Editing John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe

{{Short description|Royal Navy Admiral of the Fleet (1859–1935)}}
{{About other people|the Admiral of the Fleet|John Jellicoe}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]] [[The Right Honourable]]
| name                = The Earl Jellicoe
| honorific-suffix    = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|GCB|OM|GCVO|SGM|DL}}
| image               = John Jellicoe, Admiral of the Fleet.jpg
| imagesize           = 
| caption             = 
| office              = Governor-General of New Zealand
| order               = 2nd
| term_start          = 27 September 1920
| term_end            = 12 December 1924
| monarch             = [[George V]]
| primeminister       = [[William Massey]]
| predecessor         = [[Arthur Foljambe, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|The Earl of Liverpool]]
| successor           = [[Sir Charles Fergusson]]
| office1             = [[First Sea Lord]]
| term_start1         = 30 November 1916
| term_end1           = 10 January 1918
| primeminister1      = [[David Lloyd George]]
| predecessor1        = [[Henry Jackson (Royal Navy officer)|Sir Henry Jackson]]
| successor1          = [[Rosslyn Wemyss, 1st Baron Wester Wemyss|Sir Rosslyn Wemyss]]
| office2             = [[Member of the House of Lords]]
| status2             = [[Lord Temporal]]
| term_label2         = [[Hereditary peer]]age
| term_start2         = 7 March 1918
| term_end2           = 20 November 1935
| predecessor2        = 
| successor2          = [[George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe|The 2nd Earl Jellicoe]]
| birth_date          = 5 December 1859
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|1935|11|20|1859|12|5|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Southampton]], [[Hampshire]], England
| death_place         = [[Kensington]], [[County of London|London]], England
| spouse              = {{marriage|Florence Cayzer|1 July 1902}}
| children            = 6
| nickname            = 
| allegiance          = United Kingdom
| branch              = [[Royal Navy]]
| serviceyears        = 1872–1919
| rank                = [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]]
| commands            = [[Grand Fleet]]<br/>[[2nd Battle Squadron]]<br/>[[Atlantic Fleet (United Kingdom)|Atlantic Fleet]]<br/>[[Naval Ordnance Department|Director of Naval Ordnance]]<br/>{{HMS|Drake|1901|6}}<br/>{{HMS|Centurion|1892|6}}
| battles             = [[Anglo-Egyptian War (1882)|Anglo-Egyptian War]]<br/>[[Boxer Rebellion]]<br/>[[First World War]]
*[[Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)]]
**[[Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby|Action of 16 December 1914]]
**[[Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft|Action of 24 April 1916]]
**[[Battle of Jutland]]
**[[Action of 19 August 1916]]
**[[SMS München#Later operations|Action of 18 October 1916]]
*[[Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I|Atlantic U-boat campaign]]
**[[Zeebrugge Raid]]
| mawards             = [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]<br/>[[Member of the Order of Merit]]<br/>[[Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]<br/>[[Sea Gallantry Medal]]
}}
[[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]] '''John Rushworth Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|sep=,|GCB|OM|GCVO|SGM|DL}} (5 December 1859 – 20 November 1935)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic Figures: Admiral John Jellicoe (1859–1935) |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jellicoe_john_admiral.shtml |access-date=3 December 2020 |website=BBC History |language=en-GB}}</ref> was a [[Royal Navy]] officer. He fought in the [[Anglo-Egyptian War (1882)|Anglo-Egyptian War]] and the [[Boxer Rebellion]] and commanded the [[Grand Fleet]] at the [[Battle of Jutland]] in May 1916 during the [[First World War]]. His handling of the fleet at that battle was controversial. Jellicoe made no serious mistakes and the German [[High Seas Fleet]] retreated to port, at a time when defeat would have been catastrophic for Britain, but the public was disappointed that the Royal Navy had not won a more dramatic victory given that they outnumbered the enemy. Jellicoe later served as [[First Sea Lord]], overseeing the expansion of the Naval Staff at the Admiralty and the introduction of [[convoy]]s, but was relieved at the end of 1917. He also served as the [[governor-general of New Zealand]] in the early 1920s.

