Editing John Crome

{{short description|English painter}}
{{for|his son, the English painter|John Berney Crome}}

{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox artist
| name          = John Crome
| image         = John Crome.jpg
| image_size    = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = Portrait by [[Michael William Sharp]]
| birth_name    = John Crome
| birth_date    = {{birth date|df=yes|1768|12|22}} 
| birth_place   = [[Norwich]], England
| death_date    = {{death date and age|df=yes|1821|4|22|1768|12|22}}
| death_place   = Norwich
| nationality   = English
| movement      = [[Norwich School of painters]]
| spouse        = Phoebe Berney
| children         = {{plainlist|
* [[John Berney Crome]]
* 3 daughters and 4 other sons survived infancy{{sfn|Clifford|Clifford1968|p=28}}
}}
| awards        = 
| elected       = 
| patrons       =
| website       = <!-- {{URL|Example.com}} -->
| field         = 
| training      = 
| works         = 
| bgcolour      = 
}}

'''John Crome''' (22 December 1768{{snd}}22 April 1821), once known as '''Old Crome''' to distinguish him from his artist son [[John Berney Crome]], was an English [[Landscape painting|landscape painter]] of the [[Romanticism|Romantic]] era, one of the principal artists and founding members of the [[Norwich School of painters]]. He lived in the English city of [[Norwich]] for all his life. Most of his works are of [[Norfolk]] landscapes.

Crome's work is in the collections of public art galleries, including the [[Tate Gallery]] and the [[Royal Academy]] in [[London]], and the [[Norwich Castle|Castle Museum]] in Norwich. He produced [[etching]]s and taught art.

==Biography==
John Crome was born on 22 December 1768 in [[Norwich]],{{sfn|Stephen|1888|pp=140{{ndash}}143}} and baptised on 25 December at [[St George's Church, Tombland, Norwich]].{{sfn|Mottram|1931|p=25}} He was the son of John Crome, a [[Weaver (occupation)|weaver]] (who is also described as either an innkeeper or a lodger at a Norwich [[inn]]),{{sfn|Binyon|1897|pp=7{{ndash}}8}} and his wife Elizabeth.{{sfn|Mottram|1931|p=30}} After a period working as an errand boy for a doctor (from the age of 12), he was apprenticed to Francis Whisler, a house, coach and [[Sign painting|sign painter]].{{sfn|Goldberg|1978|p=38}}{{refn|1=Cundall gives his master's name as 'Whistler'.{{sfn|Cundall|1920|p=8}}|group=note}} At about this time he formed a friendship with [[Robert Ladbrooke]], then an [[apprentice]] printer. They shared a room and went on sketching trips in the fields and lanes around Norwich.{{sfn|Stephen|1888|pp=140{{ndash}}143}} They occasionally bought [[Printing|prints]] to copy.

Crome and Ladbrooke sold some of their work to a local printseller, Smith and Jaggars,{{sfn| Cundall|1920|page=9}} and it was probably through the print-seller that Crome met Thomas Harvey of [[Old Catton]], who helped him set to up as a drawing teacher.{{sfn|Stephen|1888|pp=140{{ndash}}143}} Crome had access to Harvey's art collection, which allowed him to develop his skills by copying the works of [[Thomas Gainsborough]] and [[Meindert Hobbema]]. Crome received further instruction and encouragement from the artist [[John Opie]], and the English portraitist [[William Beechey]], whose house in London he frequently visited.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=483{{ndash}}484}}

