhongzong]]'''<br/><small>('''second reign''')</small>
| Li Xian<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李顯}}
| <br/>23 February 705 – 3 July 710<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|705|2|23|710|7|3}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Shenlong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|神龍}})<br/>21 February 705 – 4 October 707
* '''Jinglong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|景龍}})<br/>5 October 707 – 4 July 710| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Restored to the throne by Tang loyalists
| 26 November 656 – 3 July 710<br/><small>(aged 53)</small>
----A weak ruler; he died after eating a poisoned cake delivered by his wife, [[Empress Wei (Tang dynasty)|Empress Wei]]{{sfnm|1a1=Guisso|1y=1979|1pp=321–326|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=101|3a1=Xiong|3y=2009|3p=686|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4pp=55, 57}}
|-
| colspan="2" | ''none, known as''<br/>'''[[Emperor Shang of Tang|Emperor Shang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|唐殤帝}}{{efn|[[Emperor Shang of Tang|Li Chongmao]] is often referred by his [[posthumous name]]; he's also known as "[[Emperor Shang of Tang|Emperor Shao]]" ({{nowrap|少皇帝}}), referencing his brief reign.}}
| Li Chongmao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李重茂}}
|<br/>8 July 710 – 25 July 710<br/><small>(17 days)<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Tanglong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|唐隆}})<br/>5 July – 18 August 710| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Zhongzong; installed by [[Empress Wei (Tang dynasty)|Empress Wei]]
| 698–714 <small>(aged 16)</small>
----Second shortest-reigning emperor; deposed in a palace coup{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=436|2a1=Moule|2y=1957|2p=57}}
|-
| [[File:Tang Ruizong.png|100px]]<br/><small>(non-contemporary)</small>
| '''[[Emperor Ruizong of Tang|Ruizong]]'''<br/><small>('''second reign''')</small>
| Li Dan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李旦}}
|<br/>25 July 710 – 8 September 712<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|710|7|25|712|9|8}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Jingyun''' ({{lang|zh-hant|景雲}})<br/>19 August 710 – 28 February 712
* '''Taiji''' ({{lang|zh-hant|太極}})<br/>1 March – 20 June 712
* '''Yanhe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|延和}})<br/>21 June – 11 September 712| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Restored to the throne by detractors of [[Empress Wei (Tang dynasty)|Empress Wei]]
| 22 June 662 – 13 July 716<br/><small>(aged 54)</small>
----Spent his reign in a constant power struggle with his sister, [[Princess Taiping]]. Abdicated in favor of his son to undermine her influence{{sfnm|1a1=Guisso|1y=1979|1pp=326–328|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=101|3a1=Xiong|3y=2009|3pp=56–57|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4pp=56–57}}
|-
| [[File:李隆基像.jpg|100px]]<br/><small>(non-contemporary)</small>
| '''[[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang|Xuanzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|玄宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name (long)''': Emperor Zhidao Dasheng Daming Xiao<br/>(至道大聖大明孝皇帝)
: '''Posthumous name (short)''': Emperor Ming (明皇帝)
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Longji<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李隆基}}
|<br/>8 September 712 – 12 August 756<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|712|9|8|756|8|12}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Xiantian''' ({{lang|zh-hant|先天}})<br/>12 September 712 – 21 December 713
* '''Kaiyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|開元}})<br/>22 December 713 – 9 February 742
* '''Tianbao''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天寶}})<br/>10 February 742 – 11 August 756| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Ruizong of Tang|Ruizong]]
| 8 September 685 – 3 May 762<br/><small>(aged 76)</small>
----One of the greatest and longest reigning Chinese emperors. The Tang empire reached its peak during his early reign, but fell of grace at the end as a result of the disastrous [[An Lushan Rebellion]]. Abdicated in favor of his son{{sfnm|1a1=Twitchett|1y=1979|1pp=333–463|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=104–109|3a1=Xiong|3y=2009|3pp=56–57|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=58}}
|-
| [[File:TangSuzong.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Emperor Suzong of Tang|Suzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|肅宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''': Emperor Wenming Wude Dasheng Daxuan Xiao<br/>(文明武德大聖大宣孝皇帝)
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Jun<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李浚}}
|<br/>12 August 756 – 16 May 762<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|756|8|12|762|5|16}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Zhide''' ({{lang|zh-hant|至德}})<br/>12 August 756 – 17 March 758
* '''Qianyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|乾元}})<br/>18 March 758 – 6 June 760
* '''Shangyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|上元}})<br/>7 June 760 – 22 October 761
* '''Yuannian''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元年}})<br/>23 October 761 – 13 May 762
* '''Baoying''' ({{lang|zh-hant|上元}})<br/>14 May 762 – 23 August 763
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang|Xuanzong]]; proclaimed emperor in [[Lingwu]]
| 711 – 16 May 762<br/><small>(aged 51)</small>
----Recaptured [[Chang'an]] in November 757. During his reign the eunuchs grew increasingly powerful.{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=112|2a1=Xiong|2y=2009|2p=485|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=58}}
|-
| [[File:Tang Daizong.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Emperor Daizong of Tang|Daizong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|代宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''': Emperor Ruiwen Xiaowu<br/>(睿文孝武皇帝)
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Chu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李俶}}
|<br/>18 May 762 – 10 June 779<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|762|5|18|779|6|10}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Guangde''' ({{lang|zh-hant|廣德}})<br/>24 August 763 – 25 January 765
* '''Yongtai''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永泰}})<br/>26 January 765 – 17 December 766
* '''Dali''' ({{lang|zh-hant|大曆}})<br/>18 December 766 – 10 February 780| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
|Son of [[Emperor Suzong of Tang|Suzong]]; proclaimed emperor in [[Chang'an]]
|9 January 727 – 10 June 779<br/><small>(aged 52)</small>
----Ended the [[An–Shi Rebellion]], but failed to maintain control over the far provinces{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1pp=112–113|2a1=Xiong|2y=2009|2p=106|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=59}}
|-
| [[File:Tang Dezong.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Emperor Dezong of Tang|Dezong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|德宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Shenwu Xiaowen<br/>(神武孝文皇帝)
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Kuo<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李适}}
|<br/>12 June 779 – 25 February 805<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|779|6|12|805|2|25}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Jianzhong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建中}})<br/>11 February 780 – 26 January 784
* '''Xingyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|興元}})<br/>27 January 784 – 13 February 785
* '''Zhenyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|貞元}})<br/>14 February 785 – 31 August 805| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Daizong of Tang|Daizong]]
| 27 May 742 – 25 February 805<br/><small>(aged 62)</small>
----Notable for his tax reforms, he also attempted to control regional ''[[jiedushi]]'', but this backfired and caused a military mutiny in 783{{sfnm|1a1=Peterson|1y=1979|1pp=497–512|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=113|3a1=Xiong|3y=2009|3p=59|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=59}}
|-
| colspan="2" | '''[[Emperor Shunzong of Tang|Shunzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|順宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''': Emperor Zhide Dasheng Da'an Xiao<br/>(至德大聖大安孝皇帝)
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Song<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李誦}}
| <br/>28 February – 28 August 805<br/><small>(6 months)<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Yongzhen''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永貞}})<br/>1 September 805 – 24 January 806| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Dezong of Tang|Dezong]]
| February 761 – 11 February 806<br/><small>(aged 45)</small>
----[[Aphasia|Aphasic]], weak and ill, he was urged to [[Taishang Huang|abdicate]] by the court [[eunuchs]]{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=113|2a1=Xiong|2y=2009|2p=462|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=59}}
|-
| [[File:TangXianzong.jpg|100px]]<br/><small>(non-contemporary)</small>
| '''[[Emperor Xianzong of Tang|Xianzong]]'''<br/>憲宗
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Zhaowen Zhangwu Dasheng Zhishen Xiao<br/>(昭文章武大聖至神孝皇帝)
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Chun<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李純}}
|<br/>5 September 805 – 14 February 820<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|805|9|5|820|2|14}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Yuanhe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元和}})<br/>25 January 806 – 8 February 810| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Shunzong
| March 778 – 14 February 820<br/><small>(aged 41)</small>
----Ended the [[warlord]] threat, but ended up becoming a puppet of the eunuchs. A drug addict, he was poisoned to death by eunuch Chen Hongzhi{{sfnm|1a1=Dalby|1y=1979|1pp=611–635|2a1=Xiong|2y=2009|2p=570|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=59}}
|-
| [[File:Muzong.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Emperor Muzong of Tang|Muzong]]'''<br/>穆宗
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''': Emperor Ruisheng Wenhui Xiao (睿聖文惠孝皇帝)
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Heng<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李恆}}
|<br/>20 February 820 – 25 February 824<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|820|2|20|824|2|25}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Changqing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|長慶}})<br/>9 February 821 – 28 January 825| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Xianzong of Tang|Xianzong]]
| July 795 – 25 February 824<br/><small>(aged 28)</small>
----Suffered a serious stroke in 822 (while playing [[polo]]), whereafter the government was run by eunuchs [[Wang Shoucheng]] and [[Li Fengji]].{{sfnm|1a1=Dalby|1y=1979|1pp=635–639|2a1=Xiong|2y=2009|2p=370|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=59}}
|-
| [[File:帝鉴图说.Recueil Historique des Principaux Traits de la Vie des Empereurs Chinois.95帧图.彩绘册页.约18世纪 (唐敬宗) (cropped).jpg|100px]]<br/><small>(non-contemporary)</small>
| '''[[Emperor Jingzong of Tang|Jingzong]]'''<br/>敬宗
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''': Emperor Ruiwu Zhaomin Xiao (睿武昭湣孝皇帝)
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Zhan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李湛}}
|<br/>29 February 824 – 9 January 827<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|824|2|29|827|1|9}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Baoli''' ({{lang|zh-hant|寶曆}})<br/>29 January 825 – 13 March 827| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Muzong of Tang|Muzong]]
| 22 July 809 – 9 January 827<br/><small>(aged 17)</small>
----A reckless player of [[cuju|football]]; he was killed by eunuchs{{sfnm|1a1=Dalby|1y=1979|1pp=645–646|2a1=Xiong|2y=2009|2p=262|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=60}}
|-
| [[File:TangWenzongAlt.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Emperor Wenzong of Tang|Wenzong]]'''<br/>文宗
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''': Emperor Yuansheng Zhaoxian Xiao<br/>(元聖昭獻孝皇帝)
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Ang<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李昂}}
|<br/>13 January 827 – 10 February 840<br/><small>(13 years lacking 3 days)<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Taihe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|太和}})<br/>14 March 827 – 21 January 836
* '''Kaicheng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|開成}})<br/>22 January 836 – 3 February 841| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Muzong of Tang|Muzong]]
| 20 November 809 – 10 February 840<br/><small>(aged 30)</small>
----Attempted to eradicate the eunuchs in the [[Sweet Dew incident]] (835), but ended up making them stronger. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Dalby|1y=1979|1pp=646–659|2a1=Xiong|2y=2009|2p=546|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=60}}
|-
| [[File:Tang Wuzong.jpg|100px]]<br/><small>(non-contemporary)</small>
| '''[[Emperor Wuzong of Tang|Wuzong]]'''<br/>武宗
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''': Emperor Zhidao Zhaosu Xiao (至道昭肅孝皇帝)
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Yan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李炎}}
|<br/>20 February 840 – 22 April 846<br/><small>(6 years, 2 months and 2 days)<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Huichang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|會昌}})<br/>4 February 841 – 5 February 847| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Muzong of Tang|Muzong]]
| 2 July 814 – 22 April 846<br/><small>(aged 31)</small>
----Notable for his [[Huichang Persecution of Buddhism|persecution of Buddhism]]. Died of [[Chinese alchemical elixir poisoning|drug overdose]]{{sfnm|1a1=Dalby|1y=1979|1pp=659–669|2a1=Xiong|2y=2009|2p=562|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=60}}
|-
| 
| '''[[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (9th century)|Xuanzong]]'''<br/>宣宗
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''': Emperor Yuansheng Zhiming Chengwu Xianwen Ruizhi Zhangren Shencong Yidao Daxiao<br/>(元聖至明成武獻文睿智章仁神聰懿道大孝皇帝)
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Chen<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李忱}}
|<br/>25 April 846 – 7 September 859<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|846|4|25|859|9|7}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Dazhong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|大中}})<br/>6 February 847 – 16 December 860| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Xianzong of Tang|Xianzong]]
| 27 July 810 – 7 September 859<br/><small>(aged 49)</small>
----Arguably the last capable Tang emperor. Notable for his campaigns against the [[Tibetan Empire]]. Died of [[Chinese alchemical elixir poisoning|drug overdose]]{{sfnm|1a1=Dalby|1y=1979|1pp=670–681|2a1=Somers|2y=1979|2pp=682–702|3a1=Xiong|3y=2009|3p=597|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=61}}
|-
| [[File:TangYizong.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Emperor Yizong of Tang|Yizong]]'''<br/>懿宗
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''': Emperor Zhaosheng Gonghui Xiao<br/>(昭聖恭惠孝皇帝)
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Cui<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李漼}}
|<br/>13 September 859 – 15 August 873<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|859|9|13|873|8|15}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Xiantong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|咸通}})<br/>17 December 847 – 16 December 860| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of Xuanzong
| 28 December 833 – 15 August 873<br/><small>(aged 39)</small>
----A devout Buddhist, but also a cruel and unstable ruler. His reign, which was dominated by eunuchs, saw various revolts that severely weakened imperial power{{sfnm|1a1=Twitchett|1y=1979|1pp=702–714|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=116|3a1=Xiong|3y=2009|3p=633|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=61}}
|-
| [[File:唐僖宗帝（殘唐五代史演義傳）.jpg|100px]]<br/><small>(non-contemporary)</small>
| '''[[Emperor Xizong of Tang|Xizong]]'''<br/>僖宗
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''': Emperor Huisheng Gongding Xiao<br/>(惠聖恭定孝皇帝)
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Xuan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李儇}}
|<br/>16 August 873 – 20 April 888<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|873|8|16|888|4|20}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Qianfu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|乾符}})<br/>17 December 874 – 13 February 880
* '''Guangming''' ({{lang|zh-hant|廣明}})<br/>14 February 880 – 8 August 881
* '''Zhonghe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|中和}})<br/>9 August 881 – 1 April 885
* '''Guangqi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|光啟}})<br/>2 April 885 – 4 April 888
* '''Wende''' ({{lang|zh-hant|文德}})<br/>5 April 888 – 3 February 889| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Yizong of Tang|Yizong]]
| 8 June 862 – 20 April 888<br/><small>(aged 25)</small>
----A puppet of [[Tian Lingzi]], had to flee Chang'an twice due to internal strife{{sfnm|1a1=Somers|1y=1979|1pp=714–720, 773|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=116–117|3a1=Xiong|3y=2009|3p=591|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=61}}
|-
| colspan="2" | ''None, known by his personal name''
| '''[[Li Yun (Tang dynasty)|Li Yun]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李熅}}
|<br/>31 October 886 – January 887<br/><small>(3 months)<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Jianzhen''' ({{lang|zh-hant|建貞}})<br/>7 June 886 – January 887| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Great-grandson of Suzong, took power in [[Chang'an]]
| Died in 887
----Killed by [[Emperor Xizong of Tang|Xizong]]'s forces; often seen as an usurper{{sfnm|1a1=Somers|1y=1979|1pp=771–772|2a1=Moule|2y=1957|2p=62}}
|-
| [[File:Zhaozong.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[Emperor Zhaozong of Tang|Zhaozong]]'''<br/>昭宗
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''': Emperor Shèngmù Jǐngwén Xìao (聖穆景文孝皇帝)
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Ye<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李曄}}
|<br/>20 April 888 – 22 September 904<br/><small>&nbsp;&nbsp;({{Age in years, months and days|888|4|20|900|12|1}}){{efn|Emperor Zhaozong was briefly deposed in December 900 by eunuch [[Liu Jishu]], but he regained the throne just a month later.{{sfn|Somers|1979|p=780}}}}<br/>{{Collapsible list
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/> 
* '''Longji''' ({{lang|zh-hant|龍紀}})<br/>4 February 889 – 24 January 890
* '''Dashun''' ({{lang|zh-hant|大順}})<br/>25 January 890 – 1 February 891
* '''Jingfu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|景福}})<br/>2 February 892 – 9 February 894
* '''Qianning''' ({{lang|zh-hant|乾寧}})<br/>10 February 894 – 15 September 898
* '''Guanghua''' ({{lang|zh-hant|光化}})<br/>16 September 898 – 12 May 901
* '''Tianfu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天復}})<br/>13 May 901 – 27 May 904
* '''Tianyou''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天佑}})<br/>28 May 904 – 1 June 907| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Yizong of Tang|Yizong]]
| 31 March 867 – 22 September 904<br/><small>(aged 37)</small>
----His reign saw the final collapse of imperial authority and the rise of new powerful warlords. He was killed by rebel [[Zhu Wen]]{{sfnm|1a1=Somers|1y=1979|1pp=773–781|2a1=Xiong|2y=2009|2p=674|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=62}}
|-
| colspan="2" | ''better known as'''''<br/>[[Emperor Ai of Tang|Emperor Ai]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|唐哀帝}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Jǐngzōng (景宗)
: '''Alternate posthumous name''': Emperor Zhaoxuan (昭宣帝)
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Zhu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李柷}}
| 26 September 904 – 1 June 907<br/><small>&nbsp;&nbsp;({{Age in years, months and days|904|9|26|907|6|1}}){{efn|{{harvnb|Moule|1957|p=62}} gives 1 June 907 as the date for the end of Emperor Ai's reign, but {{harvnb|Kroll|2019|p=1}} gives 5 June. Other sources give 12 May.}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Zhaozong of Tang|Zhaozong]], proclaimed emperor in [[Luoyang]]
| 27 October 892 – 25 March 908<br/><small>(aged 15)</small>
----Installed, deposed, and later killed by [[Zhu Wen]]{{sfnm|1a1=Somers|1y=1979|1p=781|2a1=Xiong|2y=2009|2p=38|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=62}}
|}

=== Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms ===
{{further|Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period|Family tree of Chinese monarchs (middle)#Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period|label2=Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period family tree(s)}}