==Early life==
Jellicoe was born on 5 December 1859 in [[Southampton]], [[Hampshire]]. Jellicoe was the son of John Henry Jellicoe, a captain in the [[Royal Mail Steam Packet Company]], and Lucy Henrietta Jellicoe (née Keele). He was educated at Field House School in [[Rottingdean]] and aboard the training ship {{HMS|Britannia|1860|6}}, which he joined as a naval cadet in 1872.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rowland |first=Richard |title=A History of St Aubyns 1895–2013 |publisher=WASP Publishing |year=2015 |isbn=978-1513604336}}</ref><ref name="heath128">Heathcote, p.128</ref> He was made a [[midshipman]] in the [[steam frigate]] {{HMS|Newcastle|1860|6}} in September 1874 before transferring to the [[Ironclad warship|ironclad]] {{HMS|Agincourt|1865|6}} in the [[Mediterranean Fleet]] in July 1877.<ref name=heath128/> Promoted to [[sub-lieutenant]] on 5 December 1878, he joined {{HMS|Alexandra|1875|6}}, flagship of the [[Mediterranean Fleet]], as signal sub-lieutenant in 1880.<ref name=heath128/> Promoted to [[lieutenant]] on 23 September 1880,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=24876|date=24 August 1880 |page=4623 }}</ref> he returned to HMS ''Agincourt'' in February 1881 and commanded a rifle company of the [[Naval Brigade]] at [[Ismailia]] during the [[Anglo-Egyptian War (1882)|Egyptian war]] of 1882.<ref name=heath128/>

===Early career ===
Jellicoe qualified as a gunnery officer in 1883 and was appointed to the staff of the gunnery school {{HMS|Excellent|shore establishment|6}} in May 1884.<ref name=heath128/> He joined the turret ship {{HMS|Monarch|1868|6}} as gunnery officer in September 1885 and was awarded the [[Sea Gallantry Medal|Board of Trade Silver Medal]] for rescuing the crew of a capsized steamer near [[Gibraltar]] in May 1886.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangiorgioaste.com/eng-site/auctions/elenco_cat.asp?codice=65|title=Auction 26 Orders, Decorations and medals|publisher=San Georgio|date=April 2012|access-date=1 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201181427/http://www.sangiorgioaste.com/eng-site/auctions/elenco_cat.asp?codice=65|archive-date=1 February 2013}}</ref> He joined the [[battleship]] {{HMS|Colossus|1882|6}} in April 1886 and was put in charge of the experimental department at HMS ''Excellent'' in December 1886 before being appointed an assistant to the [[Director of Naval Ordnance]] in September 1889.<ref name=heath129>Heathcote, p.129</ref>

[[File:HMSVictoriasinking1893.jpg|left|thumb|The battleship {{HMS|Victoria|1887|6}} sinking]]
Promoted to [[commander]] on 30 June 1891, Jellicoe joined the battleship {{HMS|Sans Pareil|1887|6}} in the [[Mediterranean Fleet]] in March 1892.<ref name=heath129/> He transferred to the battleship {{HMS|Victoria|1887|6}} in 1893 (the flagship of the Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet, Vice Admiral [[George Tryon|Sir George Tryon]]) and was aboard when [[Sinking of HMS Victoria|it collided]] with {{HMS|Camperdown|1885|6}} and sank off [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]] in [[Lebanon]] on 22 June 1893.<ref name=heath129/> He was then appointed to the new flagship, {{HMS|Ramillies|1892|6}}, in October 1893.<ref name=heath129/>

Promoted to [[Captain (Royal Navy)|captain]] on 1 January 1897,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26809|date=1 January 1897 |page=3 }}</ref> Jellicoe became a member of the Admiralty's Ordnance Committee.<ref name=heath129/> He served as Captain of the battleship {{HMS|Centurion|1892|6}} and chief of staff to Vice Admiral [[Edward Hobart Seymour|Sir Edward Seymour]] during the [[Seymour Expedition]] to relieve the legations at [[Beijing|Peking]] during the [[Boxer Rebellion]] in June 1900.<ref name=heath129/> He was badly wounded during the [[Battle of Beicang]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27235|date=5 October 1900 |page=6098 }}</ref> and told he would die but confounded the attending doctor and chaplain by living.<ref>Bacon, p. 109</ref> He was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] and given the German [[Order of the Red Eagle]], 2nd class, with Crossed Swords for services rendered in China.<ref>{{cite news |title=Admiral Sir John Jellicoe |url=https://archive.org/stream/independen79v80newy#page/78/mode/1up |work=The Independent |date=19 October 1914 |access-date=1 December 2012}}</ref> ''Centurion'' returned to the United Kingdom in August 1901, and was paid off the following month, when Captain Jellicoe and the crew went on leave.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & military intelligence |date=20 September 1901 |page=8 |issue=36565}}</ref> He became Naval Assistant to [[Third Sea Lord|Third Naval Lord and Controller of the Navy]] in February 1902<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Naval & Military intelligence |date=9 April 1902 |page=10 |issue=36737}}</ref> and was given command of the armoured [[cruiser]] {{HMS|Drake|1901|6}} on the [[North America and West Indies Station]] in August 1903.<ref name=heath129/>

