Editing Herod Agrippa II

{{Short description|1st-century Judean ruler}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name            = Herod Agrippa II
| succession      = [[Herodian tetrarchy|King]] in [[Galilee]] and [[Perea]]
| image           = Herod Agrippa II medal.svg
| caption         = ''[[Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum]]'' medallion of Agrippa II, 15th century
| alt             = Medallion
| reign           = 55–c. 92/100 AD
| coronation      = 
| full name       = Marcus Julius Agrippa
| predecessor     = [[Herod Agrippa I]] (indirect, reigned over all of [[Galilee]] and [[Perea]])
| successor       =
| succession1     = [[Herodian tetrarchy|King]] of [[Iturea]], [[Trachonitis]], [[Batanea]], [[Gaulanitis]], [[Auranitis]], and [[Paneas]]<br />[[Herodian tetrarchy|King in Syria]]
| reign1          = 53–c. 92/100 AD
| succession2     = [[Herodian tetrarchy|Tetrarch of Chalcis]]
| reign2          = 48–53 AD
| successor2      = [[Aristobulus of Chalcis|Aristobulus V]] (indirect)
| spouse          = 
| issue           = 
| royal house     = 
| dynasty         = [[Herodian dynasty|Herodian]]
| father          = Herod Agrippa I
| mother          = [[Cypros (spouse of Herod Agrippa)|Cypros]]  
| birth_date      = 27/28 AD
| birth_place     =
| death_date      = c. 92 or 100 
| death_place     =
| date of burial  =
| place of burial =
|}}
'''Herod Agrippa II''' ([[Roman naming conventions|Roman name]]: '''Marcus Julius Agrippa''', {{Langx|he|אגריפס}}; AD 27/28<ref name="OCD"/>&nbsp;– {{circa|92}} or 100<ref name="OCD"/><ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Agrippa, Herod, II.|volume=1|page=425}}</ref>), sometimes shortened to '''Agrippa II''' or '''Agrippa''', was the last ruler from the [[Herodian dynasty]], reigning over territories outside of [[Judea]] as a Roman [[Client state|client]]. Agrippa II fled Jerusalem in 66, fearing the Jewish uprising, and he supported the Roman side in the [[First Jewish–Roman War]].

==Early life==
Herod Agrippa II was the son of the first and better-known [[Herod Agrippa]] and the brother of [[Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)|Berenice]], [[Mariamne (daughter of Herod Agrippa)|Mariamne]], and [[Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)|Drusilla]] (second wife of the Roman procurator [[Antonius Felix]]).<ref name="DGRBM">{{Cite DGRBM | last = Mason | first = Charles Peter | title = Agrippa, Herodes II | volume = 1 | page = 78 | url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D11%3Aentry%3Dagrippa-herodes-ii-bio-1 }}</ref> He was educated at the court of the emperor [[Claudius]], and at the time of his father's death he was 17 years old. Claudius therefore kept him at Rome and sent [[Cuspius Fadus]] as [[Procurator (ancient Rome)|procurator]] of the [[Judaea (Roman province)|Roman province of Judaea]]. While at Rome, he voiced his support for the Jews to Claudius and against the [[Samaritan]]s and the procurator of [[Iudaea Province]], [[Ventidius Cumanus]], who was thought to have been the cause of some disturbances there.<ref name="OCD">{{Citation | last = Rajak | first = Tessa | contribution = Iulius Agrippa (2) II, Marcus | editor-last = Hornblower | editor-first = Simon | title = [[Oxford Classical Dictionary]] | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | place = Oxford | year = 1996 }}</ref>

==Rise in power==
[[File:Palestine in the time of Agrippa II (Smith, 1915).jpg|thumb|Map of Judea in the time of Agrippa II]]
[[File:The Herods of the Bible.svg|thumb|Schematic family tree showing the ''Herods'' of the Bible]]
On the death of king [[Herod of Chalcis]] in 48, his small Syrian realm of [[Chalcis (ancient state)|Chalcis]] was given to Agrippa, with the right of superintending the [[Temple in Jerusalem]] and appointing its high priest, but only as a [[Herodian tetrarchy|tetrarch]].<ref>{{Cite JE1906| url= http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=913&letter=A&search=Agrippa%20II |title= Agrippa II}}: "In the year 50, without regard to the rights of the heir to the throne, he had himself appointed… to the kingdom of Chalcis by the emperor, and also to the supervisorship of the Temple at Jerusalem, which carried with it the right of nominating the high priest."</ref><ref>[https://www.livius.org/articles/person/herod-agrippa-ii/ Herod Agrippa II] at Livius.org</ref>