====Five Dynasties (907–912)====

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang]] (後梁; 907–923)
|-
! scope="col" width="20%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="13%" | Temple name
! scope="col" width="18%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="24%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Zhu Wen]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|朱溫}}
| Taizu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|太祖}}
| 907–912<br/><small>({{Age in years|907|912}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Eras
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Kaiping''' (開平) 907–911
* '''Qianhua''' (乾化) 911–912
}}</small>
| Former ally of rebel [[Huang Chao]], defected to the Imperial army in 882 but later betrayed the Tang and proclaimed himself Emperor in [[Kaifeng]]
| 852–912<br/><small>(aged 60)</small>
----Killed by his son{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=690–691|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=354}}
|-
| '''[[Zhu Yougui]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|朱友珪}}
| —
| 912–913<br/><small>({{Age in years|912|913}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Eras
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Fengli''' (鳳曆) 913
}}</small>
| Son of Zhu Wen, usurped power after learning of his father's intentions of adopting [[Zhu Youwen]] as heir
| Died in 913
----Described as murderous and lustful, he was killed by his brother{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=690–691|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=354}}
|-
| '''[[Zhu Youzhen]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|朱瑱}}
| —
| 913–923<br/><small>({{Age in years|913|923}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Eras
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Qianhua''' (乾化) 913–915
* '''Zhenming''' (貞明) 915–921
* '''Longde''' (龍德) 921–923
}}</small>
| Son of Zhu Wen
| 888–923<br/><small>(aged 35)</small>
----Killed by the forces of [[Li Cunxu]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=690–691|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=354}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+[[Later Tang]] (後唐; 923–937)
|-
! scope="col" width="20%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="13%" | Temple name
! scope="col" width="18%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="24%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Li Cunxu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李存勗}}
| Zhuangzong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|莊宗}}
| 923–926<br/><small>({{Age in years|923|926}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Eras
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Tongguang''' (同光) 923–926
}}</small>
| Proclaimed himself Emperor after conquering [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang]]
| 885–926<br/><small>(aged 41)</small>
----Killed in a coup{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=294|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2pp=354–355}}
|-
| '''[[Li Siyuan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李嗣源}}
| Mingzong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|明宗}}
| 926–933<br/><small>({{Age in years|926|933}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Eras
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Tiancheng''' (天成) 926–933
}}</small>
| Adopted son of [[Li Keyong]], took [[Luoyang]] and proclaimed himself Emperor after the murder of Li Cunxu
| 867–933<br/><small>(aged 66)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=302–303|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=355}}
|-
| '''[[Li Conghou]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李從厚}}
| —
| 934<br/><small>(less than a year)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Eras
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yingshun''' (应顺) 934
}}</small>
| Son of Li Siyuan
| 914–early 934<br/><small>(aged 20)</small>
----Killed by Li Congke{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=294|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=355}}
|-
| '''[[Li Congke]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李從珂}}
| —
| 934–937<br/><small>({{Age in years|934|937}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Eras
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Qingtai''' (清泰) 934–937
}}</small>
| Adopted son of Li Siyuan, he usurped power from Li Conghou
| 884/6–936<br/><small>(aged 50–52)</small>
----Defeated by [[Shi Jingtang]] of [[Later Jin (Five Dynasties)|Later Jin]], he burned himself to death{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=294|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=355}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ [[Later Jin (Five Dynasties)|Later Jin]] (後晉; 936–947)
|-
! scope="col" width="20%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="13%" | Temple name
! scope="col" width="18%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="24%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Shi Jingtang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|石敬瑭}}
| Gaozu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高祖}}
| 936–942<br/><small>({{Age in years|936|942}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Eras
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Tianfu''' (天福) 936–942
}}</small>
| Proclaimed himself emperor with the help of the [[Shatuo]] and [[Khitan people]]
| 892–942<br/><small>(aged 50)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=449–450|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=356}}
|-
| '''[[Shi Chonggui]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|石重貴}}
| —
| 942–947<br/><small>({{Age in years|942|947}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Eras
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Tianfu''' (天福) 942–944
* '''Kaiyun''' (開運) 944–946
}}</small>
| Nephew of [[Shi Jingtang]]
| 914–947<br/><small>(aged 33)</small>
----Captured by [[Emperor Taizong of Liao]] but spared; died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=449–450|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=356}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ [[Later Han (Five Dynasties)|Later Han]] (後漢; 947–951)
|-
! scope="col" width="20%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="13%" | Temple name
! scope="col" width="18%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="24%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Liu Zhiyuan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉知遠}}
| Gaozu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高祖}}
| 947–948<br/><small>({{Age in years|947|948}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Eras
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Tianfu''' (天福) 947
* '''Qianyou''' (乾祐) 948
}}</small>
| ''[[Jiedushi]]'' under the [[Later Jin (Five Dynasties)|Later Jin]], proclaimed himself emperor after the capture of [[Shi Chonggui]] by the [[Khitan people|Khitan]]
| 895–948<br/><small>(aged 53)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=311|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=356}}
|-
| '''[[Liu Chengyou]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉承祐}}
| —
| 948–951<br/><small>({{Age in years|948|951}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Eras
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Qianyou''' (乾祐) 947–951
}}</small>
| Son of [[Liu Zhiyuan]]
| 931–951<br/><small>(aged 20)</small>
----Killed by the forces of [[Guo Wei]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=322|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=356}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ [[Later Zhou]] (後周; 951–960)
|-
! scope="col" width="20%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="13%" | Temple name
! scope="col" width="18%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="24%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Guo Wei]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|郭威}}
| Taizu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|太祖}}
| 951–954<br/><small>({{Age in years|951|954}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Eras
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Guangshun''' (廣順) 951–953
* '''Xiande''' (顯德) 954
}}</small>
| Officer of Later Han, proclaimed himself emperor and dethroned [[Liu Chengyou]]
| 904–954<br/><small>(aged 50)</small>
----Died of natural causes; introduced reforms that greatly benefited farming{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=195|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=357}}
|-
| '''[[Chai Rong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|柴榮}}
| Shizong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|世宗}}
| 954–959<br/><small>({{Age in years|954|959}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Eras
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Xiande''' (顯德) 954–959
}}</small>
| Adopted son of [[Guo Wei]]
| 921–959<br/><small>(aged 38)</small>
----Conquered Eastern and Southwest China; died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=458|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=357}}
|-
| '''[[Chai Zongxun]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|柴宗訓}}
| —
| 959–960<br/><small>({{Age in years|959|960}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Eras
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Xiande''' (顯德) 959–960
}}</small>
| Son of [[Chai Rong]]
| 953–973<br/><small>(aged 20)</small>
----Deposed by [[Emperor Taizu of Song]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=76|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=357}}
|}

====Ten Kingdoms (907–979)====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ [[Former Shu]] (前蜀; 907–925)
|-
! scope="col" width="20%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="13%" | Temple name
! scope="col" width="18%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="24%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Wang Jian (Former Shu)|Wang Jian]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|王建}}
| Gaozu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高祖}}
| 907–918<br/><small>({{Age in years|907|918}} years)</small>
| Rebelled against the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] in 891, named Prince in 903 and later proclaimed himself emperor in 907
| 847–918<br/><small>(aged 69)</small>
----Died of natural causes; known for his great tomb and stone statues{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=524|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=358}}
|-
| '''[[Wang Zongyan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|王宗衍}}
| —
| 918–925<br/><small>({{Age in years|918|925}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Wang Jian (Former Shu)|Wang Jian]]
| 899–926<br/><small>(aged 27)</small>
----Lustful and neglected of government, he was killed by [[Li Cunxu]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=531|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=358}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ [[Yang Wu]] (楊吳; 907–937)
|-
! scope="col" width="20%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="13%" | Temple name
! scope="col" width="18%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="24%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Yang Xingmi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|楊行密}}
| Taizu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|太祖}}
| 902–905<br/><small>({{Age in years|902|905}} years)</small>
| Took over [[Yangzhou]] in 892 and was named "Prince of Wu" in 902, became independent after the fall of the Tang
| 852–905<br/><small>(aged 53)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=608–610|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=357}}
|-
| '''[[Yang Wo]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|楊渥}}
| —
| 905–908<br/><small>({{Age in years|905|908}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Yang Xingmi]]
| 886–908<br/><small>(aged 22)</small>
----Killed by [[Zhang Hao (general)|Zhang Hao]] and [[Xu Wen]]{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=531|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=357}}
|-
| '''[[Yang Longyan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|楊隆演}}
| —
| 908–920<br/><small>({{Age in years|908|920}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Yang Xingmi]], enthroned by [[Xu Wen]]
| 897–920<br/><small>(aged 23)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=531|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=357}}
|-
| '''[[Yang Pu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|楊溥}}
| —
| 920–937<br/><small>({{Age in years|920|937}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Yang Xingmi]] and enthroned by [[Xu Zhigao]] ([[Li Bian]]), declared himself Emperor in 927
| 901–938<br/><small>(aged 37)</small>
----Forced to abdicate to [[Li Bian]] of [[Southern Tang]]; died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=531|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2pp=357–358}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ [[Ma Chu]] (馬楚; 907–951)
|-
! scope="col" width="20%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="13%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="18%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="24%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Ma Yin]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|馬殷}}
| Prince Wumu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|武穆王}}
| 907–930<br/><small>({{Age in years|907|930}} years)</small>
| A carpenter who rose from the ranks to become prefect of [[Tan Prefecture (Hunan)|Tanzhou]] in 896, he was named Prince in 927 by [[Li Siyuan]]
| 852–930<br/><small>(aged 78)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=352–353|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=361}}
|-
| '''[[Ma Xisheng]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|馬希聲}}
| Prince of Hengyang<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|衡陽王}}
| 930–932<br/><small>({{Age in years|930|932}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Ma Yin]]
| 899–932<br/><small>(aged 33)</small>
----An admirer of [[Zhu Wen]], he cooked 50 chickens a day; died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=352–353|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=361}}
|-
| '''[[Ma Xifan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|馬希範}}
| Prince Wenzhao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|文昭王}}
| 932–947<br/><small>({{Age in years|932|947}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Ma Yin]], didn't assume his title until later in his reign
| 899–947<br/><small>(aged 48)</small>
----Known for his extravagance and his building projects; died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=352–353|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2pp=361–362}}
|-
| '''[[Ma Xiguang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|馬希廣}}
| —
| 947–951<br/><small>({{Age in years|947|951}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Ma Yin]]
| Died in 951
----Deposed and later killed by his brother{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=352–353|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=362}}
|-
| '''[[Ma Xi'e]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|馬希萼}}
| —
| 951<br/><small>(less than a year)</small>
| Son of [[Ma Yin]]
| Deposed by his brother, fate unknown{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=352–353|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=362}}
|-
| '''[[Ma Xichong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|馬希崇}}
| —
| 951<br/><small>(less than a year)</small>
| Son of [[Ma Yin]]
| Deposed by the [[Southern Tang]] with the help of Xi’e's supporters, fate unknown{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=352–353|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=362}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ [[Wuyue]] (吳越; 907–978)
|-
! scope="col" width="20%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="13%" | Posthumous name
! scope="col" width="18%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="24%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Qian Liu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|錢鏐}}
| Prince Wusu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|武肅王}}
| 907–932<br/><small>({{Age in years|907|932}} years)</small>
| Named "Prince of Wuyue" by [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang]]
| 852–932<br/><small>(aged 80)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=400–401|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=358}}
|-
| '''[[Qian Yuanguan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|錢元瓘}}
| Prince Wensu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|文肅王}}
| 932–941<br/><small>({{Age in years|932|941}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Qian Liu]]
| 887–941<br/><small>(aged 54)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=400–401|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=358}}
|-
| '''[[Qian Hongzuo]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|錢弘佐}}
| Prince Zhongxian<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|忠獻王}}
| 941–947<br/><small>({{Age in years|941|947}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Qian Yuanguan]]
| 928–947<br/><small>(aged 69)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=400–401|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2pp=358–359}}
|-
| '''[[Qian Hongzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|錢弘倧}}
| Prince Zhongxun<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|忠遜王}}
| 947–early 948<br/><small>({{Age in years|947|948}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Qian Yuanguan]]
| {{Circa}} 929–{{Circa}} 971<br/><small>(aged approx. 42)</small>
----Deposed by general [[Hu Jinsi]], fate unknown{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=400–401|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=359}}
|-
| '''[[Qian Chu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|錢俶}}
| Prince Zhongyi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|忠懿王}}
| 978<br/><small>(less than a year)</small>
| Son of [[Qian Yuanguan]]
| 929–988<br/><small>(aged 59)</small>
----Surrendered to the [[Song dynasty]], died of sudden illness or poisoning{{sfnm|1a1=Davis|1y=2004|1pp=570–573|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=358}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ [[Min Kingdom|Min]] (閩; 909–944) & [[Yin (Five Dynasties period)|Yin]] (殷; 943–945)
|-
! scope="col" width="20%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="13%" | Temple name
! scope="col" width="18%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="24%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Wang Shenzhi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|王審知}}
| Taizu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|太祖}}
| 909–925<br/><small>({{Age in years|909|925}} years)</small>
| Younger brother of warlord [[Wang Chao (Tang dynasty)|Wang Chao]], named wang of Min by [[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang]]
| 862–925<br/><small>(aged 63)</small>
----One of the most peaceful reign periods of the period; died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=527|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=359}}
|-
| '''[[Wang Yanhan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|王延翰}}
| —
| 926–927<br/><small>({{Age in years|926|927}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Wang Shenzhi]]
| Died in 927
----Killed by his brother{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=531|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=359}}
|-
| '''[[Wang Yanjun]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|王延鈞}}
| Huizong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|惠宗}}
| 927–935<br/><small>({{Age in years|927|935}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Wang Shenzhi]], proclaimed Prince in 928 and later Emperor in 933
| Died in 935
----Killed by his son{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=531|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=359}}
|-
| '''[[Wang Jipeng]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|王繼鵬}}<hr/>[[Wang Jipeng|Wang Chang]]<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|王昶}}
| Kangzong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|康宗}}
| 935–939<br/><small>({{Age in years|935|939}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Wang Yanjun]]
| Died in 939
----A devout Taoist, he was killed in a coup{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=522|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=359}}
|-
| '''[[Wang Yanxi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|王延羲}}
| Jingzong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|景宗}}
| 939–944<br/><small>({{Age in years|939|944}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Wang Shenzhi]]
| Died in 944
----A despotic ruler, he was killed by [[Lian Chongyu]] and his associates{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=532|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=359}}
|-
| '''[[Wang Yanzheng]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|王延政}}
| Gongyi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|恭懿王}}
| 945<br/><small>(less than a year)</small>
| Proclaimed himself "Prince of Yin" to rival his brother [[Wang Yanxi]]
| Died in 945
----Defeated by [[Southern Tang]], died of natural causes in captivity{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=532|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=359}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ [[Southern Han|Great Yue]] (大越; 917–918) [[Southern Han]] (南漢; 918–971)
|-
! scope="col" width="20%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="13%" | Temple name
! scope="col" width="18%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="24%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Liu Yan (emperor)|Liu Yan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉巖}}
| Gaozu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高祖}}
| 917–942<br/><small>({{Age in years|917|942}} years)</small>
| Took over of [[Guangzhou]] in 911, proclaimed himself Emperor of Yue (renamed "Han" in 918)
| 889–942<br/><small>(aged 63)</small>
----A despotic and extravagant ruler; died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=328|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=360}}
|-
| '''[[Liu Bin (Southern Han)|Liu Bin]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉玢}}
| —
| 942–943<br/><small>({{Age in years|942|943}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Liu Yan (emperor)|Liu Yan]]
| 920–943<br/><small>(aged 63)</small>
----An hedonistic ruler; he was killed by his brother{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=322|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=360}}
|-
| '''[[Liu Sheng (Southern Han)|Liu Sheng]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉晟}}
| Zhongzong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|中宗}}
| 943–958<br/><small>({{Age in years|943|958}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Liu Yan (emperor)|Liu Yan]]
| 920–958<br/><small>(aged 38)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=326|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=360}}
|-
| '''[[Liu Chang (Southern Han)|Liu Chang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉鋹}}
| —
| 958–971<br/><small>({{Age in years|958|971}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Liu Sheng (Southern Han)|Liu Sheng]]
| 943–980<br/><small>(aged 37)</small>
----Another hedonistic ruler, he surrendered to the Song army and was spared{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=322|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=360}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ [[Jingnan]] (荊南; 924–963)
|-
! scope="col" width="20%" | Personal Name
! scope="col" width="13%" | Temple name
! scope="col" width="18%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="24%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Gao Jixing]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高季興}}
| —
| 924–early 929<br/><small>({{Age in years|924|929}} years)</small>
| Named King of [[Nanping]] by [[Later Tang]] in 924, ruled under the vassalage of [[Yang Wu|Wu]]
| 858–929<br/><small>(aged 71)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=170–172|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=361}}
|-
| '''[[Gao Conghui]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高從誨}}
| —
| 929–948<br/><small>({{Age in years|929|948}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Gao Jixing]]
| 891–948<br/><small>(aged 57)</small>
----A weak ruler, he was nicknamed "Gao the Jerk" (<small>高賴子</small>); died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=170–172|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=361}}
|-
| '''[[Gao Baorong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高寶融}}
| —
| 948–960<br/><small>({{Age in years|948|960}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Gao Conghui]]
| 920–960<br/><small>(aged 40)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=170–172|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=361}}
|-
| '''[[Gao Baoxu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高寶勗}}
| —
| 960–962<br/><small>({{Age in years|960|962}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Gao Conghui]], effective ruler during the reign of his brother
| 924–962<br/><small>(aged 38)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=170–172|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=361}}
|-
| '''[[Gao Jichong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高繼沖}}
| —
| 962–963<br/><small>({{Age in years|962|963}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Gao Baorong]]
| 943–973<br/><small>(aged 30)</small>
----Surrendered to the [[Song dynasty|Song]] but spared{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=170–172|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=361}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ [[Later Shu]] (後蜀; 934–965)
|-
! scope="col" width="20%" | Personal Name
! scope="col" width="13%" | Temple name
! scope="col" width="18%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="24%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Meng Zhixiang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孟知祥}}
| Gaozu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高祖}}
| 934<br/><small>(less than a year)</small>
| [[Later Tang]] governor from 926, proclaimed King in 933 and later Emperor in 93
| 874–934<br/><small>(aged 60)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=358–359|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=362}}
|-
| '''[[Meng Chang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孟昶}}
| —
| 934–965<br/><small>({{Age in years|934|965}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Meng Zhixiang]]
| 919–965<br/><small>(aged 60)</small>
----Defeated by the [[Song dynasty]], died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1pp=358–359|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=362}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ [[Southern Tang]] (南唐; 937–976)
|-
! scope="col" width="20%" | Personal Name
! scope="col" width="13%" | Temple name
! scope="col" width="18%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="24%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Li Bian]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李昪}}
| Liezu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|烈祖}}
| 937–943<br/><small>({{Age in years|937|943}} years)</small>
| Adopted son of [[Xu Wen]], proclaimed himself Emperor after overthrowing the [[Yang Wu]]
| 888–943<br/><small>(aged 55)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=292|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=362}}
|-
| '''[[Li Jing (Southern Tang)|Li Jing]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李璟}}
| Yuanzong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|元宗}}
| 943–961<br/><small>({{Age in years|943|961}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Li Bian]]
| 888–943<br/><small>(aged 55)</small>
----Conquered [[Min Kingdom|Min]] and [[Ma Chu|Chu]], but failed to ward the attacks of [[Later Zhou]]. A distinguished poet, he died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=299|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2pp=362–263}}
|-
| '''[[Li Yu (Southern Tang)|Li Yu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李煜}}
| —
| 961–976<br/><small>({{Age in years|961|976}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Li Jing (Southern Tang)|Li Jing]]
| 937–978<br/><small>(aged 41)</small>
----A master of the [[Ci poetry|''ci'' poetry]], he surrendered to the [[Song dynasty]] but was spared{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=306|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=363}}
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ [[Northern Han]] (北漢; 951–979)
|-
! scope="col" width="20%" | Personal Name
! scope="col" width="13%" | Temple name
! scope="col" width="18%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="24%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Liu Chong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉崇}}
| Shizu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|世祖}}
| 951–954<br/><small>({{Age in years|951|954}} years)</small>
| Cousin of [[Liu Zhiyuan]] of [[Later Tang]], proclaimed himself Emperor
| 895–954<br/><small>(aged 59)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=322|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=363}}
|-
| '''[[Liu Jun (Northern Han)|Liu Jun]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉鈞}}
| Ruizong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|睿宗}}
| 954–968<br/><small>({{Age in years|954|968}} years)</small>
| Son of [[Liu Chong]]
| 926–968<br/><small>(aged 42)</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfn|Xiong|2009|p=325}}
|-
| '''[[Liu Ji'en]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉繼恩}}
| –
| 968<br/><small>(less than a year)</small>
| Adopted son of [[Liu Jun (Southern Han)|Liu Jun]]
| 935–968<br/><small>(aged 33)</small>
----Killed by Hou Barong{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=324|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=363}}
|-
| '''[[Liu Jiyuan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|劉繼元}}
| Yingwu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|英武}}
| 968–979<br/><small>({{Age in years|968|979}} years)</small>
| Adopted son of [[Liu Jun (Southern Han)|Liu Jun]]
| 956–991<br/><small>(aged 35)</small>
----Surrendered to the [[Song dynasty|Song]] and spared{{sfnm|1a1=Xiong|1y=2009|1p=324|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=363}}
|}