== Naval career ==
===High command===
[[File:CaptainJ.R.Jellicoe.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Jellicoe as captain, in command of {{HMS|Centurion|1892|6}}, flagship on the China Station (his depiction on a contemporary [[cigarette card]] shows he was in the public eye long before becoming an admiral).]]
<!-- Commented out because image was deleted: [[File:KitchenerJellicoe French.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Kitchener]], Jellicoe and [[John French, 1st Earl of Ypres|French]]]] -->
[[File:AdmiralissimeJellicoe.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Admiral, or as the French knew him: ''Amiralissime Jellicoe'', shown as a Captain earlier in his career]]
As a protege of Admiral [[John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher|John Fisher]], Jellicoe became Director of Naval Ordnance in 1905 and, having been appointed a [[Commander of the Royal Victorian Order]] on the occasion of launching of {{HMS|Dreadnought|1906|6}} on 10 February 1906,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{London Gazette |issue=27885 |date=13 February 1906 |page=1037}}</ref> he was also made an [[Aide-de-Camp]] to [[Edward VII|the King]] on 8 March 1906.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27897 |date=23 March 1906 |page=2061}}</ref> Promoted to [[rear admiral]] on 8 February 1907,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27993 |date=8 February 1907 |page=899}}</ref> he pushed hard for funds to modernise the navy, supporting the construction of new {{HMS|Dreadnought|1906|2}}-type battleships and {{sclass|Invincible|battlecruiser|2}}<nowiki/>s.<ref name=heath130>Heathcote, p. 130</ref> He supported [[Frederic Charles Dreyer|F. C. Dreyer]]'s improvements in gunnery [[fire-control system]]s, and favoured the adoption of Dreyer's "Fire Control Table", a form of mechanical computer for calculating firing solutions for warships.<ref>Brooks, p. 135</ref> Jellicoe arranged for the output of naval ordnance to be transferred from the War Office to the Admiralty.<ref name="Grigg 2002, p371-2">Grigg 2002, p371-2</ref>

Jellicoe was appointed second-in-command of the [[Atlantic Fleet (United Kingdom)|Atlantic Fleet]] in August 1907, hoisting his flag in the battleship {{HMS|Albemarle|1901|6}}.<ref name=heath130/> He was appointed [[Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order]] on the occasion of [[Edward VII|the King]]'s Review of the [[Home Fleet]] in the [[Solent]] on 3 August 1907.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{London Gazette |issue=28048 |date=6 August 1907 |page=5390}}</ref> He went on to be [[Third Sea Lord|Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy]] in October 1908 and, having taken part in the funeral of [[Edward VII|King Edward VII]] in May 1910,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28401 |date=26 July 1910 |page=5481 |supp=y}}</ref> he became [[Atlantic Fleet (United Kingdom)|Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet]] in December 1910, hoisting his flag in the battleship {{HMS|Prince of Wales|1902|6}}.<ref name=heath130/> He advanced to [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] on the Coronation of [[George V|King George V]] on 19 June 1911 and confirmed in the rank of [[vice admiral]] on 18 September 1911.<ref name=heath130/> He went on to be Second-in-Command of the [[Home Fleet]], hoisting his flag in the battleship {{HMS|Hercules|1910|6}}, in December 1911 and, having also been appointed commander of the [[2nd Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|2nd Battle Squadron]] in May 1912, joined the [[Royal Commission on Fuel and Engines]] on 1 August 1912.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28632 |date=2 August 1912 |page=5721}}</ref> He became [[Second Sea Lord]] in December 1912.<ref name=heath130/>

===First World War===
[[File:Admiral Sir John Rushworth Jellicoe, K.C.B., K.C.V.O. (1915) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Admiral Jellicoe circa 1915]]
At the start of the [[First World War]], the First Lord of the Admiralty [[Winston Churchill]], removed Admiral [[George Callaghan]], Commander-in-Chief of the [[Home Fleet]]<ref name=heath130/> (August 1914). Jellicoe was promoted to full [[admiral]] on 4 August 1914 and assigned command of the renamed [[Grand Fleet]] in Admiral Callaghan's place, though he was appalled by the treatment of his predecessor.<ref name=heath130/> He was advanced to [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] on 8 February 1915.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{London Gazette |issue= 29066 |date= 12 February 1915|page=1443 }}</ref>