In October 1792 Crome married Phoebe Berney.{{sfn|Cundall|1920|page=10}} They produced two daughters and six sons, two of whom, [[John Berney Crome]] and [[William Henry Crome]] became landscape painters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=William Henry Crome {{!}} 74 Artworks at Auction {{!}} MutualArt |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/William-Henry-Crome/6006B08B81457680 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=mutualart.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 1803 Crome and Ladbrooke formed the Norwich Society of Artists, a group that also included [[Robert Dixon (artist)|Robert Dixon]], [[Charles Hodgson (artist)|Charles Hodgson]], [[Daniel Coppin]], [[James Stark (painter)|James Stark]] and [[George Vincent (painter)|George Vincent]]. Their first exhibition was in 1805; it marked the start of the [[Norwich School of painters]], the first art movement created outside London.{{sfn|Walpole|1997|p=19}} Crome contributed 22 works to its first [[Art exhibition|exhibition]], held in 1805. He served as President of the Society several times and held the position at the time of his death.{{sfn|Cundall|1920|page=11}} With the exception of the times when he made short visits to London, he had little or no communication with the great artists of his own time.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=483{{ndash}}484}} He exhibited 13 works at the [[Royal Academy]] between 1806 and 1818. He visited Paris in 1814, following the defeat of [[Napoleon]], and later exhibited views of Paris, [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]], and [[Ostend]]. Most of his subjects were of scenes in [[Norfolk]].{{sfn|Cundall|1920|page=11}}

Crome was drawing master at [[Norwich School]] for many years. Several members of the Norwich School art movement were educated at the school and were taught by him,<ref>Cundall 1920, pp. 1, 17, 25, 26, 27, 31</ref> including Stark and [[Edward Thomas Daniell]].{{sfn|Cundall|1920|page=32}} He also taught privately, his pupils including members of the influential [[Gurney family (Norwich)|Gurney family]], whom he stayed with whilst in the [[Lake District]] in 1802.{{sfn|Cundall|1920|page=9}}

{{multiple image
 | align = right
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 | width = 200
 | image1 = Crome's grave Norwich.jpg
 | caption1 =
 | image2 = St George Colegate, Norwich - C19 memorial (geograph 1957914).jpg
 | caption2 = Crome's grave and memorial tablet in [[St George's Church, Colegate, Norwich|St. George's Colegate, Norwich]]}}
He died at his house in Gildengate, Norwich, on 22 April 1821, and was buried in [[St George's Church, Colegate, Norwich|St. George's Church]]. On his death-bed he is said to have gasped, "Oh Hobbema, my dear Hobbema, how I have loved you".{{sfn|Stephen|1888|pp=140{{ndash}}143}} A memorial exhibition of more than 100 of his works was held in November that year by the Norwich Society of Artists.{{sfn|Cundall|1920|page=9}}

[[Crome's Broad]] and nearby Crome's Farm in [[The Broads National Park]] are named after him.  The area surrounding [[Heartsease Estate, Norwich|Heartsease]] is covered by the Crome ward and division on [[Norwich City Council]] and [[Norfolk County Council]] respectively.

An incident in Crome's life was the subject of the one-act [[opera]] ''Twice in a Blue Moon'' by [[Phyllis Tate]], to a [[libretto]] by [[Christopher Hassall]]: it was first performed in 1969. In the story Crome and his wife split one of his paintings in two to sell each half at the Norwich Fair.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Farnham Festival |title=Twice in a Blue Moon |url=https://www.phyllis-tate.com/assets/twice-in-a-blue-moon.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703122227/http://www.phyllis-tate.com/assets/twice-in-a-blue-moon.pdf |archive-date=2018-07-03 |url-status=live |website=Phyllis Tate |access-date=17 June 2021 |date=1969}}</ref>

==Works==
[[File:CromeSheds.jpg|left|thumb|''Sheds and Old Houses on the Yare'', c. 1803, [[Clark Art Institute]], [[Williamstown, Massachusetts|Williamstown]]]]
Crome, who is sometimes referred to as "Old Crome",{{sfn|Cole|Van Dyke|1902|p=141}} worked in both [[watercolour]] and [[Oil paint|oil]], producing more than 300 oil paintings during his career.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

Between 1809 and 1813 he made a series of [[etching]]s. They were not published in his lifetime, although he issued a prospectus announcing his intention to do so.{{sfn|Cundall|1920|page=15}}