==Late imperial China==
===Song dynasty (960–1279)===
{{Main list|List of emperors of the Song dynasty}}
{{further|Song dynasty|Family tree of Chinese monarchs (middle)#Song dynasty|label 2=Song dynasty family tree}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ Song dynasty (宋朝; 960–1279)
|-
! scope="col" width="10%" | Portrait
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Temple name]]
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="23%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="12%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| colspan="6" |

==== Northern Song (960–1127) ====

{{see also|Northern Song}}
|-
| [[File:Song Taizu.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Emperor Taizu of Song|Taizu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|太祖}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Qiyun Liji Yingwu Ruiwen Shende Shenggong Zhiming Daxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|啓運立極英武睿文神德聖功至明大孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhao Kuangyin<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|趙匡胤}}
| <br/>4 February 960 – 14 November 976<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|960|2|4|976|11|14}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* '''Jianlong''' (建隆)<br/>4 February 960 – 3 December 963
* '''Qiande''' (乾德)<br/>4 December 963 – 15 December 968
* '''Kaibao''' (開寶)<br/>16 December 968 – 13 January 977
}}</small>
| Proclaimed emperor after deposing [[Chai Zongxun]] of [[Later Zhou]]. Unified most of China under his rule
| 21 March 927 – 14 November 976<br/><small>(aged 49)</small>
----Significantly reduced the power of the military in favor of civilian officers. Died in uncertain circumstances, probably illness{{sfnm|1a1=Lau|1a2=Huang|1y=2009|1pp=213–243|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=122–125|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=84}}
|-
| [[File:Emperor Taizong of Song.tif|110px]]
| '''[[Emperor Taizong of Song|Taizong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|太宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Zhiren Yingdao Shengong Shengde Wenwu Ruilie Daming Guangxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|至仁應道神功聖德文武睿烈大明廣孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhao Jiong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|趙炅}}
| 14 November 976 – 8 May 997<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|976|11|14|997|5|8}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* '''Taiping Xingguo''' (太平興國)<br/>14 January 977 – 5 December 984
* '''Yongxi''' (雍熙)<br/>6 December 984 – 7 February 988
* '''Duangong''' (雍熙)<br/>8 February 988 – 29 January 990
* '''Chunhua''' (淳化)<br/>30 January 990 – 2 February 995
* '''Zhidao''' (至道)<br/>3 February 995 – 30 January 998
}}</small>
| Younger brother of [[Emperor Taizu of Song|Taizu]]
| 20 November 939 – 8 May 997<br/><small>(aged 57)</small>
----Conquered the last remaining Chinese state in 978, but failed the reconquer former Tang territories, like [[Vietnam]]. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Lau|1a2=Huang|1y=2009|1pp=242–258|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=125–126|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=85}}
|-
| [[File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Song Zhenzong.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Emperor Zhenzong|Zhenzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|真宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Yingfu Jigu Shengong Rangde Wenming Wuding Zhangsheng Yuanxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|膺符稽古神功讓德文明武定章聖元孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhao Heng<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|趙恆}}
| 8 May 997 – 23 March 1022<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|997|5|8|1022|3|23}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* '''Xianping''' (咸平)<br/>31 January 998 – 24 January 1004
* '''Jingde''' (景德)<br/> 25 January 1004 – 9 February 1008
* '''Dazhongxiangfu''' (大中祥符)<br/> 10 February 1008 – 30 January 1017
* '''Tianxi''' (天禧)<br/> 31 January 1017 – 3 February 1022
* '''Qianxing''' (乾興)<br/> 4 February 1022 – 24 January 1023
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Taizong of Song|Taizong]]
| 23 December 968 – 23 March 1022<br/><small>(aged 53)</small>
----Suffered significant defeats to the northern [[Liao dynasty]], leading to the [[Chanyuan Treaty]]. Died after a prolonged period of illness{{sfnm|1a1=Lau|1a2=Huang|1y=2009|1pp=258–278|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=128|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=85}}
|-
| [[File:Song Renzong.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Emperor Renzong of Song|Renzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|仁宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Titian Fadao Jigong Quande Shenwen Shengwu Ruizhe Mingxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|體天法道極功全德神文聖武睿哲明孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhao Zhen<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|趙禎}}
| 23 March 1022 – 30 April 1063<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1022|3|23|1063|4|30}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* '''Tiansheng''' (天聖)<br/>25 January 1023 – 10 December 1032
* '''Mingdao''' (明道)<br/>11 December 1032 – 22 January 1034
* '''Jingyou''' (景祐)<br/>23 January 1034 – 15 December 1038
* '''Baoyuan''' (寶元)<br/>16 December 1038 – 4 April 1040
* '''Kangding''' (康定)<br/>5 April 1040 – 15 December 1041
* '''Qingli''' (慶曆)<br/>16 December 1041 – 4 February 1048
* '''Huangyou''' (皇祐)<br/>5 February 1049 – 25 April 1054
* '''Zhihe''' (至和)<br/>26 April 1054 – 22 October 1056
* '''Jiayou''' (嘉祐)<br/>23 October 1056 – 20 January 1064
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Zhenzong|Zhenzong]]
| 30 May 1010 – 30 April 1063<br/><small>(aged 52)</small>
----Ruled under the regency of [[Empress Liu (Zhenzong)|Empress Liu]] until 1033. His long reign, the longest of the Song dynasty, saw several developments in culture, philosophy and arts{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1pp=129–130|2a1=Moule|2y=1957|2p=85}}
|-
| [[File:Song Yingzong 1.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Emperor Yingzong of Song|Yingzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|英宗}}
----
<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Tiyuan Xiandao Fagu Lixian Dide Wanggong Yingwen Liewu Qinren Shengxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|體元顯道法古立憲帝德王功英文烈武欽仁聖孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhao Shu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|趙曙}}
| 1 May 1063 – 25 January 1067<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1063|5|1|1067|1|25}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* '''Zhiping''' (治平)<br/>21 January 1064 – 5 February 1068
}}</small>
| Son of [[Zhao Yunrang]], a grandson of [[Emperor Taizong of Song|Emperor Taizong]], and adopted son of Emperor [[Emperor Renzong of Song|Renzong]]
| 16 February 1032 – 25 January 1067<br/><small>(aged 34)</small>
----Ruled initially under the regency of [[Empress Cao (Song dynasty)|Empress Dowager Cao]]. Died after several years of illness{{sfnm|1a1=McGrath|1y=2009|1pp=338–346|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=130|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=86}}
|-
| [[File:Shenzong.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Emperor Shenzong of Song|Shenzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|神宗}}
----
<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Xianyuan Jidao Shide Yanggong Qinwen Ruiwu Qisheng Zhaoxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|憲元繼道世德揚功欽文睿武齊聖昭孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhao Xu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|趙頊}}
| 25 January 1067 – 1 April 1085<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1067|01|25|1085|04|01}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/>
* '''Xining''' (熙宁)<br/>6 February 1068 – 22 December 1077
* '''Yuanfeng''' (元豐)<br/>23 December 1077 – 17 January 1086
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Yingzong of Song|Yingzong]]
| 25 May 1048 – 1 April 1085<br/><small>(aged 36)</small>
----Best known by the implementation of the "[[New Policies (Song dynasty)|New Policies]]". Died of illness{{sfnm|1a1=Smith|1y=2009|1pp=347ff|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=130|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=86}}
|-
| [[File:Zhezong.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Emperor Zhezong|Zhezong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|哲宗}}
----
<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Tiqian Yingli Longgong Shengde Xianwen Suwu Ruisheng Xuanxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|體乾應歷隆功盛德憲文肅武睿聖宣孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhao Xu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|趙煦}}
| 1 April 1085 – 23 February 1100<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1435|2|7|1449|9|1}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/>
* '''Yuanyou''' (元祐)<br/>18 January 1086 – 28 April 1094
* '''Shaosheng''' (紹聖)<br/>29 April 1094 – 1 July 1098
* '''Yuanfu''' (元符)<br/> 2 July 1098 – 30 January 1101
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Shenzong of Song|Shenzong]]
| 4 January 1077 – 23 February 1100<br/><small>(aged 23)</small>
----Ruled under the regency of [[Empress Gao (Song dynasty)|Empress Dowager Gao]] until 1093. Died of illness{{sfnm|1a1=Levine|1y=2009a|1p=484, 553ff|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=130–132|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=86}}
|-
| [[File:Seated Portrait of Emperor Song Huizong.tif|110px]]
| '''[[Emperor Huizong of Song|Huizong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|徽宗}}
----
<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Tishen Hedao Junlie Xungong Shengwen Rende Xianci Xianxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|體神合道駿烈遜功聖文仁德憲慈顯孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhao Ji<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|趙佶}}
| 23 February 1100 – 18 January 1126<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1100|02|23|1126|01|18}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/>
* '''Jianzhongjingguo''' (建中靖國)<br/> 31 January 1101<!--Proclaimed on 10 December 1100. The actual year didn't begin until a month later. I'm still trying to understand how this works--> – 20 January 1102<!--Proclaimed on 14 December 1101-->
* '''Chongning''' (崇寧)<br/>21 January 1102 – 25 January 1107
* '''Daguan''' (大觀)<br/>26 January 1107 – 9 February 1111
* '''Zhenghe''' (政和)<br/> 10 February 1111 – 14 December 1118
* '''Chonghe''' (重和)<br/> 15 December 1118 – 15 March 1119
* '''Xuanhe''' (宣和)<br/> 16 March 1119 – 24 January 1125
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Shenzong of Song|Shenzong]]
| 7 June 1082 – 4 June 1135<br/><small>(aged 52)</small>
----A remarkable patron of the arts and an artist himself, but a weak ruler and politician. Abdicated during the [[Jurchen Jin]] siege of [[Kaifeng]]. Captured by the Jin shortly after; died in captivity{{sfnm|1a1=Levine|1y=2009b|1p=555ff, 633–643|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=132–136|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=87}}
|-
| [[File:Songqinzong Chinghong.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Emperor Qinzong|Qinzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|欽宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Gongwen Shunde Renxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|恭文順德仁孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhao Huan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|趙桓}}
| 19 January 1126 – 25 March 1127<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1126|01|19|1127|03|25}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/>
* '''Jingkang''' (靖康)<br/>25 January 1126 – 11 June 1127
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Huizong of Song|Huizong]]
| 23 May 1100 – 14 June 1161<br/><small>(aged 62)</small>
----Refused to negotiate with the Jin, which led to a second invasion. Captured alongside his father during the [[Jingkang incident]]; died in captivity{{sfnm|1a1=Levine|1y=2009b|1p=639–643|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=136|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=87}}
|-
| colspan="6" |

==== Southern Song (1127–1279) ====

{{see also|Southern Song}}
|-
| [[File:Song Gaozong.png|110px]]
| '''[[Emperor Gaozong of Song|Gaozong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|高宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand =|<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Shouming Zhongxing Quangong Zhide Shengshen Wuwen Zhaoren Xianxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|受命中興全功至德聖神武文昭仁憲孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhao Gou<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|趙構}}
| 12 June 1127 – 24 July 1162<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;<small>({{Age in years, months and days|1127|06|12|1162|07|24}})</small>{{Efn|Emperor Gaozong was briefly deposed between March and April 1129. He was forced to abdicate in favor of his infant son [[Zhao Fu]].{{sfnm|1a1=Moule|1y=1957|1pp=84–90|2a1=Tao|2y=2009|2pp=650–652}}}}<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/>
* '''Jianyan''' (建炎)<br/>12 June 1127 – 30 January 1131
* '''Shaoxing''' (紹興)<br/>31 January 1131 – 22 December 1162
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Huizong of Song|Huizong]], proclaimed emperor in [[Jiankang]] after fleeing the Jurchen invasion of the North
| 12 June 1107 – 9 November 1187<br/><small>(aged 80)</small>
----A competent ruler that managed to preserve the Song dynasty, but often criticized for his military defeats and political failures. Abdicated in favor of his adopted son, later dying of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Tao|1y=2009|1p=644ff|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=136–138|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=88}}
|-
| colspan=2 | ''None, known by his personal name''
| '''[[Zhao Fu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|趙旉}}
| March – April 1129<br/><small>(1 month or less)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/>
* '''Mingshou''' (明受)<br/>1–22 April 1129
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Gaozong of Song|Gaozong]], proclaimed emperor during a mutiny
| An infant installed by officers Miao Fu and Liu Zhengyan. They lost power within a month{{sfnm|1a1=Moule|1y=1957|1pp=84–90|2a1=Tao|2y=2009|2pp=650–652}}
|-
| [[File:Xiaozong.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Emperor Xiaozong of Song|Xiaozong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孝宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand =|<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Shaotong Tongdao Guande Zhaogong Zhewen Shenwu Mingsheng Chengxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|紹統同道冠德昭功哲文神武明聖成孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| &nbsp;&nbsp;Zhao Shen{{efn|Born as '''Zhao Bocong''' (趙伯琮), later changed to '''Zhao Wei''' (趙瑋) in 1160.{{Sfn|Moule|1957|pp=84–90}}}}<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|趙眘}}
| 24 July 1162 – 18 February 1189<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1162|07|24|1189|02|18}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/>
* '''Longxing''' (隆興)<br/>23 December 1162 – 12 February 1165
* '''Qiandao''' (乾道)<br/>13 February 1165 – 3 February 1174
* '''Chunxi''' (淳熙)<br/>3 February 1174 – 7 February 1190}}</small>
| Son of Zhao Zicheng, a descendant of the [[Emperor Taizu of Song|first Song Emperor]], and adopted son of [[Emperor Gaozong of Song|Gaozong]]
| 27 November 1127 – 28 June 1194<br/><small>(aged 66)</small>
----Often regarded as the most peaceful and stable ruler of the Southern Song. Abdicated in favour of his son, later dying of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Gong|1y=2009|1p=710ff|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=138–143|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=88}}
|-
| [[File:Guangzong.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Emperor Guangzong of Song|Guangzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|光宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand =|<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Xundao Xianren Minggong Maode Wenwen Shunwu Shengzhe Cixiao ({{lang|zh-hant|循道憲仁明功茂德溫文順武聖哲慈孝皇帝}})| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhao Dun<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|趙惇}}
| 18 February 1189 – 24 July 1194<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1189|02|18|1194|07|24}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/>
* '''Shaoxi''' (紹熙)<br/>7 February 1190 – 8 December 1194}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Xiaozong of Song|Xiaozong]]
| 30 September 1147 – 17<br/>September 1200<br/><small>(aged 53)</small>
----Forced to abdicate in favor of his son, allegedly because of his mental instability. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Davis|1y=2009a|1pp=758–773|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=138–143|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=89}}
|-
| [[File:Song Ningzong 1.png|110px]]
| '''[[Emperor Ningzong|Ningzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|寧宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand =|<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Fatian Beidao Chunde Maogong Renwen Zhewu Shengrui Gongxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|法天備道純德茂功仁文哲武聖睿恭孝皇帝}})| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhao Kuo<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|趙擴}}
| 24 July 1194 – 17 September 1224<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1194|07|24|1224|09|17}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/>
* '''Qingyuan''' (慶元)<br/>11 February 1195 – 1201)
* '''Jiatai''' (嘉泰)<br/> 1201–1204)
* '''Kaixi''' (開禧)<br/> 1205–1207)
* '''Jiading''' (嘉定)<br/> 1207–1224)}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Guangzong of Song|Guangzong]]
| 19 November 1168 – 17<br/>September 1224<br/><small>(aged 55)</small>
----A weak and indecisive ruler who spent most of his life in isolation at the palace. Died of illness{{sfnm|1a1=Levine|1y=2009a|1p=773ff|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=144|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=89}}
|-
| [[File:Song Lizong.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Emperor Lizong|Lizong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|理宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand =|<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Jiandao Beide Dagong Fuxing Liewen Renwu Shengming Anxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|建道備德大功復興烈文仁武聖明安孝皇帝}})| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhao Yun<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|趙昀}}
| 17 September 1224 – 16 November 1264<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1224|09|17|1264|11|16}})
{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/>
* Baoqing (寶慶; 1225–1227)
* Shaoding (紹定; 1228–1233)
* Duanping (端平; 1234–1236)
* Jiaxi (嘉熙; 1237–1240)
* Chunyou (淳祐; 1241–1252)
* Baoyou (寶祐; 1253–1258)
* Kaiqing (開慶; 1259)
* Jingding (景定; 1260–1264)}}</small>
| Son of Zhao Xilu, a descendant of the first Song Emperor, [[Emperor Taizu of Song|Taizu]]
| 26 January 1205 – 16<br/>November 1264<br/><small>(aged 59)</small>
----An emperor devoted to philosophy and the arts, he had to face the first Mongol incursions following the fall of the Jin. Died of illness{{sfnm|1a1=Davis|1y=2009b|1pp=840, 872–875ff|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=144–145|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=89}}
|-
| [[File:Duzong.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Emperor Duzong|Duzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|度宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand =|<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Duanwen Mingwu Jingxiao<br/>({{lang|zh-hant|端文明武景孝皇帝}})| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhao Qi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|趙禥}}
| 16 November 1264 – 12 August 1274<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1264|11|16|1274|08|12}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/>
* '''Xianchun''' (咸淳)<br/>18 January 1265 – 28 January 1275}}</small>
| Son of Zhao Yurui, a brother of [[Emperor Lizong|Lizong]]
| 2 May 1240 – 12 August 1274<br/><small>(aged 34)</small>
----Relegated most imperial duties to his officers. Died of sudden illness{{sfnm|1a1=Davis|1y=2009c|1pp=913–929|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=144–145|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=89}}
|-
| [[File:Song Gongdi2.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Emperor Gong of Song|Gongzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|恭宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand =|<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Duke Ying<br/>({{lang|zh-hant|瀛國公}}, Yíng Guó Gōng)| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhao Xian<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|趙㬎}}
| 12 August 1274 – 21 February 1276<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1274|08|16|1276|02|21}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand =|<hr/>
* '''Deyou''' (德祐)<br/>29 January 1275 – 13 June 1276}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Duzong|Duzong]]
| 2 November 1270 – 1323
----Ruled under the regency of [[Xie Daoqing|Empress Xie]], who was forced to surrender to the Mongols. Became a monk in [[Tibet]], but was later executed of forced to commit suicide; died in Gansu{{sfnm|1a1=Davis|1y=2009c|1pp=929–946|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=146–147|3a1=Heirman|3a2=Meinert|3a3=Anderl|3y=2018|3p=208|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=89}}
|-
| [[File:ZhaoShiDuanzong.png|110px]]
| '''[[Emperor Duanzong|Duanzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|端宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand =|<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Duke Jian<br/>({{lang|zh-hant|建國公}}, Jiàn Guó Gōng)| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhao Shi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|趙昰}}
| 14 June 1276 – 8 May 1278<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1276|06|08|1278|05|08}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/>
* '''Jingyan''' (景炎)<br/>14 June 1276 – 22 May 1278}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Duzong|Duzong]], proclaimed emperor in [[Fuzhou]] after the fall of the capital
| 1268 – 8 May 1278<br/><small>(aged 10)</small>
----Spent most of his life fleeing from the Mongols by sea. Died of illness after barely surviving the sinking of his ship{{sfnm|1a1=Davis|1y=2009c|1pp=946–952|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=147|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=90}}
|-
| [[File:Song Modi.jpg|110px]]
| ''None, known by his personal name''
| '''[[Zhao Bing]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|趙昺}}
| 10 May 1278 – 19 March 1279<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1278|05|10|1279|03|19}})<br/>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/>
* '''Xiangxing''' (祥興)<br/>23 May 1278 – 19 March 1279}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Duzong|Duzong]]
| 1271 – 19 March 1279<br/><small>(aged 8)</small>
----Thrown into the [[Xi River]] during the [[Battle of Yamen]] alongside several soldiers and officers as part of a mass suicide{{sfnm|1a1=Davis|1y=2009c|1pp=952–958|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=147|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=90}}
|}