When Fisher (First Sea Lord) and Churchill (First Lord of the Admiralty) both had to leave office (May 1915) after their quarrel over the [[Gallipoli Campaign|Dardanelles]], Jellicoe wrote to Fisher: "We owe you a debt of gratitude for having saved the Navy from a continuance in office of Mr Churchill, and I hope that never again will any politician be allowed to usurp the functions that he took upon himself to exercise".<ref name="Grigg 2002, p371-2"/>

Jellicoe commanded the British Grand Fleet at the [[Battle of Jutland]] in May 1916, the largest (and only major) clash of [[dreadnought]]s, albeit an indecisive one.<ref name=heath130/> His handling of the Grand Fleet during the battle remains controversial, with some historians characterising Jellicoe as too cautious and other historians faulting the [[battlecruiser]] commander, Admiral [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]], for making various tactical errors.<ref>Brooks, p. 232-237</ref> Jellicoe certainly made no significant mistakes during the battle: based on limited intelligence, he correctly deployed the Grand Fleet with a turn to port so as to "[[Crossing the T|cross the T]]" of the German [[High Seas Fleet]] as it appeared.<ref>Massie, p. 621</ref> After suffering heavy damage from shells, the German fleet turned 180 degrees and headed away from the battle.<ref>Massie, p. 645</ref> At the time the British public expressed disappointment that the Royal Navy had not won a victory on the scale of the 1805 [[Battle of Trafalgar]].<ref name=heath130/> Churchill described Jellicoe later as "the only man on either side who could lose the war in an afternoon" {{Ndash}}essentially hinting that Jellicoe's decision to prefer caution was strategically correct.<ref name=heath130/> He was appointed a member of the [[Order of Merit]] on 31 May 1916,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 29751 |date= 15 September 1916 |page=9070 |supp=y}}</ref> advanced to [[Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]] on 17 June 1916<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 29629 |date= 20 June 1916 |page=6063 |supp=y}}</ref> and awarded the Grand Cross of the French [[Legion of Honour]] on 15 September 1916.<ref>
{{London Gazette 
|issue= 29751
|date= 15 September 1916 |page=9081 
 |supp=y
}}
</ref>

===First Sea Lord===
[[File:This is a study for IWM ART 1322. Art.IWMART5729.jpg|thumb|John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe, 1918, by [[Glyn Philpot]]]]
Jellicoe was appointed [[First Sea Lord]] in November 1916.<ref name=heath130/> His term of office saw Britain brought within danger of starvation by German [[U-boat Campaign (World War I)|unrestricted U-Boat warfare]].<ref name=heath131>Heathcote, p. 131</ref>

At the War Committee (a Cabinet Committee which discussed strategy in 1915–16) in November 1916, the admirals present, including Jellicoe, told [[David Lloyd George|Lloyd George]] that convoys presented too large a target for enemy ships, and that merchant ship masters lacked the discipline to "keep station" in a convoy. In February 1917, [[Maurice Hankey, 1st Baron Hankey|Maurice Hankey]] wrote a memorandum for Lloyd George calling for the introduction of "scientifically organised convoys", almost certainly after being persuaded by Commander [[Reginald Henderson|Henderson]] and the Shipping Ministry officials with whom he was in contact. After a breakfast meeting (13 February 1917) with Lloyd George, [[Edward Carson|Carson]] (First Lord of the Admiralty) and Admirals Jellicoe and [[Alexander Duff (Royal Navy officer)|Duff]] agreed to "conduct experiments". However, convoys were not in general use until August 1917, by which time shipping losses to U-boats were already falling from their April peak.<ref>Grigg 2002, p49, 51, 53</ref>

Jellicoe continued to take a pessimistic view, advising the War Policy Committee (a Cabinet Committee which discussed strategy in 1917) during planning meetings for the [[Battle of Passchendaele|Third Ypres Offensive]] in June and July that nothing could be done to defeat the U-boats. However, removing Jellicoe in July, as Lloyd George wanted, would have been politically impossible given Conservative anger at the return of [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] (still blamed for the [[Gallipoli Campaign|Dardanelles]]) to office as [[Minister of Munitions]]. In August and September Lloyd George was preoccupied with Third Ypres and the possible transfer of resources to Italy, whilst the new First Lord of the Admiralty, [[Eric Campbell Geddes|Sir Eric Campbell Geddes]], was reforming the Naval Staff (including creating a post for [[Rosslyn Wemyss, 1st Baron Wester Wemyss|Wemyss]] as Deputy First Sea Lord). Geddes and Lloyd George met with [[Arthur Balfour|Balfour]] and [[Edward Carson|Carson]] (both former [[Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty|First Lords of the Admiralty]]) on 26 October to discuss sacking Jellicoe after he had failed to act on "secret, but absolutely reliable" information about a [[Action off Lerwick|German attack on a Norwegian convoy]], but again nothing came of this as Lloyd George was soon preoccupied by the [[Battle of Caporetto]] and the setting up of the [[Supreme War Council]]. Geddes wanted to return to his previous job in charge of military transportation in France, and by December it was clear that Lloyd George would have to sack Jellicoe or lose Geddes.<ref>Grigg 2002, p. 373</ref>