In 53, Agrippa was forced to give up the tetrarchy of Chalcis, but in exchange Claudius made him ruler with the title of king over the territories previously governed by [[Philip the Tetrarch|Philip]]—[[Iturea]], [[Lajat|Trachonitis]], [[Batanea]], [[Gaulanitis]], [[Auranitis]] and [[Paneas]]—as well as the kingdom of [[Lysanias]] in [[Abila Lysaniou|Abila]].<ref>[[Josephus]], ''[[Antiquities of the Jews|Antiquities]]'' (book 20, chapter 7, verse 1); Josephus, ''[[Wars of the Jews]]'' (book 2, chapter 12, verse 8).</ref><ref name=Hoehner1980>{{Cite book |last= Hoehner |first=Harold W.|author-link=Harold Hoehner|title=Herod Antipas |page= 108 |publisher= Zondervan |series= Contemporary evangelical perspectives: biblical history | volume = 17 |year=1980|orig-year= 1972 |isbn= 978-0-31042251-8 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Aw00tXpMSpIC&pg=PA108|access-date=2016-09-10}}</ref><ref name= Orr2018>{{Cite book |editor-last =Orr | editor-first = James|editor-link=James Orr (theologian)|title=The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia|publisher=Delmarva|page=6669|year=2018|orig-year= 1939 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zSDsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT6669 |access-date= 2016-09-16}}</ref> The tetrarchy of Chalcis was subsequently in 57 given to his cousin [[Aristobulus of Chalcis|Aristobulus]] ({{bibleverse|Acts 25:13; 26:2,7|multi=yes}}). Agrippa celebrated by marrying off his two sisters Mariamne and Drusilla. [[Josephus]], the Jewish historian, repeats the gossip that Agrippa lived in an incestuous relationship with his sister Berenice.

In 55, the Emperor [[Nero]] added to Agrippa's realm the cities of [[Tiberias]] and [[Taricheae]] in [[Galilee]], and [[Livias]] (Iulias), with 14 villages near it, in [[Perea (region)|Peraea]]. It was before Agrippa and Berenice that, according to the [[New Testament]], [[Paul the Apostle]] pleaded his case at [[Caesarea Maritima]], probably in 59 or 60 ({{bibleverse|Acts|26}}).

Agrippa expended large sums in beautifying [[Jerusalem]] and other cities, especially [[Berytus]] (ancient Beirut), a Hellenised city in Phoenicia. His partiality for the latter rendered him unpopular amongst his own subjects, and the capricious manner in which he appointed and deposed the high priests made him disliked by the Jews.

[[File:Nikolai Bodarevsky 001.jpg|thumb|right|270px|[[Nikolai Bodarevsky]], 1875, ''Apostle Paul on Trial''. Agrippa and [[Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa I)|Berenice]] are both seated on thrones.]]
==Jewish–Roman War==
In the 17th year of Agrippa's reign (corresponding with the 12th year of Nero's reign, or 65/66 AD), Agrippa tried desperately to avert a war with Rome,<ref>[[Josephus]], ''De Bello Judaico'' (''Wars of the Jews'') ii.xiv.§ 4</ref> when he saw his countrymen generally disposed to fight against Rome because of insults and abuses they had been facing under the Roman procurator, [[Gessius Florus]]. At this time, they had broken off the cloisters leading from [[Antonia Fortress]] to the [[Temple Mount]] where Roman soldiers went to keep guard during the Jewish holidays, and they refused to pay the due tribute to Rome.<ref>Josephus (''Wars'') ii.xv.§ 6; ii.xvi.§ 5.</ref> Agrippa convened the people and urged them to tolerate the temporary injustices done to them and submit themselves to Roman [[hegemony]]. At length, Agrippa failed to prevent his subjects from rebelling, whereas, during a certain holiday when the Roman governor of Syria, [[Cestius Gallus]], had passed through Judea to quell the rebellion, he was routed by Jewish forces.<ref>Josephus (''Wars'') ii.xix.§ 2</ref> By 66 the citizenry of Jerusalem expelled Agrippa and Berenice from Jerusalem.<ref name="OCD"/> 