===Northern regimes (916–1234)===
====Liao dynasty (916–1125)====
{{Main list|List of emperors of the Liao dynasty}}
{{further|Liao dynasty|Family tree of Chinese monarchs (middle)#Liao dynasty|label 2=Liao dynasty family tree}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ Liao dynasty (大遼; 916–1125)
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Temple name]]
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Abaoji|Taizu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|太祖}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Tian ({{lang|zh-hant|天皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Dasheng Daming Shenlie Tian ({{lang|zh-hant|大聖大明神烈天皇帝}}){{efn|For [[Abaoji|Taizu]]'s alternate posthumous names, see {{harvnb|Moule|1957|p=94}}}}
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Yelü Abaoji<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|耶律阿保机}}
| 27 February 907 – 6 September 926<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|907|2|27|926|9|6}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Shence''' ({{lang|zh-hant|神冊}})<br/>17 March 916 – 22 March 922
* '''Tianzan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天贊}})<br/>23 March 922 – 20 March 926
* '''Tianxian''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天顯}})<br/>21 March 926 – 6 September 926
}}</small>
| Led the [[Yelü]] clan as [[Khagan]] to unite the [[Khitan people]]
| 872 – 6 September 926<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|872|926}})</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Twitchett|1a2=Tietze|1y=1994|1pp=53–67|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=368|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=94}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Taizong of Liao|Taizong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|太宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Xiaowu Huiwen ({{lang|zh-hant|孝武惠文皇帝}}){{efn|In 1008, [[Emperor Taizong of Liao|Taizong]] was originally given the posthumous name Emperor Xiaowu ({{lang|zh-hant|孝武}}). This was changed in 1052 to Emperor Xiaowu Huiwen ({{lang|zh-hant|孝武惠文皇帝}}).{{sfn|Moule|1957|p=95}}}}
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Yelü Deguang<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|耶律德光}}
| 11 December 927 – 15 May 947<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|927|12|22|947|5|15}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Tianxian''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天顯}})<br/>927 – 16 December 938
* '''Huitong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|會同}})<br/>17 December 938 – 23 February 946
* '''Datong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|大同}})<br/>24 February 947 – 18 May 947{{efn|Some sources differ over the dates for [[Emperor Taizong of Liao|Taizong]]'s Datong era, see {{harvnb|Moule|1957|p=95}}}}
}}</small>
| Son of [[Abaoji|Taizu]]
| 902 – 15 May 947<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|902|947}})</small>
----Died from a sudden illness{{sfnm|1a1=Twitchett|1a2=Tietze|1y=1994|1pp=68–74|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=368|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=95}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Shizong of Liao|Shizong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|世宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Xiaohe Zhuangxian ({{lang|zh-hant|孝和莊憲皇帝}}){{efn|In 952, [[Emperor Shizong of Liao|Shizong]] was originally given the posthumous name Emperor Xiaohe ({{lang|zh-hant|孝和}}) this was changed in 1008 to Emperor Xiaohe Zhuangxian ({{lang|zh-hant|孝和莊憲皇帝}}).{{sfn|Moule|1957|p=95}}}}
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Yelü Ruan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|耶律阮}}
| 16 May 947 – 7 October 951<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|947|5|16|951|10|7}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Tianlu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天祿}})<br/>1 November 947 – 7 October 951
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Abaoji|Taizu]]
| 918 – 7 October 951<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|918|951}})</small>
----Murdered by his cousin in a coup d'état{{sfnm|1a1=Twitchett|1a2=Tietze|1y=1994|1pp=75–80|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2pp=368–369|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=95}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Muzong of Liao|Muzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|穆宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Xiao'an Jingzheng ({{lang|zh-hant|孝安敬正皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Yelü Jing<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|耶律璟}}
| 11 October 951 – 12 March 969<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|951|10|11|969|3|12}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yingli''' ({{lang|zh-hant|應曆}})<br/>11 October 951 – 12 March 969
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Taizong of Liao|Taizong]]
| 931 – 12 March 969<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|931|969}})</small>
----Killed by his personal attendants{{sfnm|1a1=Twitchett|1a2=Tietze|1y=1994|1pp=81–83|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=369|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=95}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Jingzong of Liao|Jingzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|景宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Xiaocheng Kangjing ({{lang|zh-hant|孝成康靖皇帝}}){{efn|In 983, [[Emperor Jingzong of Liao|Jingzong]] was originally given the posthumous name Emperor Xiaocheng ({{lang|zh-hant|孝成}}) this was changed in 1052 to Emperor Xiaocheng Kangjing ({{lang|zh-hant|孝成康靖皇帝}}).{{sfn|Moule|1957|p=95}}}}
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Yelü Xian<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|耶律贤}}
| 13 May 969 – 13 October 982<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|969|5|13|982|10|13}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Baoning''' ({{lang|zh-hant|保寧}})<br/>13 March 969 – 16 December 979
* '''Qianheng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|乾亨}})<br/>17 December 979 – 13 October 982
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Shizong of Liao|Shizong]]
| 948 – 13 October 982<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|948|982}})</small>
----Died of illness on a hunting trip{{sfnm|1a1=Twitchett|1a2=Tietze|1y=1994|1pp=84–86|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=369|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=95}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Shengzong of Liao|Shengzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|聖宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Wenwu Daxiao Xuan ({{lang|zh-hant|文武大孝宣皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Yelü Longxu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|耶律隆绪}}
| 14 October 982 – 25 June 1031<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|982|10|14|1031|6|25}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Qianheng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|乾亨}})<br/>982 – 21 July 983
* '''Tonghe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|統和}})<br/>22 July 983 – 15 December 1012
* '''Kaitai''' ({{lang|zh-hant|開泰}})<br/>16 December 1012 – 1021
* '''Taiping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|太平}})<br/>1021 – 25 June 1031
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Jingzong of Liao|Jingzong]]
| 971 – 25 June 1031<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|971|1031}})</small>
----Longest reigning Liao ruler, though he was controlled by his mother [[Xiao Yanyan]] until 1009. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Twitchett|1a2=Tietze|1y=1994|1pp=87–113|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=370|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=95}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Xingzong of Liao|Xingzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|興宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Shensheng Xiaozhang ({{lang|zh-hant|神聖孝章皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Yelü Zongzhen<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|耶律宗真}}
| 25 June 1031 – 28 August 1055<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1031|06|25|1055|08|28|}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jingfu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|景福}})<br/>7 July 1031 – 15 December 1302
* '''Chongxi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|重熙}})<br/>16 December 1302 – 28 August 1055
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Shengzong of Liao|Shengzong]]
| 1016 – 28 August 1055<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1016|1055}})</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Twitchett|1a2=Tietze|1y=1994|1pp=114–122|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=370|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=95}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Daozong of Liao|Daozong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|道宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Xiaowen ({{lang|zh-hant|孝文皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Yelü Hongji<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|耶律洪基}}
| 28 August 1055 – 12 February 1101<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1055|08|28|1101|2|12}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Qingning''' ({{lang|zh-hant|清寧}})<br/>9 September 1055 – 7 February 1065
* '''Xianyong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|咸雍}})<br/>8 February 1065 – 6 January 1075
* '''Dakang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|大康}})<br/>7 January 1075 – 1084
* '''Da'an''' ({{lang|zh-hant|大安}})<br/>1085 – 1094
* '''Shouchang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|壽昌}})<br/>1095 – 1101
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Xingzong of Liao|Xingzong]]
| 1032 – 12 February 1101<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1032|1101}})</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Twitchett|1a2=Tietze|1y=1994|1pp=123–138|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=370|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=96}}
|-
| ''None, known by his posthumous name:''<br/>'''[[Emperor Tianzuo of Liao|Tianzuo]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|天祚帝}}
| Yelü Yanxi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|耶律延禧}}
| 12 February 1101 – 6 September 1125<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1101|2|12|1125|9|6}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Qiantong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|乾統}})<br/>2 March 1101 – 25 January 1111
* '''Tianqing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天慶}})<br/>26 January 1111 – 1120
* '''Baoda''' ({{lang|zh-hant|保大}})<br/>1121 – 26 March 1125
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Emperor Daozong of Liao|Daozong]]
| 1075 – after 6 September 1125<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1075|1125}})</small>
----Died in captivity from natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Twitchett|1a2=Tietze|1y=1994|1pp=139–148|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=370|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=96}}
|}

====Western Xia (1038–1227)====
{{further|Western Xia|Western Xia rulers family tree|label 2=Western Xia emperors family tree}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ Western Xia (西夏; 1038–1227)
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Temple name]]{{efn|See {{harvnb|Cui|Wen|2007}} for further information on the complexities surrounding the names of the [[Western Xia]] rulers}}
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia|Jingzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|景宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Wulie ({{lang|zh-hant|武烈皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Yuanhao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李元昊}}
| 1038 – 1048{{efn|name=Jingzong|The death of [[Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia|Jingzong]] is uncertain and contradictory in many records. He may have died in late 1047 or early 1048.{{sfn|Dunnell|1994|pp=189–191}}}}<br/><small>({{Age in years|1038|1048}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Tianshoulifayanzuo''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天授禮法延祚}})<br/>7 February 1038 – 1048
}}</small>
| Son of the [[Tangut people|Tangut]] leader [[Li Deming]]
| 1003–1048{{efn|name=Jingzong}}<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1003|1048}})</small>
----Assassinated by his son, [[Ningling Ge]]{{sfnm|1a1=Dunnell|1y=1994|1pp=180–188|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=372|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=80}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Yizong of Western Xia|Yizong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|毅宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Zhaoying ({{lang|zh-hant|昭英皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Liangzuo<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李諒祚}}
| 1048 – January 1068<br/><small>({{Age in years|1048|1068}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yansiningguo''' ({{lang|zh-hant|延嗣寧國}})<br/>18 January 1048 – 4 February 1049
* '''Tianyouchuisheng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天祐垂聖}})<br/>5 February 1049 – 3 February 1052
* '''Fushengchengdao''' ({{lang|zh-hant|福聖承道}})<br/>4 February 1052 – 19 January 1056
* '''Duodu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|奲都}})<br/>20 January 1056 – 11 February 1062
* '''Gonghua''' ({{lang|zh-hant|拱化}})<br/>12 February 1062 – January 1068
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia|Jingzong]]
| 1047 – January 1068<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1047|1068}})</small>
----Infant emperor whose reign was controlled by [[Lady Mozang]] and later [[Mozang Epang]]. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Dunnell|1y=1994|1pp=191–192|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=372|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=81}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Huizong of Western Xia|Huizong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|惠宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Kangjing ({{lang|zh-hant|康靖皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Bingchang<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李秉常}}
| January 1068 – 21 August 1086<br/><small>({{Age in years|1068|1086}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Qiandao''' ({{lang|zh-hant|乾道}})<br/>18 January 1067 – 25 January 1069
* '''Tiancilishengguoqing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天賜禮盛國慶}})<br/>26 January 1069 – 29 January 1074
* '''Da'an''' ({{lang|zh-hant|大安}})<br/>30 January 1074 – 28 January 1085
* '''Tian'anliding''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天安禮定}})<br/>29 January 1085 – 21 August 1086
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Yizong of Western Xia|Yizong]]
| 1061 – 21 August 1086<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1061|1086}})</small>
----Struggled with his mother for power throughout his reign. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Dunnell|1y=1994|1pp=191–196|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2pp=372–373|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=81}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia|Chongzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|崇宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Shengwen ({{lang|zh-hant|聖文皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Qianshun<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李乾順}}
| 11 November 1086 – 1 July 1139<br/><small>({{Age in years|1086|1139}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Tianyizhiping''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天儀治平}})<br/>18 January 1086 – 2 February 1090
* '''Tianyoumin'an''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天祐民安}})<br/>3 February 1090 – 3 February 1098
* '''Yong'an''' ({{lang|zh-hant|永安}})<br/>4 February 1098 – 30 January 1101
* '''Zhenguan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|貞觀}})<br/>31 January 1101 – 7 February 1114
* '''Yongning''' ({{lang|zh-hant|雍寧}})<br/>8 February 1114 – 11 February 1119 
* '''Yuande''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元德}})<br/>12 February 1119 – 12 February 1127
* '''Zhengde''' ({{lang|zh-hant|正德}})<br/>13 February 1127 – 15 January 1135
* '''Dade''' ({{lang|zh-hant|大德}})<br/>16 January 1135 – 1 July 1139
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Huizong of Western Xia|Huizong]]
| 1084 – 1 July 1139<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1084|1139}})</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Dunnell|1y=1994|1pp=197–204|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=373|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=82}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Renzong of Western Xia|Renzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|仁宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Shengde ({{lang|zh-hant|聖德皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Renxiao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李仁孝}}
| July 1139 – 16 October 1193<br/><small>({{Age in years|1139|1193}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Daqing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|大慶}})<br/>22 January 1140 – 17 January 1143
* '''Renqing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|人慶}})<br/>18 January 1143 – 1 February 1147
* '''Tiansheng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天盛}})<br/>2 February 1147 – 10 February 1168
* '''Qianyou''' ({{lang|zh-hant|乾祐}})<br/>11 February 1168 – 16 October 1193
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia|Chongzong]]
| 1124 – 16 October 1193<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1124|1193}})</small>
----Longest ruling ruler of the dynasty. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Dunnell|1y=1994|1pp=197–204|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=373|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=82}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Huanzong of Western Xia|Huanzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|桓宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Zhaojian ({{lang|zh-hant|昭簡皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Chunyou<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李純佑}}
| 1193 – 1 March 1206<br/><small>({{Age in years|1193|1206}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Tianqing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天慶}})<br/>24 January 1194 – 1 March 1206
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Renzong of Western Xia|Renzong]]
| 1177 – 1 March 1206<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1177|1206}})</small>
----Overthrown in a coup d'état led by [[Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia|Xiangzong]]. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Dunnell|1y=1994|1pp=205–214|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=373|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=83}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia|Xiangzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|襄宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Jingmu ({{lang|zh-hant|敬慕皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Anquan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李安全}}
| March 1206 – 13 September 1211<br/><small>({{Age in years|1206|1211}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yingtian''' ({{lang|zh-hant|應天}})<br/>30 January 1207 – 26 January 1210
* '''Huangjian''' ({{lang|zh-hant|皇建}})<br/>27 January 1210 – 13 September 1211
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Emperor Renzong of Western Xia|Renzong]]
| 1170 – 13 September 1211<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1170|1211}})</small>
----Suffered many losses from the Mongols. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Dunnell|1y=1994|1pp=205–214|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=373|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=83}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia|Shenzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|神宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Yingwen ({{lang|zh-hant|英文皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Li Zunxu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李遵頊}}
| 12 August 1211 – 1223<br/><small>({{Age in years|1211|1226}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Guangding''' ({{lang|zh-hant|光定}})<br/>17 January 1211 – 1226
}}</small>
| Descendant of [[Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia|Jingzong]]
| 1163 – 1226<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1163|1226}})</small>
----Abdicated amid Mongol invasions. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Dunnell|1y=1994|1pp=205–214|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=373|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=83}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Xianzong of Western Xia|Xianzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|獻宗}}
| Li Dewang<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李德旺}}
| 1223 – August 1226<br/><small>({{Age in years|1223|1226}} years)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Qianding''' ({{lang|zh-hant|乾定}})<br/>2 February 1223 – August 1226
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia|Shenzong]]
| 1181 – August 1226<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1181|1226}})</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Dunnell|1y=1994|1pp=205–214|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=373|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=83}}
|-
| ''None, known by his personal name''
| '''[[Emperor Mo of Western Xia|Li Xian]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|李晛}}
| 1226 – 1227<br/><small>(1 year or less)</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Baoyi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|寶義}})<br/>30 January 1226 – 1227
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Emperor Shenzong of Western Xia|Shenzong]]
| ? – 1227<br/><small>(aged ?)</small>
----Killed by the Mongols{{sfnm|1a1=Dunnell|1y=1994|1pp=205–214|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=373|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=83}}
|}