Jellicoe was rather abruptly dismissed by Geddes in December 1917.<ref 
name=heath131>Heathcote, p. 131</ref> Before he left for leave on Christmas Eve he received a letter from Geddes demanding his resignation. Geddes' letter stated that he was still in the building and available to talk, but after consulting [[Lionel Halsey|Admiral Halsey]] Jellicoe replied in writing that he would "do what was best for the service". The move became public knowledge two days later.<ref>Grigg 2002, p371-3</ref>

The Christmas holiday, when Parliament was not sitting, provided a good opportunity to remove Jellicoe with a minimum of fuss. Geddes squared matters with the King and with the Grand Fleet commander Admiral Beatty (who had initially written to Jellicoe of his "dismay" over his sacking and promised to speak to Geddes, but then did not write to him again for a month) over the holiday. The other Sea Lords talked of resigning (although Jellicoe advised them not to do so), especially when Geddes suggested in a meeting (31 December) that Balfour and Carson had specifically recommended Jellicoe's removal at the 26 October meeting; they had not done so, although Balfour's denial was less than emphatic. There was no trouble from the generals, who had a low opinion of Jellicoe. In the end the Sea Lords remained in place, whilst Carson remained a member of the War Cabinet, resigning in January over Irish Home Rule.<ref>Grigg 2002, p374-5</ref>

Although it was pretended that the decision had been Geddes' alone, he let slip in the Naval Estimates debate (6 March 1918) that he had been conveying "the decision of the Government", i.e. of Lloyd George, who had never put the matter to the War Cabinet. MPs picked up on his slip immediately, and [[Andrew Bonar Law|Bonar Law]] (Conservative Leader) admitted in the same debate that he too had had prior knowledge.<ref>Grigg 2002, p374</ref>

As First Sea Lord Jellicoe was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Belgian [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] on 21 April 1917,<ref name="ReferenceD">{{London Gazette |issue=30029|date=20 April 1917 |page=3821 |supp=y}}</ref> the Russian [[Order of St. George]], 3rd Class on 5 June 1917,<ref name="ReferenceE">{{London Gazette |issue=30116|date=5 June 1917 |page=5591 |supp=y}}</ref> the Grand Cross of the Italian [[Military Order of Savoy]] on 11 August 1917<ref name="ReferenceF">{{London Gazette |issue=30227|date=10 August 1917 |page=8208 |supp=y}}</ref> and the Grand Cordon of the Japanese [[Order of the Rising Sun]] on 29 August 1917.<ref name="ReferenceG">{{London Gazette |issue=30258|date=29 August 1917 |page=8989 |supp=y}}</ref>

== Later life ==
=== After war ===
[[File:John Rushworth Jellicoe.jpg|thumb|A 1935 portrait of Jellicoe by [[Reginald Grenville Eves]].]]
[[File:Bust of Jellicoe in Trafalgar Square.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Bust in [[Trafalgar Square]].]]
Jellicoe was created '''Viscount Jellicoe''' of Scapa Flow on 7 March 1918.<ref name="ReferenceH">{{London Gazette |issue=30565|date=8 March 1918 |page=2989 }}</ref>

At the [[Supreme War Council]] at the start of June 1918, amidst concerns that—following the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)|Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]]—the Germans were about to requisition the Russian [[Black Sea Fleet]], Lloyd George proposed Jellicoe as Allied Supreme Naval Commander in the Mediterranean. The French were in favour of a combined Allied naval command, but the Italians were not, so nothing came of the suggestion.<ref name="Grigg 2002, p372">Grigg 2002, p372</ref>