During the [[First Jewish–Roman War]] of 66–73, he sent 2,000 men, archers and cavalry, to support Roman general [[Vespasian]], showing that, although a Jew, he was entirely devoted to the [[Roman Empire]].<ref name="EB1911" /> He accompanied Vespasian's son [[Titus]] on part of his campaigns against the rebels<ref name="OCD" /> and was wounded at the [[siege of Gamla]]. After the capture of Jerusalem, he went with Berenice to Rome, where he was invested with the dignity of [[praetor]] and rewarded with additional territory.

===Relations with Josephus===
Agrippa had a great intimacy with the historian Josephus, having supplied him with information for his history, ''[[Antiquities of the Jews]]''.<ref name="EB1911"/> Josephus preserved two of the letters he received from him.<ref>{{Cite Josephus |text=anti |bookno=17 |chap=5 |sec=4 |pace=1 |show-translator=no |show-source=no |abbr=yes}}; {{Cite Josephus |text=anti |bookno=19 |chap=9 |sec=2 |pace=1 |show-translator=no |show-source=no |abbr=yes}} and endnote 1 ; {{Cite Josephus |text=anti |bookno=20 |chap=1 |sec=3 |pace=1 |show-translator=no |show-source=no |abbr=yes}} ; {{Cite Josephus |text=anti |bookno=20 |chap=5 |sec=2 |pace=1 |show-translator=no |show-source=no |abbr=yes}} ; {{Cite Josephus |text=anti |bookno=20 |chap=7 |sec=1 |pace=1 |show-translator=no |show-source=no |abbr=yes}} ; {{Cite Josephus |text=anti |bookno=20 |chap=7 |sec=8 |pace=1 |show-translator=no |show-source=no |abbr=yes}} ; {{Cite Josephus |text=anti |bookno=20 |chap=8 |sec=4|pace=1 |show-translator=no |show-source=no |abbr=yes}} ; {{Cite Josephus |text=anti |bookno=11 |chap=9|sec=4|pace=1 |show-translator=no |show-source=no |abbr=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Josephus |text=wars |bookno=2 |chap=11 |sec=6 |pace=1 |show-translator=no |show-source=no |abbr=yes}} ; {{Cite Josephus |text=wars |bookno=2|NorW=W |chap=12 |sec= |nn=1,16 |pace=1 |show-translator=no |show-source=no |abbr=yes}} ; {{Cite Josephus |text=wars |bookno=2 |chap=17|sec=1|pace=1 |show-translator=no |show-source=no |abbr=yes}} ; {{Cite Josephus |text=wars |bookno=4 |chap=1|sec=3|pace=1 |show-translator=no |show-source=no |abbr=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Josephus |text=life |bookno=1 |chap=1|sec=54|pace=1 |show-translator=no |show-source=no |abbr=yes}}</ref>

==Death==
According to the patriarch [[Photios I of Constantinople|Photius I of Constantinople]], Agrippa died childless at age 70, in the third year of the reign of [[Trajan]], that is, 100,<ref>[[Photios I of Constantinople|Photius]] cod. 33</ref> but statements of Josephus, in addition to the contemporary [[epigraphy]] from his kingdom, cast this date into serious doubt.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} The modern scholarly consensus holds that he died before 93/94.<ref name="OCD"/> He was the last ruler from the [[Herodian dynasty|House of Herod]].