His two main influences are considered to be [[Dutch Golden Age painting|Dutch 17th-century painting]] and the work of the Welsh landscape painter [[Richard Wilson (painter)|Richard Wilson]]. Along with the artist [[John Constable]], Crome was one of the earliest English painters to represent identifiable species of trees, rather than generalised forms.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=483{{ndash}}484}} His works, renowned for their originality and vision, were inspired by direct observation of the natural world combined with a comprehensive study of [[old masters]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

The art historian [[Andrew Hemingway (art historian)|Andrew Hemingway]] has identified a theme of leisure in Crome's work, citing particularly his works depicting the beach at [[Great Yarmouth]], and the [[River Wensum]] in his native Norwich.{{sfn|Hemingway|2016|p=302}} An example of the latter is the oil painting ''Boys Bathing on the River Wensum, Norwich'', which was painted in 1817.<ref name=yale>{{cite web |url=https://collections.britishart.yale.edu/vufind/Record/1670799 |work=Yale Center for British Art |title=Boys Bathing on the River Wensum, Norwich |access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref> It depicts a scene at [[River Wensum#Watermills|New Mills]], the location of several of Crome's works.{{sfn|Hemingway|2016|p=347}}

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px style="text-align:left">
File:John Crome (1768-1821) - The Poringland Oak - N02674 - National Gallery.jpg|''The Poringland Oak'' ({{circa}}1818), [[National Gallery]]
File:John Crome - A Barge with a Wounded Soldier - Google Art Project.jpg| ''A Barge with a Wounded Soldier'' (undated), [[Yale Center for British Art]]
File:Hautbois Common, Norfolk MET DP167135.jpg|''Hautbois Common'', 1810, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
File:John Crome - The River Wensum, Norwich - Google Art Project.jpg|''The River Wensum, Norwich'' ({{circa}}1814), Yale Center for British Art
File:John Crome - Yarmouth Jetty - Google Art Project.jpg|''Yarmouth Jetty'' ({{circa}}1810), Yale Center for British Art
File:John Crome - Boys Bathing on the River Wensum, Norwich - Google Art Project.jpg|''Boys Bathing on the River Wensum, Norwich '' (1817), Yale Center for British Art
File:John Crome - Woodland Landscape near Norwich - Google Art Project.jpg|''Woodland Landscape near Norwich'' (1810{{ndash}}1812), Yale Center for British Art
File:John Crome (1768-1821) - The Bell Inn - NG 2846 - National Galleries of Scotland.jpg|''The Bell Inn'' ({{circa}}1805), [[National Galleries of Scotland]]
File:John Crome (1768-1821) - Mousehold Heath, Norwich - N00689 - National Gallery.jpg|''Mousehold Heath'' (1818–1820), [[Tate Britain]]
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Binyon |first1=Laurence |author1-link=Laurence Binyon |title=John Crome and John Sell Cotman |date=1897 |publisher=Seeley & Co. |location=London |oclc=251906700 |url=https://archive.org/details/johncromeandjoh00binygoog/page/n6/mode/2up }}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle= Crome, John | volume= 7 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Clifford |first1=Derek |last2=Clifford |first2=Timothy |title=John Crome |date=1968 |publisher=Faber and Faber Ltd. |location=London |oclc=557807587}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cole |first1=Timothy |last2=Van Dyke |first2=John Charles |title=Old English Masters |date=1902 |publisher=The Century Co. |location=New York |oclc=975407215 |url=https://archive.org/details/oldenglishmaster00cole }}
* {{cite book |last= Cundall |first= Herbert Minton |editor1-last=Holme |editor1-first=Geoffrey |date= 1920 |title= The Norwich School |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924014891992/page/n7/mode/2up |location= London |publisher= Geoffrey Holme Ltd |oclc=651802612 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Goldberg |first1=Norman L. |title=John Crome the Elder |volume =1: Text and a critical catalogue |url=https://archive.org/details/johncromeelder0000gold/page/n7/mode/2up |date=1978 |publisher=Phaidon Press |isbn=978-0-7148-1821-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hemingway |first=Andrew |title=Landscape between Ideology and the Aesthetic: Marxist Essays on British Art and Art Theory, 1750{{ndash}}1850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PqYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA302 |page=302 |year=2016 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-26901-9 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Mottram |first1=Ralph Hale |author1-link=Ralph Hale Mottram |title=John Crome of Norwich |date=1931 |publisher=John Lane The Bodley Head Limited |location=London |oclc=717763630 }}
* {{cite DNB|wstitle=Crome, John (1768–1821)|volume=13|pages=140–143}}
* {{cite book |last= Walpole |first= Josephine|date= 1997 |title= Art and Artists of the Norwich School |location= Woodbridge, UK |publisher= Antique Collectors' Club |isbn= 978-1-85149-261-9 }}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last= Moore |first= Andrew W. |date= 1985 |title= The Norwich School of Artists |location= Norwich |publisher= HMSO/Norwich Museums Service |isbn= 978-0-11-701587-6 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last= Theobald |first= Henry Studdy |date= 1906 |title= Crome's Etchings; a catalogue and an appreciation, with some account of his paintings |url= https://archive.org/stream/cromesetchingsca00theo#page/n5/mode/2up |location= London |publisher= MacMillan and Co. Ltd.|oclc=250577003 |ref=none}}