[[File:Admiral Jellicoe and wife 1924.jpg|right|thumb|Lord and Lady Jellicoe, 1924]]
Jellicoe was promoted to [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]] on 3 April 1919.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31327|date=6 May 1919|page=5653}}</ref> He became [[Governor-General of New Zealand]] in September 1920<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31983|date=16 July 1920 |page=7577 }}</ref> and while there also served as Grand Master of New Zealand's Masonic Grand Lodge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freemasons.co.nz/cms/misc/grand-masters/|title=Grand Master & Past Grand Masters|publisher=The New Zealand Freemasons|access-date=1 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205233343/http://www.freemasons.co.nz/cms/misc/grand-masters/|archive-date=5 February 2013}}</ref> Following his return to England, he was created '''Earl Jellicoe''' and '''Viscount Brocas''' of [[Southampton]] in the County of Southampton on 1 July 1925.<ref name="ReferenceI">{{London Gazette |issue=33063|date=3 July 1925|page=4448 }}</ref> He also served as the [[Scout Commissioner|Commissioner]] for [[Scouting in Greater London|London Boy Scouts]] from 1925 to 1928.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nevill  |first=Percy Bantock |author-link=P. B. Nevill |date=1966 |title=Scouting in London, 1908-1965 |publisher=London Scout Council |page=202 }}</ref> He was made a [[Deputy Lieutenant]] of Hampshire in 1932.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33821/page/2795/data.pdf|title=The London Gazette|date=29 April 1932|page=2795|access-date=20 April 2017}}</ref> He died of [[pneumonia]] at his home in [[Kensington]] in [[London]] on 20 November 1935 and was buried in [[St Paul's Cathedral]].<ref name=heath131/>

==Legacy==
In 1919, "Sleep, beneath the wave! a requiem" with words by Rev. Alfred Hall and Music by Albert Ham was "Dedicated to Admiral Viscount Jellicoe."<ref>"Sleep, beneath the wave! a requiem" with words by Rev. Alfred Hall and Music by Albert Ham. Winnipeg, Manitoba: Waley, Royce and Co., 1919</ref>

The attempt of his official biographer, Admiral [[Reginald Bacon]], to portray him as the conqueror of the U-boats is, in [[John Grigg]]'s view, absurd, as the main decisions were allegedly taken by other men. Bacon also claimed that his elevation to a viscountcy on dismissal was a deliberate snub, but in fact [[John French, 1st Earl of Ypres|Sir John French]], the former Commander-in-Chief of the BEF, was only a viscount at the time (both he and Jellicoe became Earls subsequently), while [[John Arbuthnot Fisher|Fisher]] was never more than a Baron. Bacon's neutrality may be questionable as he had himself been sacked by Geddes from command of the [[Dover Patrol]], replaced by [[Roger Keyes, 1st Baron Keyes|Roger Keyes]], shortly after Jellicoe's removal.<ref name="Grigg 2002, p372"/>

==Family==
Jellicoe married, at [[Holy Trinity, Sloane Street|Holy Trinity Church, Sloane Street]], on 1 July 1902, Florence Gwendoline Cayzer, daughter of the shipping magnate [[Sir Charles Cayzer, 1st Baronet|Sir Charles Cayzer]]. His brother, Rev. [[Frederick Jellicoe]] (1858–1927), conducted the service.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court Circular |date=2 July 1902 |page=10 |issue=36809}}</ref> Lord and Lady Jellicoe had a son and five daughters.<ref name=heath129/> His son [[George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe]] had a military career during the Second World War, after which he was a parliamentarian and a businessman.<ref>{{Cite ODNB|id=98592|last1=Ure|first1=John|title=Jellicoe, George Patrick John Rushworth, second Earl Jellicoe and Baron Jellicoe of Southampton (1918–2007)}}</ref>

==Honours==
<div class="center">
Ribbon bar (incomplete)

[[File:Order of the Bath (ribbon).svg|100px]]
[[File:Galó de l'Orde del Mèrit (UK).svg|100px]]
[[File:Royal Victorian Order ribbon sm.jpg|100px]]
[[File:SGM(UK)ribbon.jpg|100px]]

[[File:Egypt Medal BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:Third China War Medal BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:1914 1915 Star ribbon bar.svg|100px]]
[[File:British War Medal BAR.svg|100px]]

[[File:Victory Medal ribbon bar.svg|100px]]
[[File:King George V Coronation Medal ribbon.png|100px]]
[[File:GeorgeVSilverJubileum-ribbon.png|100px]]
[[File:Ord.Aquilarossa-COM.png|100px]]

[[File:Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:Grand Crest Ordre de Leopold.png|100px]]
[[File:BEL Croix de Guerre WW1 ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:RUS Order of Saint George 3rd class ribbon 2000.svg|100px]]

[[File:Cavaliere di gran croce OMS BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho Paulownia BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:Croix de Guerre 1914-1918 ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:Navy Distinguished Service ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:Khedives Star.png|95px]]

</div>

===Peerages===
* Viscount Jellicoe, of Scapa in the County of Orkney – 7 March 1918<ref name="ReferenceH"/>
* Earl Jellicoe and Viscount Brocas, of Southampton in the County of Southampton – 1 July 1925<ref name="ReferenceI"/>