====Jin dynasty (1115–1234)====
{{further|Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|label1=Jin dynasty|Family tree of Chinese monarchs (middle)#Jin dynasty|label2=Jin dynasty family tree}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ Jin dynasty (金朝; 1115–1234){{sfn|Schneider|2011|p=403}}
|-
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Temple name]]
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="25%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="15%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="30%" | Life details
|-
| '''[[Emperor Taizu of Jin|Taizu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|太祖}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Wuyuan ({{lang|zh-hant|武元}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Yingqian Xingyun Zhaode Dinggong Renming Zhuangxiao Dasheng Wuyuan ({{lang|zh-hant|應乾興運昭德定功仁明莊孝大聖武元皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Wanyan Min<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|完顏旻}}
| 28 January 1115 – 19 September 1123<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1115|1|28|1123|9|19}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Shouguo''' ({{lang|zh-hant|收國}})<br/>28 January 1115 – 4 January 1117
* '''Tianfu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天輔}})<br/>5 January 1117 – 19 September 1123
}}</small>
| Son of [[Helibo]] from the [[Wanyan]] tribe
| 1 August 1068 – 19 September 1123<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1068|08|1|1123|9|19}})</small>
----Conquered the [[Liao dynasty]]{{sfnm|1a1=Moule|1y=1957|1p=100|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=374}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Taizong of Jin|Taizong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|太宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Wenlie ({{lang|zh-hant|文烈皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Tiyuan Yingyun Shide Zhaogong Zhehui Rensheng Wenlie ({{lang|zh-hant|體元應運世德昭功哲惠仁聖文烈皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Wanyan Sheng<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|完顏晟}}
| 27 September 1123 – 7 February 1135<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1123|9|27|1135|2|7}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Tianhui''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天會}})<br/>7 October 1123 – 7 February 1135
}}</small>
| Brother of [[Emperor Taizu of Jin|Taizu]]
| 1075 – 7 February 1135<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1075|1135}})</small>
----[[Jingkang incident|Sacked]] the North Song dynasty's capital. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Moule|1y=1957|1p=100|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=374}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Xizong of Jin|Xizong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|熙宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Xiaocheng ({{lang|zh-hant|孝成皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Hongji Zuanwu Zhuangjing Xiaocheng ({{lang|zh-hant|弘基纘武莊靖孝成皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Wanyan Dan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|完顏亶}}
| 8 February 1135 – 9 January 1150<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1135|2|8|1150|1|9}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Tianhui''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天會}})<br/>1135 – 6 February 1138
* '''Tianjuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天眷}})<br/>7 February 1138 – 20 February 1141
* '''Huangtong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|皇統}})<br/>21 February 1141 – 9 January 1150
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Emperor Taizu of Jin|Taizu]]
| 1119 –  9 January 1150<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1119|1150}})</small>
----Assassinated by his chancellor and successor [[Wanyan Liang]]{{sfnm|1a1=Moule|1y=1957|1p=100|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=374}}
|-
| ''None, informally known as''<br/>'''[[Wanyan Liang|Prince of Hailing]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|海陵王}}
| Wanyan Liang<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|完顏亮}}
| 9 January 1150 – 15 December 1161<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1150|1|9|1161|12|15}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Tiande''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天德}})<br/>11 January 1150 – 20 April 1153
* '''Zhenyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|貞元}})<br/>21 April 1153 – 22 February 1156
* '''Zhenglong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|正隆}})<br/>23 February 1156 – 15 December 1161
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Emperor Taizu of Jin|Taizu]]
| 1122 – 15 December 1161<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1122|1161}})</small>
----Assassinated by his military commanders after losing the [[Battle of Caishi]]{{sfnm|1a1=Moule|1y=1957|1p=100|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2pp=374–375}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Shizong of Jin|Shizong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|世宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Renxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|仁孝皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Guangtian Yuyun Wende Wugong Shengming Renxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|光天興運文德武功聖明仁孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Wanyan Yong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|完顏雍}}
| 27 October 1161 – 20 January 1189<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1161|10|27|1189|1|20}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Dading''' ({{lang|zh-hant|大定}})<br/>28 October 1161 – 20 January 1189
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Emperor Taizu of Jin|Taizu]]
| 1123 – 20 January 1189<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1123|1189}})</small>
----Had the longest and most stable reign of the dynasty{{sfnm|1a1=Moule|1y=1957|1p=100|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=375}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Zhangzong of Jin|Zhangzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|章宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Yingxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|英孝皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Xiantian Guangyun Renwen Yiwu Shensheng Yingxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|憲天光運仁文義武神聖英孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Wanyan Jing<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|完顏璟}}
| 20 January 1189 – 29 December 1208<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1189|1|20|1208|12|29}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/> 
* '''Mingchang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|明昌}})<br/>7 February 1190 – 13 December 1196
* '''Cheng'an''' ({{lang|zh-hant|承安}})<br/>14 December 1196 – 6 January 1201
* '''Taihe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|泰和}})<br/>7 January 1201 – 29 December 1208
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Emperor Shizong of Jin|Shizong]]
| 31 August 1168 – 29 December 1208<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1168|8|31|1208|12|29}})</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Moule|1y=1957|1p=101|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=375}}
|-
| ''None, informally known as''<br/>'''[[Wanyan Yongji|Prince Shao of Wei]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|衛紹王}}
| Wanyan Yongji<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|完顏永濟}}
| 29 December 1208 – 11 September 1213<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1208|12|29|1213|9|11}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Da'an''' ({{lang|zh-hant|大安}})<br/>5 March 1209 – 4 February 1212
* '''Chongqing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|崇慶}})<br/>5 February 1212 – ? 1213
* '''Zhining''' ({{lang|zh-hant|至寧}})<br/>? 1213 – 11 September 1213
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Shizong of Jin|Shizong]]
| ? – 11 September 1213{{efn|{{harvnb|Moule|1957|p=101}} notes that there is uncertainty concerning [[Wanyan Yongji]]'s death date}}<br/><small>(aged ?)</small>
----Assassinated under the orders of the general {{ill|胡沙虎|zh|lt=Hushahu}}{{sfnm|1a1=Moule|1y=1957|1p=101|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=375}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Xuanzong of Jin|Xuanzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|宣宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Shengxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|聖孝皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Jitian Xingtong Shudao Qinren Yingwu Shengxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|繼天興統述道勤仁英武聖孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Wanyan Xun<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|完顏珣}}
| 22 September 1213 – 14 January 1224<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1213|9|22|1224|1|14}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Zhenyou''' ({{lang|zh-hant|貞祐}})<br/>30 September 1213 – 8 October 1217
* '''Xingding''' ({{lang|zh-hant|興定}})<br/>9 October 1217 – 15 September 1222
* '''Yuanguang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元光}})<br/>15 September 1222 – 14 January 1224
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Emperor Shizong of Jin|Shizong]]
| 1163 – 14 January 1224<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1163|1224}})</small>
----Suffered heavy losses from the Mongols. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Moule|1y=1957|1p=101|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=375}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Aizong of Jin|Aizong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|哀宗}}
| Wanyan Shouxu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|完顏守緒}}
| 15 January 1224 – 8 February 1234<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1224|1|15|1234|2|8}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Zhengda''' ({{lang|zh-hant|正大}})<br/>22 January 1224 – 10 February 1232
* '''Kaixing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|開興}})<br/>11 February 1232 – 4 May 1232
* '''Tianxing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天興}})<br/>5 May 1232 – 8 February 1234
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Xuanzong of Jin|Xuanzong]]
| 25 September 1198 – 9 February 1234<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1198|9|25|1234|2|9}})</small>
----Committed suicide amid Mongol invasions{{sfnm|1a1=Moule|1y=1957|1p=101|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=375}}
|-
| '''[[Emperor Mo of Jin|Mo]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|末}}
| Wanyan Chenglin<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|完顏承麟}}
| 9 February 1234<br/><small>(less than a day)</small>
| Descendant of [[Helibo]]
| ? – 9 February 1234<br/><small>(aged ?)</small>
----The shortest reigning Chinese monarch, ruled for less than a day. Died during the [[Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty|Mongol conquest of the Jin]]{{sfnm|1a1=Moule|1y=1957|1p=101|2a1=''Imperial China''|2y=2020|2p=375}}
|}

===Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)===
{{Main list|List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty}}
{{further|Yuan dynasty|Yuan dynasty family tree}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ Yuan dynasty (大元; 1271–1368)
|-
! scope="col" width="10%" | Portrait
! scope="col" width="15%" | Khan name<!--{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=625}}-->
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="23%" | Reign
! scope="col" width="12%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| [[File:YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Kublai Khan|Setsen Khan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|薛禪汗}}<hr/>''better known as''<br/>'''[[Kublai Khan]]'''
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Shizu ({{lang|zh-hant|世祖}})
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Shengde Shengong Wenwu ({{lang|zh-hant|聖德神功文武皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Borjigin Kublai<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孛兒只斤忽必烈}}
| 18 December 1271 – 18 February 1294<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1271|12|18|1294|02|18}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Zhongtong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|中統}})<br/>26 June 1260 – 6 September 1264
* '''Zhiyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|至元}})<br/>7 September 1264 –  18 February 1294
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Genghis Khan]]; declared emperor after defeating the Song in the [[Battle of Yamen]]
| 23 September 1215 – 18 February 1294<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1215|9|23|1294|2|18}})</small>
----[[Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty|Fully conquered the Song dynasty]], won the [[Toluid Civil War]], moved the capital to [[Khanbaliq]] and employed [[Marco Polo]]{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=148–153|2a1=Rossabi|2y=1994|2pp=454–489|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=103}}
|-
| [[File:YuanEmperorAlbumTemurOljeituPortrait.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Temür Khan|Öljeytü Khan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|完澤篤汗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/>
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Chengzong ({{lang|zh-hant|成宗}})
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Qinming Guangxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|欽明廣孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Borjigin Temür<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孛兒只斤鐵穆耳}}
| 10 May 1294 – 10 February 1307<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1294|5|10|1307|2|10}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yuanzhen''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元貞}})<br/>17 January 1295 – 20 March 1297
* '''Dade''' ({{lang|zh-hant|大德}})<br/>21 March 1297 – 10 February 1307
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Kublai Khan|Kublai]]
| 15 October 1265 – 10 February 1307<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1265|10|15|1307|2|10}})</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1pp=156–158|2a1=Ch'i-Ch'ing|2y=1994|2pp=492–503|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=103}}
|-
| [[File:YuanEmperorAlbumQaishanKulugPortrait.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Külüg Khan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|曲律汗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Wuzong ({{lang|zh-hant|武宗}})
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Renhui Xuanxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|仁惠宣孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Borjigin Haishan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孛兒只斤海山}}
| 21 June 1307 – 27 January 1311<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1307|6|21|1311|1|27}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Zhida''' ({{lang|zh-hant|至大}})<br/>23 January 1308 – 27 January 1311
}}</small>
| Great-grandson of [[Kublai Khan|Kublai]]
| 4 August 1281 – 27 January 1311<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1281|8|4|1311|1|27}})</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=156|2a1=Ch'i-Ch'ing|2y=1994|2pp=505–512|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=103}}
|-
| [[File:YuanEmperorAlbumAyurbarvadaBuyantuPortrait.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan|Buyantu Khan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|普顏篤汗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Renzong ({{lang|zh-hant|仁宗}})
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Shengwen Qinxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|聖文欽孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Borjigin Ayurbarwada<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孛兒只斤愛育黎拔力八達}}
| 7 April 1311 – 1 March 1320<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1311|4|7|1320|3|1}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Huangqing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|皇慶}})<br/>7 April 1311 – 6 February 1314
* '''Yanyou''' ({{lang|zh-hant|延祐}})<br/>7 February 1314 – 1 March 1320
}}</small>
| Great-grandson of [[Kublai Khan|Kublai]]
| 9 April 1285 – 1 March 1320<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1285|4|9|1320|3|1}})</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=156|2a1=Ch'i-Ch'ing|2y=1994|2pp=513–526|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=103}}
|-
| 
| '''[[Gegeen Khan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|格堅汗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Yingzong ({{lang|zh-hant|英宗}})
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Ruisheng Wenxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|睿聖文孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Borjigin Shidibala<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孛兒只斤硕德八剌}}
| 19 April 1320 – 4 September 1323<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1320|4|19|1323|9|4}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Zhizhi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|至治}})<br/>30 December 1320 – 4 September 1323
}}</small>
| Son of [[Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan|Ayurbarwada]]
| 22 February 1302 – 4 September 1323<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1302|2|22|1323|9|4}})</small>
----Killed in a coup led by {{ill|铁木迭儿|zh|lt=Temuder}}{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=156|2a1=Ch'i-Ch'ing|2y=1994|2pp=527–531|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=103}}
|-
| 
| ''None, known either by his personal or era name''<!--Had no temple or posthumous names-->
| '''[[Yesün Temür (Yuan dynasty)|Borjigin Yesün Temür]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孛兒只斤也孫鐵木兒}}
| 4 October 1323 – 15 August 1328<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1323|10|4|1328|8|15}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Taiding''' ({{lang|zh-hant|泰定}})<br/>3 January 1324 – 6 May 1328
* '''Zhihe''' ({{lang|zh-hant|致和}})<br/>7 May 1328 – 15 August 1328
}}</small>
| Great-Grandson of [[Kublai Khan|Kublai]]
| 28 November 1293 – 15 August 1328{{efn|Some uncertainty surrounds his birth and death dates, see {{harvnb|Ch'i-Ch'ing|1994|p=353}}}}<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1293|11|28|1328|8|15}})</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=156|2a1=Ch'i-Ch'ing|2y=1994|2pp=535–540|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=104}}
|-
| 
| ''None, known either by his personal or era name''<!--Had no temple or posthumous names-->
| '''[[Ragibagh Khan|Borjigin Ragibagh]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孛兒只斤阿剌吉八}}
| October 1328 – 14 November 1328<br/><small>({{Age in years and months|1328|10|1|1328|11|14}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Tianshun''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天順}})<br/>October 1328 – 14 November 1328
}}</small>
| Son of [[Yesün Temür (Yuan dynasty)|Yesün]]
| 1320 – 14 November 1328<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1320|1|1|1328|11|14}})</small>
----Child emperor; probably murdered amid the [[War of the Two Capitals]]{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=156|2a1=Ch'i-Ch'ing|2y=1994|2pp=541–557|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=104}}
|-
| [[File:YuanEmperorAlbumTughTemurPortrait.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür|Jayaatu Khan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|札牙篤汗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Wenzong ({{lang|zh-hant|文宗}})
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Shengming Yuanxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|聖明元孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Borjigin Tugh Temür<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孛兒只斤圖帖睦爾}}
| 16 October 1328 – 26 February 1329<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1328|10|16|1329|02|26}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Tianli''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天曆}})<br/>16 October 1328 – 26 February 1329
}}</small>
| Son of [[Külüg Khan|Külüg]]
| 16 February 1304 – 2 September 1332<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1304|2|16|1332|9|2}})</small>
----Abdicated in favor of his brother [[Khutughtu Khan]]{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1pp=156–157|2a1=Ch'i-Ch'ing|2y=1994|2pp=541–557|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=104}}
|-
| [[File:YuanEmperor Kusala.jpg|110px|alt=Khutughtu Khan]]
| '''[[Khutughtu Khan Kusala|Khutughtu Khan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|忽都篤汗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Mingzong ({{lang|zh-hant|明宗}})
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Yixian Jingxiao ({{lang|zh-hant|翼獻景孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Borjigin Kusala<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孛兒只斤和世剌}}
| 27 February 1329 – 30 August 1329<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1329|2|27|1329|8|30}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Tianli''' ({{lang|zh-hant|天曆}})<br/>27 February 1329 – 30 August 1329
}}</small>
| Son of [[Külüg Khan|Külüg]]
| 22 December 1300 – 30 August 1329<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1300|12|22|1329|8|30}})</small>
----Briefly ruled before killed by [[El Temür]]{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=156|2a1=Ch'i-Ch'ing|2y=1994|2pp=541–557|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=104}}
|-
| [[File:YuanEmperorAlbumTughTemurPortrait.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür|Jayaatu Khan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|札牙篤汗}}<br/><small>('''second reign''')</small>
| Borjigin Tugh Temür<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孛兒只斤圖帖睦爾}}
| 8 September 1329 – 2 September 1332<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1329|9|08|1332|9|2}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Zhishun''' ({{lang|zh-hant|至順}})<br/>25 May 1330 – 2 September 1332
}}</small>
| Son of [[Külüg Khan|Külüg]]
| 16 February 1304 – 2 September 1332<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1304|2|16|1332|9|2}})</small>
----A patron of the arts and scholarship, his reign was dominated by the ministers [[El Temür]] and [[Bayan of the Merkid]]. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1pp=156–157|2a1=Ch'i-Ch'ing|2y=1994|2pp=541–557|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=104}}
|-
| [[File:YuanEmperorAlbumIrinchinbalPortrait.jpg|110px]]
| ''None, known by his personal name''
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Ningzong ({{lang|zh-hant|寧宗}})
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Chongsheng Sixiao ({{lang|zh-hant|沖聖嗣孝皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| '''[[Rinchinbal Khan|Borjigin Rinchinbal]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孛兒只斤懿璘質班}}
| 23 October 1332 – 14 December 1332<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1332|10|23|1332|12|14}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Zhishun''' ({{lang|zh-hant|至順}})<br/>23 October 1332 – 14 December 1332
}}</small>
| Son of [[Khutughtu Khan Kusala|Khutughtu]]
| 1 May 1326 – 14 December 1332<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1326|5|1|1332|12|14}})</small>
----Child emperor; died of sudden illness{{sfnm|1a1=Paludan|1y=1998|1p=157|2a1=Moule|2y=1957|2p=104}}
|-
| 
| '''[[Toghon Temür|Ukhaghatu Khan]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|烏哈噶圖汗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Huizong ({{lang|zh-hant|惠宗}})
: '''Posthumous name''':<br/>Emperor Shun ({{lang|zh-hant|順皇帝}}){{efn|[[Toghon Temür|Ukhaghatu Khan]]'s posthumous name was given by the [[Ming dynasty|Ming court]]{{sfn|Dardess|1994|p=561}}}}
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Borjigin Toghon Temür<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|孛兒只斤妥懽帖睦爾}}
| 19 July 1333 – 10 September 1368<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1333|6|19|1368|9|10}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yuantong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|元統}})<br/>15 November 1333 – 7 December 1335
* '''Zhiyuan''' ({{lang|zh-hant|至元}})<br/>8 December 1335 – 17 January 1341
* '''Zhizheng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|至正}})<br/>18 January 1341 – 10 September 1368
}}</small>
| Son of [[Khutughtu Khan Kusala|Khutughtu]]
| 25 May 1320 – 23 May 1370<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1320|5|25|1370|5|23}})</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrich|1a2=Fang|1y=1976b|1pp=1290–1293|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=157|3a1=Dardess|3y=1994|3pp=566–583|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=104}}
|}