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
| 1 = 1. '''Herod Agrippa II'''
| 2 = 2. [[Herod Agrippa|Herod Agrippa I]]
| 3 = 3. [[Cypros (wife of Herod Agrippa)|Cypros]]
| 4 = 4. [[Aristobulus IV]]
| 5 = 5. [[Berenice (daughter of Salome)|Berenice]]
| 6 = 6. [[Phasael II]]
| 7 = 7. [[Salampsio]]
| 8 = 8. [[Herod the Great]]
| 9 = 9. [[Mariamne I|Mariamne the Hasmonean]]
| 10 = 10. [[Costobarus]]
| 11 = 11. [[Salome I]]
| 12 = 12. [[Phasael]]
| 13 = 
| 14 = 14. [[Herod the Great]] (= 8)
| 15 = 15. [[Mariamne I|Mariamne the Hasmonean]] (= 9)
}}

==Family tree==
{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | Alr |y| Ala |Alr=[[Alexander of Judaea|Alexander]]<br>[[Hasmonean dynasty|HASMONEAN DYNASTY]]|Ala=[[Alexandra the Maccabee|Alexandra]]}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{Tree chart | | | | | Mal |y| Her |y| Ma1 |Mal=4.[[Malthace]]|Her=[[Herod the Great]]<br>[[Herodian dynasty|HERODIAN DYNASTY]]|Ma1=2.[[Mariamne I]]<br>d. 29 BC}}
{{Tree chart | |,|-|-|-|-|-|'| | | |!| }}
{{Tree chart | |!| | | | | | | | | Ari |y| Ber |Ari=[[Aristobulus IV|Aristobulus]]<br>d. 7 BC|Ber=[[Berenice (daughter of Salome)|Berenice I]]}}
{{Tree chart | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}
{{Tree chart | HAr |~| Ma3 | | HCh | | Hes | | HA1 | | ArM |HAr=[[Herod Archelaus]]|Ma3=[[Mariamne III]]|HCh=[[Herod of Chalcis|Herod V]]|Hes=[[Herodias]]|HA1=[[Herod Agrippa I]]|ArM=[[Aristobulus Minor]]}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| }}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | HA2 | | BHA | | Ma2 | | Dru ||HA2=[[Herod Agrippa II]]|BHA=[[Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)|Berenice II]]|Ma2=[[Mariamne (daughter of Herod Agrippa)|Mariamne VI]]|Dru=[[Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)|Drusilla]]}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ber |Ber=[[Berenice (daughter of Mariamne)|Berenice III]]}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

==See also==
*[[Herodian kingdom]]
*[[List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{SmithDGRBM|title=Agrippa, Herodes II}}
* {{EBD|title=Agrippa II}}
* [[Yohanan Aharoni]] & [[Michael Avi-Yonah]], "The MacMillan Bible Atlas", Revised Edition, p.&nbsp;156 (1968 & 1977 by Carta Ltd.).

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last= Jacobson|first= David |title=Agrippa II: the Last of the Herods  |publisher=Routledge|location = |year=2021|isbn=9781032091785}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Herod Agrippa II}}
* [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=913&letter=A&search=Agrippa%20II Jewish Encyclopedia: Agrippa II]
* [http://virtualreligion.net/iho/agrippa_2.html Agrippa II] – Article in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith
* [https://www.livius.org/articles/person/herod-agrippa-ii/ Livius.org: Herod Agrippa II]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Herodian Dynasty|House of Herod]]|27 AD|||}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Herod of Chalcis]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chalcis (ancient state)|Tetrarch of Chalcis]]|years=48–53}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Aristobulus of Chalcis]]}}
|-
{{s-vac|last=[[Herod Agrippa]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers|King of Batanaea]]|years=53–100}}
{{s-non|reason=Title extinct}}
{{s-end}}

{{New Testament people}}
{{First Jewish–Roman War}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Herod Agrippa II}}
[[Category:20s births]]
[[Category:90s deaths]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:1st-century Herodian rulers]]
[[Category:1st-century Jews]]
[[Category:1st-century people]]
[[Category:1st-century monarchs in the Middle East]]
[[Category:1st-century Romans]]
[[Category:Herodian dynasty]]
[[Category:People from Roman Judea]]
[[Category:Julii|Herod Agrippa]]
[[Category:People in Acts of the Apostles]]
[[Category:People of the First Jewish–Roman War]]
[[Category:Roman client monarchs]]