===British orders===
* Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) – 8 February 1915<ref name="ReferenceC"/> (KCB: 19 June 1911;<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28505 |date=19 June 1911|page=4588 |supp=y}}</ref> CB: 9 November 1900<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27246|date=13 November 1900|page=6927}}</ref>)
* Order of Merit (OM) – 31 May 1916<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29751 |date=15 September 1916 |page=9070 |supp=y}}</ref>
* Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) – 17 June 1916<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29629 |date=20 June 1916 |page=6063 |supp=y}}</ref> (KCVO: 3 August 1907;<ref name="ReferenceB"/> CVO: 13 February 1906<ref name="ReferenceA"/>)

===British decoration===
* [[Sea Gallantry Medal]] (SGM) – 1886

===British medals===
* [[Egypt Medal]]
* [[China War Medal (1900)]]
* [[1914-15 Star]]
* [[British War Medal]]
* [[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|World War I Victory Medal]]
* [[King George V Coronation Medal]]
* [[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]]

===International orders===
* {{flagu|Kingdom of Prussia}} : [[Order of the Red Eagle]], 2nd class with crossed swords – ''April 1902''<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court News |date=10 April 1902 |page=4 |issue=36738}}</ref>
* {{flagu|France}} : Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Honour]] – ''15 September 1916''<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29751|date=15 September 1916 |page=9081 |supp=y}}</ref>
* {{flagu|Belgium}} : Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]] – ''21 April 1917''<ref name="ReferenceD"/> 
* {{flagu|Russian Empire}} : [[Order of St. George]], 3rd Class – ''5 June 1917''<ref name="ReferenceE"/> 
* {{flagu|Kingdom of Italy}} : Grand Cross of the [[Military Order of Savoy]] – ''11 August 1917''<ref name="ReferenceF"/> 
* {{flagu|Empire of Japan}} : Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Paulownia Flowers]] – ''29 August 1917''<ref name="ReferenceG"/>

===International decorations===
* [[Navy Distinguished Service Medal]] of the United States – 16 September 1919<ref>{{London Gazette |city=e|issue=13501|date=16 September 1919|page=3098 }}</ref>
* [[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de Guerre]] of France – 21 February 1919<ref>{{London Gazette |city=e|issue=13407|date=21 February 1919|page=985 }}</ref>
* [[Belgian Croix de Guerre]] – 21 April 1917<ref name="ReferenceD"/>
* [[Khedive's Star]] of Egypt – 1882<ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Applin |title=Admiral Jellicoe|page=34|publisher=C. A. Pearson Ltd, London|year=1915|oclc=681198465}}</ref>

==Arms==
{{Infobox coat of arms wide
|name = John Rushworth Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe
|image = Jellicoe achievement.svg
|bannerimage =
|badgeimage =
|notes = The arms of John Jellicoe, Viscount Jellicoe consist of:<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cox |first1=Noel |title=THE ARMS OF EARL JELLICOE |url=http://www.geocities.ws/noelcox/Jellicoe.htm |website=www.geocities.ws |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Debrett's Peerage, and Titles of Courtesy |date=1921 |publisher=London, Dean |page=507, JELLIC0E, VISCOUNT. (Jellicoe.) |url=https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/506/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref> ([https://gg.govt.nz/image-galleries/6463/media?page=2 carved depiction])
|adopted =
|crest = Out of a Naval Crown Or, a Demi-[[Wolf]] Azure.
|torse =
|helm =
|escutcheon = Argent, three Bars wavy Azure, over all a [[Whale]] hauriant Sable.
|supporters = On either side a [[Griffin#In heraldry|Sea-Griffin]] Or.
|compartment =
|motto = {{lang|la|Sui memores merendo}} (Remembered for their merits)
|orders =
|other_elements =
|banner =
|badge =
|symbolism =
|previous_versions =
}}