===Ming dynasty (1368–1644)===
{{Main list|List of emperors of the Ming dynasty}}
{{further|Ming dynasty|Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late)#Ming dynasty and Southern Ming|label2=Ming dynasty family tree}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ Ming dynasty (大明; 1368–1644)
|-
! scope="col" width="10%" | Portrait
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Chinese era name|Era name]]
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="23%" | Reign{{efn|In the [[Ming dynasty]], a few days usually separate each emperor's reign. When a Ming emperor died there was a period of mourning, after which their successor was crowned as soon a "propitious" day was chosen. Emperors reigned in their predecessor's [[Chinese era name|era name]] until a new era name was declared at the beginning of the next year. Thus, the [[Hongwu]] (洪武) era did not technically end with the [[Hongwu Emperor]]'s death on 24 June 1398, but ended on 5 February 1399 when the subsequent [[Jianwen Emperor]] began a new era on 6 February 1399.{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|pp=885–886}}}}
! scope="col" width="12%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| [[File:A Seated Portrait of Ming Emperor Taizu.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Hongwu Emperor|Hongwu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|洪武}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Taizu ({{lang|zh-hant|太祖}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Gao ({{lang|zh-hant|高皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Kaitian Xingdao Zhaoji Liji Dasheng Zhishen Renwen Yiwu Junde Chenggong Gao ({{lang|zh-hant|開天行道肇紀立極大聖至神仁文義武俊德成功高皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhu Yuanzhang<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|朱元璋}}
| 23 January 1368 – 24 June 1398<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1368|01|23|1398|06|24}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Hongwu''' (洪武)<br/>23 January 1368 – 24 June 1398
}}</small>
| Born into poverty, he led the [[Red Turban Rebellions]] to establish the Ming dynasty
| 21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1328|10|21|1398|06|24}})</small>
----Initiated cultural reconstruction and political reform, also noted for his extreme and violent methods of enforcement. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrich|1a2=Fang|1y=1976a|1pp=381–392|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2=pp=160–163|3a1=Langlois|3y=1988|3pp=107–181|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=106|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=885}}
|-
| colspan="2" | '''[[Jianwen Emperor|Jianwen]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|建文}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/>
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Huizong ({{lang|zh-hant|惠宗}}){{efn|The temple name Huizong was given to the [[Jianwen Emperor]] long after his reign by [[Zhu Yousong]], the [[Prince of Fu (Ming dynasty)|Prince of Fu]], in 1644.{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=885}}}}
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Hui ({{lang|zh-hant|惠皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Gōngmǐn Hui ({{lang|zh-hant|恭閔惠皇帝}}){{efn|The posthumous name Emperor Gongmin Hui was given to the [[Jianwen Emperor]] long after his reign by the [[Qianlong Emperor]] in 1736.{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=885}}}}
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhu Yunwen<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|朱允炆}}
| 30 June 1398 – 13 July 1402<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1398|06|30|1402|07|13}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Hongwu''' (洪武)<br/>30 June 1398 – 5 February 1399
* '''Jianwen''' (建文)<br/>6 February 1399 – 13 July 1402
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Hongwu Emperor|Hongwu]]
| 5 December 1377 – 13 July 1402<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1377|12|05|1402|07|13}})</small>
----Overthrown by the future [[Yongle Emperor]], his uncle. Either died in or disappeared after the fires in the [[Ming Palace]].{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrich|1a2=Fang|1y=1976a|1pp=397–404|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=163|3a1=Chan|3y=1988|3pp=184–204|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=106|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=885}}
|-
| [[File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Ming Chengzu.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Yongle Emperor|Yongle]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|永樂}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/>
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Chengzu ({{lang|zh-hant|成祖}}){{efn|Following his death, the Yongle Emperor was given the temple name Taizong
({{lang|zh-hant|太宗}}) by his successor the [[Hongxi Emperor]], but this was changed on 3 October 1538 to Chengzu ({{lang|zh-hant|成祖}}) by the [[Jiajing Emperor]]. The latter has been used since its bestowment{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=885}}}}
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Wen ({{lang|zh-hant|文皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Qitian Hongdao Gaoming Zhaoyun Shengwu Shengong Chunren Zhixiao Wen ({{lang|zh-hant|啓天弘道高明肇運聖武神功純仁至孝文皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhu Di<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|朱棣}}
| 17 July 1402 – 12 August 1424<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1402|07|17|1424|08|12}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Hongwu''' (洪武)<br/>30 July 1402 – 22 January 1403
* '''Yongle''' (永樂)<br/>23 January 1403 – 19 January 1425
}}</small>
| Son of [[Hongwu Emperor|Hongwu]]
| 2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1360|05|02|1424|08|12}})</small>
----Raised the Ming to its highest power. Patron of many projects, including the [[Porcelain Tower of Nanjing]], ''[[Yongle Encyclopedia]]'' and the [[Ming treasure voyages]]. Died of natural causes.{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrich|1a2=Fang|1y=1976a|1pp=355–364|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=163–167|3a1=Chan|3y=1988|3pp=205–275|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=107|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=885}}
|-
| [[File:MingRenzongPortrait.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Hongxi Emperor|Hongxi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|洪熙}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/>
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Renzong ({{lang|zh-hant|仁宗}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Zhao ({{lang|zh-hant|昭皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Jingtian Tidao Chuncheng Zhide Hongwen Qinwu Zhangsheng Daxiao Zhao ({{lang|zh-hant|敬天體道純誠至德弘文欽武章聖達孝昭皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhu Gaochi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|朱高熾}}
| 7 September 1424 – 29 May 1425<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1424|09|07|1425|05|29}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yongle''' (永樂)<br/>7 September 1424 – 19 January 1425
* '''Hongxi''' (洪熙)<br/>20 January 1425 – 7 February 1426
}}</small>
| Son of [[Yongle Emperor|Yongle]]
| 16 August 1378 – 29 May 1425<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1378|08|16|1425|05|29}})</small>
----Focused primarily on domestic affairs. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrich|1a2=Fang|1y=1976a|1pp=338–340|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=167–169|3a1=Chan|3y=1988|3pp=276–283|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=107|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=885}}
|-
| [[File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Ming Xuanzong.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Xuande Emperor|Xuande]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|宣德}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/>
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Xuanzong ({{lang|zh-hant|宣宗}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Zhang ({{lang|zh-hant|章皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Xiantian Chongdao Yingming Shensheng Qinwen Zhaowu Kuanren Chunxiao Zhang ({{lang|zh-hant|憲天崇道英明神聖欽文昭武寬仁純孝章皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhu Zhanji<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|朱瞻基}}
| 27 June 1425 – 31 January 1435<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1425|06|27|1435|01|31}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/>
* '''Hongxi''' (洪熙)<br/>28 June 1425 – 7 February 1426
* '''Xuande''' (宣德)<br/>8 February 1426 – 17 January 1436
}}</small>
| Son of [[Hongxi Emperor|Hongxi]]
| 16 March 1399 – 31 January 1435<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1399|03|16|1435|01|31}})</small>
----A noted painter. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrich|1a2=Fang|1y=1976a|1pp=279–289|2a1=Paludan|2a2=1998|2p=169|3a1=Chan|3y=1988|3pp=284–304|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=107|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=885}}
|-
| [[File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Ming Yingzong.jpg|110px]]
| ''known by his temple:''<br/>'''[[Emperor Yingzong of Ming|Yingzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|英宗}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/>
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Yingzong ({{lang|zh-hant|英宗}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Rui ({{lang|zh-hant|睿皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Fatian Lidao Renming Chengjing Zhaowen Xianwu Zhide Guangxiao Rui ({{lang|zh-hant|法天立道仁明誠敬昭文憲武至德廣孝睿皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhu Qizhen<br/>朱祁镇
| 7 February 1435 – 1 September 1449<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1435|2|7|1449|9|1}})</small>{{efn|From 1 September 1449 to 20 September 1450, [[Emperor Yingzong of Ming|Emperor Yingzong]] was a captive of the [[Northern Yuan]] dynasty during the [[Tumu Crisis]]. He was restored to power on 11 February 1457.{{sfn|Goodrich|Fang|1976a|p=xxi}}|name=captive}}<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = |<hr/>
* '''Xuande''' (宣德)<br/>7 February 1435 – 17 January 1436
* '''Zhengtong''' (正統)<br/>18 January 1436 – 13 January 1450
}}</small>
| Son of [[Xuande Emperor|Xuande]]
| 29 November 1427 – 23 February 1464<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1427|11|29|1464|02|23}})</small>
----His reign was dominated by eunuchs, particularly [[Wang Zhen (eunuch)|Wang Zhen]], which led to growing instability. Captured by the [[Northern Yuan]] dynasty during the [[Tumu Crisis]].{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrich|1a2=Fang|1y=1976a|1pp=289–294|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=170–171|3a1=Twitchett|3a2=Grimm|3y=1988|3pp=305–324|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=107|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=885}}
|-
| colspan="2" | '''[[Jingtai Emperor|Jingtai]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|景泰}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/>
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Daizong ({{lang|zh-hant|代宗}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Jing ({{lang|zh-hant|景皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Gongren Kangding Jing ({{lang|zh-hant|恭仁康定景皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhu Qiyu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|朱祁鈺}}
| 22 September 1449 – 24 February 1457<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1449|09|22|1457|02|24}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand =
| <hr/>
* '''Zhengtong''' (正統)<br/>18 January 1436 – 13 January 1450
* '''Jingtai''' (景泰)<br/>14 January 1450 – 11 February 1457
}}</small>
| Son of [[Xuande Emperor|Xuande]]
| 11 September 1428 – 14 March 1457<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1428|09|11|1457|03|14}})</small>
----Briefly ruled while his brother was held captive; deposed soon after. Died a month later, possibly from murder.{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrich|1a2=Fang|1y=1976a|2pp=294–297|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=171|3a1=Twitchett|3a2=Grimm|3y=1988|3pp=325–338|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=108|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=885}}
|-
| [[File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Ming Yingzong.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Emperor Yingzong of Ming|Yingzong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|英宗}}<br/><small>('''second reign''')</small>
| Zhu Qizhen<br/>朱祁镇
| 11 February 1457 – 23 February 1464<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1457|2|11|1464|2|23}})</small>{{efn||name=captive}}<br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand =
| <hr/>
* '''Tianshun''' (天順)<br/>11 February 1457 – 26 January 1465
}}</small>
| Son of [[Xuande Emperor|Xuande]]
| 29 November 1427 – 23 February 1464<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1427|11|29|1464|02|23}})</small>
----Restored to power after his release. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrich|1a2=Fang|1y=1976a|1pp=289–294|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=171–172|3a1=Twitchett|3a2=Grimm|3y=1988|3pp=339–342|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=107|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=885}}
|-
| [[File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Ming Xianzong.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Chenghua Emperor|Chenghua]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|成化}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/>
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Xianzong ({{lang|zh-hant|憲宗}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Chun ({{lang|zh-hant|純皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Jitian Ningdao Chengming Renjing Chongwen Suwu Hongde Shengxiao Chun ({{lang|zh-hant|繼天凝道誠明仁敬崇文肅武宏德聖孝純皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhu Jianshen<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|朱見濡}}
| 28 February 1464 – 9 September 1487<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1464|02|28|1487|09|09}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/>
* '''Jingtai''' (景泰)<br/>28 February 1464 – 26 January 1465
* '''Chenghua''' (成化)<br/>27 January 1465 – 9 September 1487
}}</small>
| Son of [[Emperor Yingzong of Ming|Yingzong]]
| 9 December 1447 – 9 September 1487<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1447|12|09|1487|09|09}})</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrich|1a2=Fang|1y=1976a|1pp=298–304|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=173–174|3a1=Mote|3y=1988|3pp=343–369|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=108|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=885}}
|-
| [[File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Hongzhi.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Hongzhi Emperor|Hongzhi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|弘治}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/>
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Xiaozong ({{lang|zh-hant|孝宗}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Jing ({{lang|zh-hant|敬皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Datian Mingdao Chuncheng Zhongzheng Shengwen Shenwu Zhiren Dade Jing ({{lang|zh-hant|達天明道純誠中正聖文神武至仁大德敬皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhu Youcheng<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|朱祐樘}}
| 22 September 1487 – 8 June 1505<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1487|09|22|1505|06|08}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/>
* '''Chenghua''' (成化)<br/>22 September 1487 – 13 January 1488
* '''Hongzhi''' (弘治)<br/>14 January 1488 – 23 January 1506
}}</small>
| Son of [[Chenghua Emperor|Chenghua]]
| 30 July 1470 – 9 June 1505<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1470|07|30|1505|06|09}})</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrich|1a2=Fang|1y=1976a|1pp=375–380|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=174|3a1=Mote|3y=1988|3pp=343–369|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=108|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=885}}
|-
| [[File:Ming Wuzong.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Zhengde Emperor|Zhengde]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|正德}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/>
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Wuzong ({{lang|zh-hant|武宗}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Yi ({{lang|zh-hant|毅皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Chengtian Dadao Yingsu Ruizhe Zhaode Xiangong Hongwen Sixiao Yi ({{lang|zh-hant|承天達道英肅睿哲昭德顯功弘文思孝毅皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhu Houzhao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|朱厚㷖}}
| 19 June 1505 – 20 April 1521<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1505|06|19|1521|04|20}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/>
* '''Hongzhi''' (弘治)<br/>19 June 1505 – 23 January 1506
* '''Zhengde''' (正德)<br/>24 January 1506 – 20 April 1521
}}</small>
| Son of [[Hongzhi Emperor|Hongzhi]]
| 14 November 1491 – 20 April 1521<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1491|11|14|1521|04|20}})</small>
----His reign saw the rise of influence from eunuchs, particularly [[Liu Jin]]. Probably drowned after his boat sank.{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrich|1a2=Fang|1y=1976a|1pp=307–315|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=176–178|3a1=Geiss|3y=1988a|3pp=403–439|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=108|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=885}}
|-
| [[File:Portrait assis de l'empereur Jiajing.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Jiajing Emperor|Jiajing]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|嘉靖}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/>
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Shizong ({{lang|zh-hant|世宗}}) 
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Su ({{lang|zh-hant|肅皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Qintian Lüdao Yingyi Shengshen Xuanwen Guangwu Hongren Daxiao Su ({{lang|zh-hant|欽天履道英毅聖神宣文廣武洪仁大孝肅皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhu Houcong<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|朱厚熜}}
| 27 May 1521 – 23 January 1567<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1521|05|27|1567|01|22}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/>
* '''Zhengde''' (正德)<br/>27 May 1506 – 26 January 1522
* '''Jiajing''' (嘉靖)<br/>28 January 1522 – 23 January 1567
}}</small>
| Grandson of [[Chenghua Emperor|Chenghua]], brother of [[Zhengde Emperor|Zhengde]]
| 16 September 1507 – 23 January 1567<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1507|09|16|1567|01|23}})</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrich|1a2=Fang|1y=1976a|1pp=315–322|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=178–180|3a1=Geiss|3y=1988b|3pp=440–510|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=108|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=885}}
|-
| [[File:明穆宗坐像 軸.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Longqing Emperor|Longqing]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|隆慶}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/>
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Muzong ({{lang|zh-hant|穆宗}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Zhuang ({{lang|zh-hant|莊皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Qitian Longdao Yuanyi Kuanren Xianwen Guangwu Chunde Hongxiao Zhuang ({{lang|zh-hant|契天隆道淵懿寬仁顯文光武純德弘孝莊皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhu Zaiji<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|朱載坖}}
| 4 February 1567 – 5 July 1572<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1567|02|04|1572|07|05}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/>
* '''Jiajing''' (嘉靖)<br/>4 February 1567 – 8 February 1567
* '''Longqing''' (隆慶)<br/>9 February 1567 – 5 July 1572
}}</small>
| Son of [[Jiajing Emperor|Jiajing]]
| 4 March 1537 – 5 July 1572<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1537|03|04|1572|07|05}})</small>
----Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrich|1a2=Fang|1y=1976a|1pp=365–367|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=180|3a1=Huang|3y=1988|3pp=511–513|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=108|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=885}}
|-
| [[File:Ming Shenzong (1).jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Wanli Emperor|Wanli]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|萬曆}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/>
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Shénzōng ({{lang|zh-hant|神宗}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Xian ({{lang|zh-hant|顯皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Fantian Hedao Zhesu Dunjian Guangwen Zhangwu Anren Zhixiao Xian ({{lang|zh-hant|範天合道哲肅敦簡光文章武安仁止孝顯皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhu Yijun<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|朱翊鈞}}
| 19 July 1572 – 18 August 1620<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1572|07|19|1620|08|18}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/>
* '''Longqing''' (隆慶)<br/>19 July 1572 – 1 February 1573
* '''Wanli''' (萬曆)<br/>2 February 1573 – 18 August 1620
}}</small>
| Son of [[Longqing Emperor|Longqing]]
| 4 September 1563 – 18 August 1620<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1563|09|04|1620|08|18}})</small>
----Despite early successes, the gradual [[Decline of the Ming Dynasty|decline of Ming]] began towards the end of his reign. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Goodrich|1a2=Fang|1y=1976a|1pp=324–338|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=180–183|3a1=Huang|3y=1988|3pp=511–517|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=109|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=885}}
|-
| [[File:Ming Guangzong.jpg|110px]]
| '''[[Taichang Emperor|Taichang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|泰昌}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/>
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Guangzong ({{lang|zh-hant|光宗}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/> Emperor Zhen ({{lang|zh-hant|貞皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Chongtian Qidao Yingrui Gongchun Xianwen Jingwu Yuanren Yixiao Zhen ({{lang|zh-hant|崇天契道英睿恭純憲文景武淵仁懿孝貞皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhu Changluo<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|朱常洛}}
| 28 August – 26 September 1620<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1620|08|28|1620|09|26}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Taichang''' (泰昌)<br/>28 August 1620 – 26 September 1620
}}</small>
| Son of [[Wanli Emperor|Wanli]]
| 28 August 1582 – 26 September 1620<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1582|08|28|1620|09|26}})</small>
----Died suddenly after a reign of around a month, possibly murdered by poison{{sfnm|1a1=Kennedy|1y=1943a|1pp=176–177|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=183|3a1=Atwell|3y=1988|3pp=590–594|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=109|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=885}}
|-
| [[File:明熹宗坐像.tiff|110px]]
| '''[[Tianqi Emperor|Tianqi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|天啓}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/>
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Xizong ({{lang|zh-hant|熹宗}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Zhen ({{lang|zh-hant|貞皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Datian Chandao Dunxiao Duyou Zhangwen Xiangwu Jingmu Zhuangqin Zhen ({{lang|zh-hant|達天闡道敦孝篤友章文襄武靖穆莊勤悊皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhu Youjiao<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|朱由校}}
| 1 October 1620 – 30 September 1627<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1620|10|01|1627|09|30}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Taichang''' (泰昌)<br/>1 October 1620 – 21 January 1621
* '''Tianqi''' (天啓)<br/>22 January 1621 – 30 September 1627
}}</small>
| Son of [[Taichang Emperor|Taichang]]
| 23 December 1605 – 30 September 1627<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1605|12|23|1627|09|30}})</small>
----A weak ruler, his reign was dominated by the eunuch [[Wei Zhongxian]]. Died from an unknown illness{{sfnm|1a1=Kennedy|1y=1943b|1p=190|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=183, 187|3a1=Atwell|3y=1988|3pp=595–610|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=109|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=886}}
|-
| colspan="2" | '''[[Chongzhen Emperor|Chongzhen]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|崇禎}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/>
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Sīzōng ({{lang|zh-hant|思宗}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Min ({{lang|zh-hant|愍皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Zhuanglie Min ({{lang|zh-hant|莊烈愍皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Zhu Youjian<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|朱由檢}}
| 2 October 1627 – 25 April 1644<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1627|10|02|1644|04|25}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Tianqi''' (天啓)<br/>2 October 1627 – 4 February 1628
* '''Chongzhen''' (崇禎)<br/>5 February 1628 – 25 April 1644
}}</small>
| Son of [[Taichang Emperor|Taichang]], brother of [[Tianqi Emperor|Tianqi]]
| 6 February 1611 – 25 April 1644<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1611|02|06|1644|04|25}})</small>
----Committed suicide, possibly by [[Zuihuai|hanging himself on a tree]].{{sfnm|1a1=Kennedy|1y=1943c|1pp=191–192|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=187|3a1=Atwell|3y=1988|3pp=611–636|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=109|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=886}}
|}