==External links==
{{commons category|John Crome}}
{{DNB poster|Crome, John (1768-1821)|John Crome}}
*  [https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NNSF-5L3 John Crome] in "England Births and Christenings, 1538–1975", [[FamilySearch]]. {{registration required}}
*{{Art UK bio|wikidata=Q3503915 |name=John Crome |nocount=true}}
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG24067 Works by (or relating to) John Crome] at the [[British Museum]]
*[http://norfolkmuseumscollections.org/#!/collections/search?q=john%2Bcrome&mediaType=image Works by (or relating to) John Crome] in the Norfolk Museums Collections
*[https://collections.britishart.yale.edu/?utf8=%E2%9C%93&search_field=Creator&q=john+crome Works by (or relating to) John Crome] at the [[Yale Center for British Art]]

{{Authority control}}
{{Norwich School of painters}}

<!-- *{{cite book |last= Goldberg|first= Norman L.|date= 1978|title= John Crome the Elder, volume 1|url=|location= Oxford |publisher= Phaidon|page= 17|isbn= 0714818216|author-link= }}--><!-- In your letter you wished me to give you my opinion of your picture. I should have liked it better if you had made it more of a whole, that is, the Trees stronger, the sky running from them in shadow up to the opposite corner, That would have produced what I think it wanted, and have made it much less a too picture effect. I think I hear you say this fellow is very vain and that nothing is right that does not suit his eye. But be assured what I have said I thought on first sight, it strengthened me in that opinion every time I looked at it. Honesty my Boy. So much for what it wanted. But how pleased I was to see so much improvement in the figures. So unlike our Norwich School – I might say they are good. Your boat was too small for them (you see I am at it again). But to return the water pleases me, and I think it would not want much alteration in the sky. I cannot let your sky go off without some observation. I think the character of your clouds too affected that is, too much of some of our Mordern [sic] Painters who mistake some of our great masters because they sometimes put in some of those round characters of clouds; they must do the same. But if you look at any of their skys [sic] they either assist in the composition or make some figure in the picture (nay sometimes play the first fiddle). I have seen this in Wovermans [sic] and many others I could mention. Breath must be attended to, if you paint but a muscle give it breath. Your doing the same in the sky making parts broad and of a good shape that they may come in with your composition forming one grand plan of light and shade. This must always please a good eye, and keep the attention of the spectator and give delight to everyone. Trifles in nature must be overlooked that we may have our feelings raised by seeing the whole picture at a glance, and not knowing how or why we are so charmed. -->

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crome, John}}
[[Category:18th-century English painters]]
[[Category:English male painters]]
[[Category:19th-century English painters]]
[[Category:English watercolourists]]
[[Category:English landscape artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Norwich]]
[[Category:1768 births]]
[[Category:1821 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century English male artists]]
[[Category:19th-century English male artists]]