[[File:Blue plaque Earl Jellicoe.jpg|right|thumb|Blue plaque at 25 Draycott Place (Blacklands Terrace), [[Cadogan Gardens]], London, SW3]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|author=Admiral Sir Reginald Bacon|author-link=Reginald Bacon|title=The Life of John Rushworth, Earl Jellicoe, G.C.B., O.M., G.C.V.O, L.L.D., D.C.L.|publisher=Cassell|year= 1936|asin=B00085MS20}}
* {{cite book|last=Brooks|first= John |title=Dreadnought Gunnery and the Battle of Jutland: The Question of Fire Control|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0714657026}}
* {{cite book|last=Grigg|first= John |title=Lloyd George: War Leader, 1916–1918|year=2002|publisher=Allen Lane|isbn=978-0571277490}}
* {{cite book|last=Heathcote |first=Tony |title=The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 – 1995 |publisher=Leo Cooper|location=Barnsley, UK|year=2002 |isbn=0-85052-835-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Massie |first=Robert Kinloch|author-link=Robert K. Massie|title=[[Castles of Steel: Britain Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea]] |year=2003 |publisher=Ballantine Books |location=New York |isbn=0-345-40878-0 }}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Jellicoe|first=Admiral John Rushworth|title=The Grand Fleet: Its creation, development and work 1914–1916|publisher=Not So Noble Books|date= December 2013|asin=B00C6BFG3W}}
* {{cite book|last=Jellicoe|first=Captain John Rushworth|title=Men of the Day: Naval Ordnance (MXLVI)|publisher=[[Vanity Fair (UK magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date= 26 December 1906}}
* {{cite book|last=Jellicoe|first=John Rushworth, 1st Earl Jellicoe|title=The Crisis of the Naval War|publisher=Tredition|year= 2011|isbn=978-3842425057}}
* {{cite book|last=Murfett |first=Malcolm |title=The First Sea Lords from Fisher to Mountbatten|publisher=Westport |year=1995 |isbn=0-275-94231-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Winton|first=John| author-link = John Winton|title=Jellicoe|publisher=M Joseph|year= 1981|isbn=978-0718118136}}
*{{cite book | last=Hesilrige | first=Arthur G. M. | year=1921 | title=Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy | url=https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/507 | location=160A, [[Fleet street]], [[London]], UK | publisher=[[Dean & Son]] | page=507 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|John Jellicoe}}
{{Wikisource author}}
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-john-jellicoe | the Earl Jellicoe }}
* {{DP-xlink|http://dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/John_Rushworth_Jellicoe,_First_Earl_Jellicoe}}, note the chapters to the right
* {{Find a Grave|6206}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Jellicoe,+John | name=John Jellicoe}}
* {{Internet Archive author |name=John Jellicoe}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/008768}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-mil}}
{{S-bef|before=[[George Egerton (Royal Navy officer)|George Egerton]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Atlantic_Fleet_(United_Kingdom)#Rear-Admiral,_Second-in-Command,_Atlantic_Fleet|Rear Admiral Second-in-Command, Atlantic Fleet]] |years=1907–1908}}
{{S-aft|after=[[William Blake Fisher|William B. Fisher]]}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=[[Henry Jackson (Royal Navy officer)|Sir Henry Jackson]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Third Sea Lord|Third Sea Lord and Controller of the Navy]] |years=1908–1910}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Charles Briggs (Royal Navy officer)|Sir Charles Briggs]]}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=[[Prince Louis of Battenberg]]|rows=2}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Atlantic Fleet (United Kingdom)|Vice-Admiral Commanding, Atlantic Fleet]] |years=1910–1911}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Cecil Burney|Sir Cecil Burney]]}}
|-
{{S-ttl|title=[[Second Sea Lord]]|years=1912–1914}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Frederick Hamilton (Royal Navy officer)|Sir Frederick Hamilton]]}}
|-
{{S-new|command}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Grand Fleet|Commander-in-Chief, Grand Fleet]]|years=1914–1916}}
{{S-aft|after=[[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|Sir David Beatty]]}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=[[Henry Jackson (Royal Navy officer)|Sir Henry Jackson]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[First Sea Lord]] |years=1916–1917}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Rosslyn Wemyss, 1st Baron Wester Wemyss|Sir Rosslyn Wemyss]]}}
{{S-gov}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Arthur Foljambe, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|The Earl of Liverpool]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Governor-General of New Zealand]] |years=1920–1924}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Sir Charles Fergusson, 7th Baronet|Sir Charles Fergusson, Bt]]}}
|-
{{S-reg|uk}}
{{S-new|rows=2 |creation}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Earl Jellicoe]] |years=1925–1935}}
{{S-aft|rows=2 |after=[[George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe|George Jellicoe]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Viscount Jellicoe]] |years=1918–1935}}
{{S-end}}

{{First Sea Lord}}
{{Governors-General of New Zealand}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jellicoe, John Jellicoe, 1st Earl}}
[[Category:First Sea Lords and Chiefs of the Naval Staff]]
[[Category:Lords of the Admiralty]]
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[[Category:New Zealand Freemasons]]
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[[Category:Recipients of the Sea Gallantry Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal]]
[[Category:Viscounts created by George V]]
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