===Qing dynasty (1644–1912)===
{{Main list|List of emperors of the Qing dynasty}}
{{further|Qing dynasty|Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late)#Later Jin and Qing dynasty|label2=Qing dynasty family tree}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
|+ Qing dynasty (大清; 1644–1912)
|-
! scope="col" width="10%" | Portrait
! scope="col" width="15%" | [[Chinese era name|Era name]]
! scope="col" width="15%" | Personal name
! scope="col" width="23%" | Reign{{efn|In the [[Qing dynasty]], a few days usually separate each emperor's reign. When a Qing emperor died there was a period of mourning, after which the successor was crowned as soon a "propitious" day was chosen. Emperors reigned in their predecessor's [[Chinese era name|era name]] until a new era name was declared at the beginning of the next year. Thus, the Shunzhi ({{lang|zh-hant|順治}}) era did not technically end with the [[Shunzhi Emperor]]'s death on 5 February 1661, but ended on 17 February 1662 when the subsequent [[Kangxi Emperor]] began a new era on 18 February 1662.{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=907}}}}
! scope="col" width="12%" | Succession
! scope="col" width="25%" | Life details
|-
| [[File:清 佚名 《清世祖顺治皇帝朝服像》.jpg|frameless|100px|alt=]]
| '''[[Shunzhi Emperor|Shunzhi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|順治}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Shizu ({{lang|zh-hant|世祖}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Zhang ({{lang|zh-hant|章皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Titian Longyun Dingtong Jianji Yingrui Qinwen Xianwu Dahe Honggong Zhiren Chunxiao Zhang ({{lang|zh-hant|體天隆運定統建極英睿欽文顯武大德弘功至仁純孝章皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Aisin-Gioro Fulin<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|愛新覺羅福臨}}
| 8 November 1644 – 5 February 1661<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1644|11|8|1661|2|5}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Shunzhi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|順治}})<br/>8 November 1644 – 5 February 1661
}}</small>
| Son of [[Hong Taiji]]; chosen by a [[Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers|council of Manchu princes]]
| 15 March 1638 – 5 February 1661<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1638|3|15|1661|2|5}})</small>
----Finished the [[Transition from Ming to Qing|Manchu conquest of the Ming]], pushing the remaining Ming sympathizers [[Southern Ming|to the South]]. Died suddenly of [[smallpox]]{{sfnm|1a1=Fang|1y=1943a|1pp=255–259|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=190–191|3a1=Dennerline|3y=2002|3pp=73–119|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=111|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=907}}
|-
| [[File:Portrait of the Kangxi Emperor in Court Dress.jpg|frameless|100px|alt=]]
| '''[[Kangxi Emperor|Kangxi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|康熙}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Shengzu ({{lang|zh-hant|聖祖}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Ren ({{lang|zh-hant|仁皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Hetian Hongyun Wenwu Ruizhe Gongjian Kuanyu Xiaojing Chengxin Zhonghe Gongde Dacheng Ren ({{lang|zh-hant|合天弘運文武睿哲恭儉寬裕孝敬誠信中和功德大成仁皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Aisin-Gioro Xuanye<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|愛新覺羅玄燁}}
| 5 February 1661 – 20 December 1722<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1661|2|5|1722|12|20}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Shunzhi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|順治}})<br/>17 February 1661 – 17 February 1662
* '''Kangxi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|康熙}})<br/>18 February 1662 – 20 December 1722
}}</small>
| Son of [[Shunzhi Emperor|Shunzhi]]
| 4 May 1654 – 20 December 1722<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1654|05|04|1722|12|20}})</small>
----Longest ruling Chinese emperor. Expanded the empire's territory, and commissioned both the ''[[Kangxi Dictionary]]'' and ''[[Complete Tang Poems]]''. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Fang|1y=1943b|1pp=327–331|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=191–194|3a1=Spence|3y=2002|3pp=120–182|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=111|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=907}}
|-
| [[File:Portrait of the Yongzheng Emperor in Court Dress.jpg|frameless|100px|alt=]]
| '''[[Yongzheng Emperor|Yongzheng]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|雍正}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Shizong ({{lang|zh-hant|世宗}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Xian ({{lang|zh-hant|憲皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Jingtian Changyun Jianzhong Biaozhen Wenwu Yingming Kuanren Xinyi Ruisheng Daxiao Zhicheng Xian ({{lang|zh-hant|敬天昌運建中表正文武英明寬仁信毅睿聖大孝至誠憲皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Aisin-Gioro Yinzhen<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|愛新覺羅胤禛}}
| 27 December 1722 – 8 October 1735<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1722|12|27|1735|10|8}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Kangxi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|康熙}})<br/>20 December 1722 – 4 February 1723
* '''Yongzheng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|雍正}})<br/>5 February 1723 – 8 October 1735
}}</small>
| Son of [[Kangxi Emperor|Kangxi]]
| 13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1678|12|13|1735|10|08}})</small>
----Ruled for a relatively short period, establishing the [[Grand Council (Qing dynasty)|Grand Council]]. Probably died of [[Chinese alchemical elixir poisoning|alchemical elixir poisoning]]; death officially recorded as natural causes.{{sfnm|1a1=Fang|1y=1943c|1pp=915–920|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2p=195|3a1=Zelin|3y=2002|3pp=183–229|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=111|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=907}}{{efn|There are popular, though unsubstantiated, rumors that the [[Yongzheng Emperor]] was killed by the daughter of [[Lü Liuliang]], whom he had executed.{{sfn|Fang|1943c|pp=915–920}}}}
|-
| [[File:清 郎世宁绘《清高宗乾隆帝朝服像》.jpg|frameless|100px|alt=]]
| '''[[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|乾隆}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Gaozong ({{lang|zh-hant|高宗}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Chun ({{lang|zh-hant|純皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Fatian Longyun Zhicheng Xianjue Tiyuan Liji Fuwen Fenwu Qinming Xiaoci Shensheng Chun ({{lang|zh-hant|法天隆運至誠先覺體元立極敷文奮武欽明孝慈神聖純皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Aisin-Gioro Hongli<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|愛新覺羅弘曆}}
| 18 October 1735 – 9 February 1796<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1735|10|18|1796|2|9}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Yongzheng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|雍正}})<br/>18 October 1735 – 11 February 1736
* '''Qianlong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|乾隆}})<br/>12 February 1736 – 8 February 1796
}}</small>
| Son of [[Yongzheng Emperor|Yongzheng]]
| 25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1711|09|25|1799|02|07}})</small>
----Brought the empire [[High Qing era|to its height]]. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Fang|1y=1943d|1pp=369–373|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=196–203|3a1=Woodside|3y=2002|3pp=230–309|4a1=Moule|4y=1957|4p=111|5a1=Wilkinson|5y=2018|5p=907}}
|-
| [[File:清 佚名 《清仁宗嘉庆皇帝朝服像》.jpg|frameless|100px|alt=]]
| '''[[Jiaqing Emperor|Jiaqing]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|嘉慶}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Renzong ({{lang|zh-hant|仁宗}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Rui ({{lang|zh-hant|睿皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Shoutian Xingyun Fuhua Suiyou Chongwen Jingwu Guangyu Xiaogong Qinjian Duanmin Yingzhe Rui ({{lang|zh-hant|受天興運敷化綏猷崇文經武光裕孝恭勤儉端敏英哲睿皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Aisin-Gioro Yongyan<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|愛新覺羅顒琰}}
| 9 February 1796 – 2 September 1820<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1796|2|9|1820|9|2}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jiaqing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|嘉慶}})<br/>9 February 1796 – 2 September 1820
}}</small>
| Son of [[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong]]
| 13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1760|11|13|1820|09|02}})</small>
----Died suddenly from [[apoplexy]]{{sfnm|1a1=Fang|1y=1943e|1pp=965–969|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=204–205|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=111|4a1=Wilkinson|4y=2018|4p=907}}
|-
| [[File:003-The Imperial Portrait of a Chinese Emperor called "Daoguang".JPG|frameless|100px|alt=A man in a grey suit, white shirt and dark tie, he has a birthmark on his forehead]]
| '''[[Daoguang Emperor|Daoguang]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|道光}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Xuanzong ({{lang|zh-hant|宣宗}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Cheng ({{lang|zh-hant|成皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Xiaotian Fuyun Lizhong Tizheng Zhiwen Shengwu Zhiyong Renci Jianqin Xiaomin Kuanding Cheng ({{lang|zh-hant|效天符運立中體正至文聖武智勇仁慈儉勤孝敏寬定成皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Aisin-Gioro Minning<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|愛新覺羅旻寧}}
| 3 October 1820 – 26 February 1850<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1820|10|3|1850|2|26}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Jiaqing''' ({{lang|zh-hant|嘉慶}})<br/>3 October 1820 – 2 February 1821
* '''Daoguang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|道光}})<br/>3 February 1821 – 25 February 1850
}}</small>
| Son of [[Jiaqing Emperor|Jiaqing]]
| 16 September 1782 – 25 February 1850<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1782|09|16|1850|02|25}})</small>
----An ineffective ruler who led a highly unstable reign, marked by the [[First Opium War]] and the early [[Taiping Rebellion]]. Probably died from a [[stroke]]{{sfnm|1a1=Fang|1y=1943f|1pp=574–576|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=205–207|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=112|4a1=Wilkinson|4y=2018|4p=907}}
|-
| [[File:《咸丰皇帝朝服像》.jpg|frameless|100px|alt=]]
| '''[[Xianfeng Emperor|Xianfeng]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|咸豐}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Wenzong ({{lang|zh-hant|文宗}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Xian ({{lang|zh-hant|顯皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Xietian Yiyun Zhizhong Chuimo Maode Zhenwu Shengxiao Yuangong Duanren Kuanmin Zhuangjian Xian ({{lang|zh-hant|協天翊運執中垂謨懋德振武聖孝淵恭端仁寬敏莊儉顯皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Aisin-Gioro Yizhu<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|愛新覺羅奕詝}}
| 9 March 1850 – 22 August 1861<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1850|3|9|1861|8|22}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Daoguang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|道光}})<br/>9 March 1850 – 30 January 1851
* '''Xianfeng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|咸豐}})<br/>1 February 1851 – 22 August 1861
}}</small>
| Son of [[Daoguang Emperor|Daoguang]]
| 17 July 1831 – 22 August 1861<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1831|07|17|1861|08|22}})</small>
----The last Chinese emperor to have personal power for the entirety of his reign, which was unstable after the [[Taiping Rebellion]], [[Nian Rebellion]] and [[Second Opium War]]. Died of natural causes{{sfnm|1a1=Fang|1y=1943g|1pp=378–380|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=208–209|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=112|4a1=Wilkinson|4y=2018|4p=907}}
|-
| [[File:清 佚名 《清穆宗同治皇帝朝服像》.jpg|frameless|100px|alt=]]
| '''[[Tongzhi Emperor|Tongzhi]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|同治}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Muzong ({{lang|zh-hant|穆宗}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Yi ({{lang|zh-hant|毅皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Jitian Kaiyun Shouzhong Juzheng Baoda Dinggong Shengzhi Chengxiao Xinmin Gongkuan Mingsu Yi ({{lang|zh-hant|繼天開運受中居正保大定功聖智誠孝信敏恭寬明肅毅皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Aisin-Gioro Zaichun<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|愛新覺羅載淳}}
| 11 November 1861 – 12 January 1875<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1861|11|11|1875|1|12}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Qixiang''' ({{lang|zh-hant|祺祥}})<br/>August 1861 – 11 November 1861{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=567}}
* '''Xianfeng''' ({{lang|zh-hant|咸豐}})<br/>11 November 1861 – 29 January 1862
* '''Tongzhi''' ({{lang|zh-hant|同治}})<br/>30 January 1862 – 12 January 1875 
}}</small>
| Son of [[Xianfeng Emperor|Xianfeng]]
| 27 April 1856 – 12 January 1875<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1856|04|27|1875|01|12}})</small>
----Reign was completely dominated by [[Empress Dowager Cixi]], who initiated the [[Tongzhi Restoration]]. Died suddenly, under suspicious circumstances{{sfnm|1a1=Fang|1y=1943h|1pp=729–731|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=210–213|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=112|4a1=Wilkinson|4y=2018|4p=907}}
|-
| [[File:The Imperial Portrait of Emperor Guangxu2.jpg|frameless|100px|alt=]]
| '''[[Guangxu Emperor|Guangxu]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|光緒}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Dezong ({{lang|zh-hant|德宗}})
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Jing ({{lang|zh-hant|景皇帝}})
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Tongtian Chongyun Dazhong Zhizheng Jingwen Weiwu Renxiao Ruizhi Duanjian Kuanqin Jing ({{lang|zh-hant|同天崇運大中至正經文緯武仁孝睿智端儉寬勤景皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Aisin-Gioro Zaitian<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|愛新覺羅載湉}}
| 25 February 1875 – 14 November 1908<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1875|2|25|1908|11|14}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Guangxu''' ({{lang|zh-hant|光緒}})<br/>25 February 1875 – 14 November 1908
}}</small>
| Cousin of [[Tongzhi Emperor|Tongzhi]]
| 14 August 1871 – 14 November 1908<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1871|08|14|1908|11|14}})</small>
----Initiated the failed [[Hundred Days' Reform]], and from 1898 on, his reign was completely dominated by [[Empress Dowager Cixi]]. Died of poisoning, possibly from Cixi.{{sfnm|1a1=Fang|1y=1943i|1pp=731–734|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=213–216|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=112|4a1=Wilkinson|4y=2018|4p=907}}
|-
| [[File:Xuantong.jpg|frameless|100px|alt=]]
| '''[[Xuantong Emperor|Xuantong]]'''<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|宣統}}
----<small>{{Collapsible list
| title = ''Other names''
| expand = |<hr/> 
: '''Temple name''':<br/>Gongzong ({{lang|zh-hant|恭宗}}){{efn|The [[Xuantong Emperor]] was only given posthumous and temple names in 2004 when the Qing family's descendants bestowed him with them.{{sfn|Wilkinson|2018|p=907}}|name=Xuantong}}
: '''Posthumous name (short)''':<br/>Emperor Min ({{lang|zh-hant|愍帝}}){{efn||name=Xuantong}}
: '''Posthumous name (long)''':<br/>Emperor Peitian Tongyun Fagu Shaotong Cuiwen Jingfu Kuanrui Zhengmu Tiren Lixiao Min ({{lang|zh-hant|配天同運法古紹統粹文敬孚寬睿正穆體仁立孝愍皇帝}})
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
}}</small>
| Aisin-Gioro Puyi<br/>{{lang|zh-hant|愛新覺羅溥儀}}
| 2 December 1908 – 12 February 1912<br/><small>({{Age in years, months and days|1908|12|2|1912|2|12}})</small><br/><small>{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = background-color:transparent; text-align:right; font-weight:normal
| title = Era(s)
| expand = 
| <hr/> 
* '''Xuantong''' ({{lang|zh-hant|宣統}})<br/>2 December 1908 – 12 February 1912
}}</small>
| Nephew of [[Guangxu Emperor|Guangxu]]
| 7 February 1906 – 17 October 1967<br/><small>(aged {{Age in years|1906|02|07|1967|10|17}})</small>
----Reigned as a young child, but was forced to abdicate in 1912 amid the [[1911 Revolution]], ending the 2,000-year monarchial system of Imperial China. Died of natural causes.{{sfnm|1a1=Fang|1y=1943i|1pp=733–734|2a1=Paludan|2y=1998|2pp=213, 216–217|3a1=Moule|3y=1957|3p=112|4a1=Wilkinson|4y=2018|4p=907}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="background-color: #D8D8D8" | For the subsequent heads of state of China, see [[List of presidents of the Republic of China]] and [[List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China]]
|}

==References==
===Notes===
{{Notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
{{sfn whitelist |CITEREFTwitchettLoewe1986 |CITEREFDienKnapp2019 |CITEREFLoeweShaughnessy1999}}
:'''Ancient Era'''
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last=Lee |first=Yun Kuen |year=2002 |title=Building the Chronology of Early Chinese History |journal=[[Asian Perspectives]] |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=15–42 |hdl=10125/17161 |doi=10.1353/asi.2002.0006 |s2cid=67818363 |hdl-access=free |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/17161 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Li |first=Xueqin |author-link=Li Xueqin |date=2012 |title=谈新出现的妇妌爵 |trans-title=On the newly discovered ''jue'' of Fu Jing |journal=Wenbo |issue=3 |pages=13–14 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Kexin |last2=Wu |first2=Xiaohong |last3=Guo |first3=Zhiyu |last4=Yuan |first4=Sixun |last5=Ding |first5=Xingfang |last6=Fu |first6=Dongpo |last7=Pan |first7=Yan |year=2021 |title=Radiocarbon Dating of Oracle Bones of Late Shang Period in Ancient China |journal=[[Radiocarbon (journal)|Radiocarbon]] |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=155–175 |doi=10.1017/RDC.2020.90 |bibcode=2021Radcb..63..155L |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=ancient }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=ancient |last=Chang |first=Kwang-chih |title=The Cambridge History of Ancient China |author-link=Kwang-chih Chang |chapter=China on the Eve of the Historical Period |year=1999| pages= 37–73 | doi = 10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.003|isbn=978-1-139-05370-9 }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=ancient |last=Keightley |first=David N. |title=The Cambridge History of Ancient China |author-link=David Keightley |chapter=The Shang: China's First Historical Dynasty |pages=232–291 |year=1999 | doi = 10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.006|isbn=978-1-139-05370-9 }}
* {{cite book |last=Keightley |first=David N. |author-link=David Keightley |year=1985 |orig-year=1978 |title=Sources of Shang History: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Bronze Age China |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-520-05455-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Marshall |first=S.J. |year=2001 |title=The Mandate of Heaven: Hidden History in the I Ching |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-12299-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/mandateofheaven00sjma |url-access=registration }}
* {{cite book |last=Shaughnessy |first=Edward L. |author-link=Edward L. Shaughnessy |year=1997 |title=Before Confucius: Studies in the Creation of the Chinese Classics |series=SUNY Series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |location=Albany |isbn=978-0-7914-3378-2 }}
* {{cite web |last=Theobald |first=Ulrich |date=2018a |title=Xia Dynasty Rulers |website=[[Chinaknowledge]] |url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Myth/xia-rulers.html }}
* {{cite web |last=Theobald |first=Ulrich |date=2018b |title=Shang Dynasty Rulers |website=[[Chinaknowledge]] |url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Myth/shang-rulers.html }}
* {{cite book |author=Wu Kuo-Chen |author-link=K. C. Wu |year=1982 |title=The Chinese Heritage |publisher=[[Crown Publishers, Inc.]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-517-54475-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/chineseheritage00wuku |pages=[https://archive.org/details/chineseheritage00wuku/page/124/mode/2up?view=theater 125]–126 |ref={{sfnRef|Wu|1982}} }} 
* {{cite book |author=XSZCP Group |author-link=Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project |year=2000 |title=''夏商周断代工程1996—2000年阶段成果报告: 简本'' |trans-title=The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project Report for the years 1996–2000 (abridged) |publisher=世界图书出版公司 |location=Beijing |isbn=978-7-5062-4138-0 }}
* {{cite web |year=2006 |title=Shang Kingship and Shang Kinship |publisher=[[Indiana University]] |url=http://www.indiana.edu/~g380/Kings.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409215121/http://www.indiana.edu/~g380/Kings.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2008 |ref={{sfnRef|Indiana University|2006}}| last= Eno | first= Robert }}
{{refend}}
:'''Early Imperial Era'''
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Barbieri-Low |first1=Anthony J. |author2-link=Robin D. S. Yates |last2=Yates |first2=Robin D.S. |year=2015 |title=Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China, vol. 1 |series=Sinica Leidensia |chapter=Recognized Rulers of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Xin Period |volume=126 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-30053-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1W3sCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR19|pages=xix–xx | doi= 10.1163/9789004300538_001}}
* {{cite book |last=de Crespigny |first=Rafe |author-link=Rafe de Crespigny |year=2007 |title=A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-474-1184-0 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=49OvCQAAQBAJ}}|series=Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China|volume = 19 | doi= 10.1163/ej.9789004156050.i-1311.7 }}
* {{Cite Cambridge History of China|volume=1}}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=1 |last=Loewe |first=Michael |title=The Cambridge History of China |author-link=Michael Loewe |chapter=The Former Han dynasty|date=1986 | pages=103–222 | doi = 10.1017/CHOL9780521243278.004 |isbn=978-1-139-05473-7 }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=1 |last=Beck |first=B.J. Mansvelt |title=The Cambridge History of China |chapter=The fall of Han |date=1986 | pages= 317–376 | doi = 10.1017/CHOL9780521243278.007 |isbn=978-1-139-05473-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=de Crespigny |first=Rafe |author-link=Rafe de Crespigny |year=2010 |title=Imperial Warlord: A Biography of Cao Cao 155–220 AD |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-18830-3| series=Sinica Leidensia | volume=99 | doi=10.1163/ej.9789004185227.i-554 }}
* {{cite book |last=Loewe |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Loewe |year=2000 |title=A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC – AD 24) |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-10364-1 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=49OvCQAAQBAJ}} |series=Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China |volume = 16 | doi=10.1163/9789004490253 }}
* {{cite book |last=Loewe |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Loewe |year=2004 |title=The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-13845-2 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=3PqGDwAAQBAJ}}| doi= 10.1163/9789047413363 |series=Handbook of Oriental Studies, section four: China |volume = 17 }}
* {{cite web |last=Theobald |first=Ulrich |date=8 March 2011b |title=Empress Lü 呂后 or Empress Dowager Lü 呂太后 |website=[[Chinaknowledge]] |url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Han/personslvhou.html }}
* {{cite book |last=Vervoorn |first=Aat Emile |year=1990 |title=Men of the Cliffs and Caves: The Development of the Chinese Eremitic Tradition to the End of the Han Dynasty |publisher=[[Chinese University Press]] |location=Hong Kong |isbn=978-962-201-415-2 |pages=311–316 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nftZLCw19aIC&pg=PA316|chapter=Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods}}
{{refend}}
'''Six Dynasties & Mid Imperial Era'''
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last=de Crespigny |first=Rafe |year=1991 |title=The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD ~ I |journal=[[East Asian History (journal)|East Asian History]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–36 |url=http://www.eastasianhistory.org/sites/default/files/article-content/01/EAH01_01.pdf }}
* {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=2 |url=https://www.academia.edu/40951078/THE_CAMBRIDGE_HISTORY_OF_CHINA_Volume_2_The_Six_Dynasties_220-589 |title=The Cambridge History of China, Volume 2: the Six Dynasties, 220-589 |date=January 2019 | doi = 10.1017/9781139107334 |isbn=978-1-139-10733-4 |editor-last1=Dien |editor-last2=Knapp |editor-first1=Albert E. |editor-first2=Keith N. }}
* {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=3 |ref=no |url=https://www.academia.edu/44170345/THE_CAMBRIDGE_HISTORY_OF_CHINA_vol_3 |title=The Cambridge History of China Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906 AD, Part One }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=3 |last=Wright |first=Arthur F. |title=The Cambridge History of China |author-link=Arthur F. Wright |chapter=The Sui dynasty (581–617) |date=1979 | pages=48–149 | doi= 10.1017/CHOL9780521214469.003|isbn=978-1-139-05594-9 }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=3 |last=Wechsler |first=Howard J. |title=The Cambridge History of China |chapter=The founding of the T'ang dynasty: Kao-tsu (reign 618–26) |date=1979 |ref={{sfnRef|Wechsler|1979a}}| pages=150–187 | doi= 10.1017/CHOL9780521214469.004 |isbn=978-1-139-05594-9 }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=3 |last=Wechsler |first=Howard J. |title=The Cambridge History of China |chapter=T'ai-tsung (reign 626–49) the consolidator |date=1979 |ref={{sfnRef|Wechsler|1979b}} | pages=188–241 | doi= 10.1017/CHOL9780521214469.005|isbn=978-1-139-05594-9 }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=3 |last1=Twitchett |first1=Denis |author-link1=Denis Twitchett |last2=Wechsler |first2=Howard J. |title=The Cambridge History of China |chapter=Kao-tsung (reign 649–83) and the empress Wu: the inheritor and the usurper |year=1979 |pages= 242–289 | doi= 10.1017/CHOL9780521214469.006|isbn=978-1-139-05594-9 }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=3 |last=Guisso |first=Richard W. L. |title=The Cambridge History of China |chapter=The reigns of the empress Wu, Chung-tsung and Jui-tsung |year=1979 | pages=290–332 | doi= 10.1017/CHOL9780521214469.007|isbn=978-1-139-05594-9 }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=3 |last=Twitchett |first=Denis |title=The Cambridge History of China |author-link1=Denis Twitchett|chapter=Hsüan-tsung (reign 712–56) |year=1979| pages= 333–463 | doi= 10.1017/CHOL9780521214469.008|isbn=978-1-139-05594-9 }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=3 |last=Peterson |first=C. A. |title=The Cambridge History of China |chapter=Court and province in mid- and late T'ang |year=1979| pages= 464–560 | doi= 10.1017/CHOL9780521214469.009|isbn=978-1-139-05594-9 }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=3 |last=Dalby |first=Michael T. |title=The Cambridge History of China |chapter=Court politics in late T'ang times |year=1979 | pages= 561–681 |doi= 10.1017/CHOL9780521214469.010|isbn=978-1-139-05594-9 }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=3 |last=Somers |first=Robert M. |title=The Cambridge History of China |chapter=The end of the T'ang |year=1979 | pages= 682–789 |doi= 10.1017/CHOL9780521214469.011|isbn=978-1-139-05594-9 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Hong Lee |editor-first=Lily Xiao |year=2015 |title=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women |volume=1 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-317-47591-0 |pages=xvii–xxii |chapter=Chronology of Dynasties |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oCsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR17 }}
* {{cite book |last=Kroll |first=Paul W. |year=2019 |title=Critical Readings on Tang China |chapter=Tang Emperors' Accession Dates and Reign Titles
|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=Leiden |volume=1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvqGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR11 |isbn=978-90-04-38015-8 |pages=xi–xiii }}
* {{cite book |last=Liu |first=Puning |year=2020 |title=China's Northern Wei Dynasty, 386-535 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-000-28322-8 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=b_wFEAAAQBAJ}} }}
* {{cite book |author=[[Ouyang Xiu]] |translator-last=Davis |translator-first=Richard L. |year=2004 |orig-date=1073 |title=[[Historical Records of the Five Dynasties]] |chapter=Qian Chu |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-50228-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0QpslzUi50C&pg=PA570|ref={{sfnRef|Davis|2004}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Xiong |first=Victor Cunrui |year=2009 |title=Historical Dictionary of Medieval China |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |location=Lanham |isbn=978-0-8108-6053-7 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=UD8Nvn7Ca18C}} }}
{{refend}}
:'''Late Imperial Era'''
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Cui |first1=Hongfen |last2=Wen |first2=Zhiyong |year=2007 |script-title=zh:西夏皇帝尊号考略 |title=Xixia huangdi zunhao kao lue |trans-title=A Brief Study on the Titles of the Western Xia Emperors |journal=宁夏大学学报 [Journal of Ningxia University] |issue=1 |url=http://rdbk1.ynlib.cn:6251/Qw/Paper/350752 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Goodrich |editor-first1=Luther Carrington |editor-link1=Luther Carrington Goodrich |editor2=Fang Chaoying |editor-link2=Fang Chao-ying |year=1976a |title=Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644 |volume=1 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-03801-0 |ref={{sfnRef|Goodrich|Fang|1976a}} }}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Goodrich |editor-first1=Luther Carrington |editor-link1=Luther Carrington Goodrich |editor2=Fang Chaoying |editor-link2=Fang Chao-ying |year=1976b |title=Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644 |volume=2 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-03833-1 |ref={{sfnRef|Goodrich|Fang|1976b}} }}
* {{cite book |last1=Heirman |first1=Ann |last2=Meinert |first2=Carmen |last3=Anderl |first3=Christoph |title=Buddhist Encounters and Identities Across East Asia |date=2018 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-36615-2 |page=208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGdjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA208}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Hummel |editor-first=Arthur W. |author-link=Arthur W. Hummel Sr. |year=1943 |title=[[Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period]] |publisher=[[US Government Printing Office]] |location=Washington |volume=2 volumes |oclc=3443954 |ref=no }}
** {{cite ECCP |last=Fang |first=Chao-ying |author-link=Fang Chao-ying |title=Fu-lin |pages=255–259 |volume=1 |ref={{sfnRef|Fang|1943a}} }}
** {{cite ECCP |last=Fang |first=Chao-ying |author-link=Fang Chao-ying |title=Hsüan-yeh |pages=327–331 |volume=1 |ref={{sfnRef|Fang|1943b}} }}
** {{cite ECCP |last=Fang |first=Chao-ying |author-link=Fang Chao-ying |title=Yin-chên |pages=915–920 |volume=2 |ref={{sfnRef|Fang|1943c}} }}
** {{cite ECCP |last=Fang |first=Chao-ying |author-link=Fang Chao-ying |title=Hung-li |pages=369–373 |volume=1 |ref={{sfnRef|Fang|1943d}} }}
** {{cite ECCP |last=Fang |first=Chao-ying |author-link=Fang Chao-ying |title=Yung-yen |pages=965–969 |volume=2 |ref={{sfnRef|Fang|1943e}} }}
** {{cite ECCP |last=Fang |first=Chao-ying |author-link=Fang Chao-ying |title=Min-ning |pages=574–576 |volume=1 |ref={{sfnRef|Fang|1943f}} }}
** {{cite ECCP |last=Fang |first=Chao-ying |author-link=Fang Chao-ying |title=I-chu |pages=378–380 |volume=1 |ref={{sfnRef|Fang|1943g}} }}
** {{cite ECCP |last=Fang |first=Chao-ying |author-link=Fang Chao-ying |title=Tsai-ch'un |pages=729–731 |volume=2 |ref={{sfnRef|Fang|1943h}} }}
** {{cite ECCP |last=Fang |first=Chao-ying |author-link=Fang Chao-ying |title=Tsai-t'ien |pages=731–734 |volume=2 |ref={{sfnRef|Fang|1943i}} }}
** {{cite ECCP |last=Kennedy |first=George A. |author-link=George A. Kennedy (sinologist) |title=Chu Ch'ang-lo |pages=176–177 |volume=1 |ref={{sfnRef|Kennedy|1943a}} }}
** {{cite ECCP |last=Kennedy |first=George A. |author-link=George A. Kennedy (sinologist) |title=Chu Yu-chiao |page=190 |volume=1 |ref={{sfnRef|Kennedy|1943b}} }}
** {{cite ECCP |last=Kennedy |first=George A. |author-link=George A. Kennedy (sinologist) |title=Chu Yu-chien |pages=191–192 |volume=1 |ref={{sfnRef|Kennedy|1943c}} }}
* {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=7 |ref=no }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=7 |last=Langlois |first=John D. |chapter=The Hung-wu reign, 1368–1398 |year=1988}}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=7 |last=Chan |first=Hok-lam |author-link=Chan Hok-lam |chapter=The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te reigns, 1399–1435 |year=1988}}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=7 |last1=Twitchett |first1=Denis |author-link1=Denis Twitchett |last2=Grimm |first2=Tilemann |chapter=The Cheng-t'ung, Ching-t'ai, and T'ien-shun reigns, 1436—1464 |year=1988}}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=7 |last=Mote |first=Frederick W. |author-link=Frederick W. Mote |chapter=The Ch'eng-hua and Hung-chih reigns, 1465—1505 |year=1988}}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=7 |last=Geiss |first=James |author-link=James Geiss |chapter=The Cheng-te reign, 1506–1521 |ref={{sfnRef|Geiss|1988a}} }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=7 |last=Geiss |first=James |author-link=James Geiss |chapter=The Chia-ching reign, 1522–1566 |ref={{sfnRef|Geiss|1988b}} }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=7 |last=Huang |first=Ray |author-link=Ray Huang |chapter=The Lung-ch'ing and Wan-li reigns, 1567—1620 |year=1988}}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=7 |last=Atwell |first=William |chapter=The T'ai-ch'ang, T'ien-ch'i, and Ch'ung-chen reigns, 1620–1644 |year=1988}}
* {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=9a |ref=no }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=9a |last=Dennerline |first=Jerry |chapter=The Shun-chih Reign |year=2002}}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=9a |last=Spence |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Spence |chapter=The K'ang-hsi Reign |year=2002}}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=9a |last=Zelin |first=Madeleine |author-link=Madeleine Zelin |chapter=The Yung-cheng Reign |year=2002}}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=9a |last=Woodside |first=Alexander |chapter=The Ch'ien-lung Reign |year=2002}}
* {{cite journal |last=Schneider |first=Julia |year=2011 |title=The Jin Revisited: New Assessment of Jurchen Emperors |journal=[[Journal of Song-Yuan Studies]] |volume=41 |issue=41 |pages=343–404 |jstor=23496214  |doi=10.1353/sys.2011.0030 |hdl=1854/LU-2045182 |s2cid=162237648 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/2045182 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=5a |url=https://www.academia.edu/44417562/THE_CAMBRIDGE_HISTORY_OF_CHINA_vol_5_part_1 |ref=no |title=THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF CHINA vol 5 part 1 }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=5a |last1=Lau |first1=Nap-yin |last2=Huang |first2=K'uan-chung |chapter=Founding and Consolidation of the Sung Dynasty under T'ai-tsu (960–976), T'ai-tsung (976–997), and Chen-tsung (997–1022) |year=2009}}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=5a |last=McGrath |first=Michael |chapter=The Reigns of Jen-tsung (1022–1063) and Ying-tsung (1063–1067) |year=2009}}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=5a |last=Smith |first=Paul Jakov |chapter=Shen-tsung's Reign and the New Policies of Wang An-shih, 1067–1085 |year=2009}}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=5a |last=Levine |first=Ari Daniel |chapter=Che-tsung's Reign (1085–1100) and the Age of Faction |ref={{sfnRef|Levine|2009a}} }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=5a |last=Levine |first=Ari Daniel |chapter=The Reigns of Hui-tsung (1100–1126) and Ch'in-tsung |ref={{sfnRef|Levine|2009b}} }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=5a |last=Tao |first=Jing-Shen |author-link=Jing-shen Tao |chapter=The Move to the South and the Reign of Kao-tsung (1127–1162) }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=5a |last=Gong |first=Wei Ai |chapter=The Reign of Hsiao-tsung (1162–1189) |year=2009}}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=5a |last=Davis |first=Richard L. |chapter=The Reigns of Kuang-tsung (1189–1194) and Ning-tsung (1194–1224) |ref={{sfnRef|Davis|2009a}} }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=5a |last=Davis |first=Richard L. |chapter=The Reign of Li-tsung (1224–1264) |ref={{sfnRef|Davis|2009b}} }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=5a |last=Davis |first=Richard L. |chapter=The Reign of Tu-tsung (1264–1274) and His Successors to 1279 |ref={{sfnRef|Davis|2009c}} }}
* {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=6 |ref=no }}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=6 |last=Ch'i-Ch'ing |first=Hsiao |chapter=Mid-Yüan politics |year=1994}}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=6 |last=Dardess |first=John |author-link=John Dardess |chapter=Shun-ti and the end of Yüan rule in China |year=1994}}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=6 |last=Dunnell |first=Ruth |chapter=The Hsi Hsia |year=1994}}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=6 |last1=Twitchett |first1=Denis |author-link1=Denis Twitchett |last2=Tietze |first2=Klaus-Peter |chapter=The Liao |year=1994}}
** {{Cite Cambridge History of China |volume=6 |last=Rossabi |first=Morris |author-link=Morris Rossabi |chapter=The reign of Khubilai khan |year=1994}}
{{refend}}
:'''General'''
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Adamek |first=Piotr |year=2017 |title=Good Son is Sad If He Hears the Name of His Father: The Tabooing of Names in China as a Way of Implementing Social Values |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-351-56521-9 |pages=337–359 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA337 |chapter=Chronological Index |series=Monumenta Serica Monograph Series |volume=LXVI }}
* {{cite book |last=Biran |first=Michal |editor-last=Szonyi |editor-first=Michael |editor-link=Michael Szonyi |year=2017 |title=A Companion to Chinese History |chapter=Periods of Non-Han Rule |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |location=Hoboken |isbn=978-1-118-62460-9 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=VHmxDQAAQBAJ}} }}
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* {{cite web |last=Theobald |first=Ulrich |date=23 September 2011a |title=Names of Persons and Titles of Rulers |website=[[Chinaknowledge]] |url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/titles.html }}
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* {{cite book |last1=Xiong |first1=Victor Cunrui |last2=Hammond |first2=Kenneth J. |author-link2=Ken Hammond (historian) |year=2019 |title=Routledge Handbook of Imperial Chinese History |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-367-58051-3 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=cmNwDwAAQBAJ}} }}
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* {{cite book |last=Wechsler |first=Howard J. |year=1985 |title=Offerings of Jade and Silk: Ritual and Symbol in the Legitimation of the T'ang Dynasty |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-03191-1 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Arthur F. |author-link1=Arthur F. Wright |last2=Fagan |first2=Edward |date=1951 |title=Era names and Zeitgeist |journal=[[Asiatische Studien]] |volume=5 |pages=131–121 |url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=ast-002%3A1951%3A5%3A%3A203 |doi=10.5169/seals-145321 }}
* {{cite book |year=2020 |title=Imperial China: The Definitive Visual History |publisher=[[DK (publisher)|DK]] and [[Encyclopedia of China Publishing House]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7440-2047-2 |ref={{sfnRef|''Imperial China''|2020}} }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author=Du Jianmin |year=1995 |title=Zhongguo lidai diwang shixi nianbiao |script-title=zh:中国历代帝王世系年表 |trans-title=Genealogical Tables of Chinese Emperors and Kings in Successive Dynasties |publisher=Qi-Lu |location=Jinan |oclc=646288082 |isbn=978-7-5333-0422-5 |language=zh |ref=no }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Khmaladze |first1=Estate V. |author-link1=Estate V. Khmaladze |last2=Brownrigg |first2=Ray |last3=Haywood |first3=John |date=December 2010 |title=Memoryless Reigns of the "Sons of Heaven" |journal=[[International Statistical Review]] |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=348–362 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-5823.2010.00119.x |jstor=27919858 |s2cid=118023202 }}
* {{cite book |author=Yu Baolin (于宝林) |year=2010 |title=Zhonghua lishi jinian zongbiao |script-title=zh:中华历史纪年总表 |trans-title=General Chronological Table of Chinese History |publisher=She hui ke xue wen xian chu ban she |location=Beijing |oclc=500980080 |isbn=978-7-5097-1088-3 |language=zh |ref=no }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Emperors of China}}
* [https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/chem/hd_chem.htm Rulers of China List] at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
* [https://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/chin/chinahistory/dyn10-u.html Table of Chinese Imperial Reigns] at [[David K. Jordan]]'s website
* [http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/titles.html Guide to Names and Titles of Rulers] at [[Chinaknowledge]]

{{Chinese Imperial Government}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Chinese Monarchs}}
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[[Category:Emperors of China|*]]
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