Editing Edith Wharton

{{refimprove|date = March 2025}}
{{Short description|American writer and designer (1862–1937)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| image            = Edith Newbold Jones Wharton (cropped 02).jpg
| caption          = Wharton, {{circa|1895}}
| birth_name       = Edith Newbold Jones
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1862|1|24|mf=y}}
| birth_place      = [[New York City]], [[New York (state)]] U.S.
| death_date       = {{death date and age|1937|8|11|1862|1|24|mf=y}}
| death_place      = [[Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt]], France
| resting_place    = [[Cimetière des Gonards]]
| occupation       = {{cslist|Novelist|short story writer|designer}}
| spouse           = {{marriage|Edward Wharton|1885|1913|reason=div}}
| relatives = [[Ebenezer Stevens]] (maternal great-grandfather)<br>[[John Austin Stevens]] (great-uncle)<br>[[Alexander Henry Stevens|Alexander Stevens]] (great-uncle)<br>[[Frederic W. Rhinelander]] (uncle)<br>[[Samuel Stevens Sands]] (cousin)<br>[[Caroline Schermerhorn Astor]] (cousin)<br>[[Frederic Rhinelander King]] (cousin)<br>[[Byam K. Stevens]] (cousin)<br>[[Frederic W. Stevens]] (cousin)<br>[[Alexander Henry Stevens]] (cousin)<br>[[Thomas Newbold (New York politician)|Thomas Newbold]] (cousin)<br>[[Eugenie Mary Ladenburg Davie]] (cousin)<br>[[Mary Cadwalader Rawle Jones]] (sister-in-law)
| awards           = {{awd|[[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]]|1921|[[The Age of Innocence]]}}
| signature        = Edith Wharton signature.svg
}}

'''Edith Newbold Wharton''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|hw|ɔr|t|ən}}; {{née|'''Jones'''}}; January 24, 1862 – August 11, 1937) was an American writer and designer. Wharton drew upon her insider's knowledge of the upper-class New York "aristocracy" to portray, realistically, the lives and morals of the [[Gilded Age]]. In 1921, she became the first woman to win the [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]] for her novel ''[[The Age of Innocence]]''. She was inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/edith-wharton/|title=National Women's Hall of Fame, Edith Wharton|work=womenofthehall.org}}</ref> Her other well-known works are ''[[The House of Mirth]]'', the novella ''[[Ethan Frome]]'', and several notable ghost stories.

==Biography==

===Early life===
[[File:Edward Harrison May - Edith Wharton - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Portrait of Wharton as a child by [[Edward Harrison May]] (1870)]]

Edith Newbold Jones was born on January 24, 1862, to George Frederic Jones and Lucretia Stevens Rhinelander, at their [[brownstone]] at 14 West Twenty-third Street in [[New York City]].{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=16}}{{sfn|Dwight|1994|pp=12–13}} To her friends and family, she was known as "Pussy Jones".{{sfn|Minkel|2012}} She had two elder brothers, Frederic Rhinelander and Henry Edward.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=16}} Frederic married [[Mary Cadwalader Rawle Jones|Mary Cadwalader Rawle]]; their daughter was landscape architect [[Beatrix Farrand]]. Edith was [[baptized]] April 20, 1862, [[Easter Sunday]], at [[Grace Church (Manhattan)|Grace Church]].{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=16}}

Wharton's paternal family, the Joneses, were a very wealthy and socially prominent family, having made their money in real estate.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=21}} The saying "[[keeping up with the Joneses]]" is said to refer to her father's family.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=22}}{{sfn|Benstock|1994|p=216}} She was related to the [[Manor of Rensselaerswyck|Rensselaers]], the most prestigious of the old [[patroon]] families, who had received land grants from the former Dutch government of New York and New Jersey. Her father's first cousin was [[Caroline Schermerhorn Astor]].{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=34}} Fort Stevens, in New York, was named for Wharton's maternal great-grandfather, [[Ebenezer Stevens]], a [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] hero and general.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=18}}

Wharton was born during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].  However, in describing her family life, Wharton does not mention the war, except that their travels to Europe after the war were due to the depreciation of American currency.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=16}}{{sfn|Lee|2008|pp=7–8}} From 1866 to 1872, the Jones family visited [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Germany]], and [[Spain]].<ref name="Chronology">{{cite web |title=Chronology |website=The Mount: Edith Wharton's Home |url=http://www.edithwharton.org/edith-wharton/chronology/ |access-date=December 4, 2014 |archive-date=May 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506085111/http://www.edithwharton.org/edith-wharton/chronology/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> During her travels, the young Edith became fluent in [[French (language)|French]], [[German (language)|German]], and [[Italian (language)|Italian]]. At the age of nine, she suffered from [[typhoid fever]], which nearly killed her, while the family was at a spa in the [[Black Forest]].{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=16}} After the family returned to the United States in 1872, they spent their winters in New York City and their summers in [[Newport, Rhode Island]].<ref name="Chronology"/> While in Europe, she was educated by tutors and [[governess]]es. She rejected the standards of fashion and [[etiquette]] that were expected of young girls at the time, which were intended to allow women to marry well and to be put on display at balls and parties. She considered these fashions superficial and oppressive. Edith wanted more education than she received, so she read from her father's library and from the libraries of her father's friends.<ref name="W. W. Norton & Company, Inc">{{cite book|last1=Baym|first1=Nina|year=2013|title=The Norton Anthology of American Literature |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-91885-4|edition=8th}}</ref> Her mother forbade her to read novels until she was married, and Edith obeyed this command.{{sfn|Lee|2008}}

===Early writing===
[[File:Edith Wharton by Edward Harrison May.jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Wharton by [[Edward Harrison May]]]]

Wharton wrote and told stories from an early age.{{sfn|Lee|2008|pp=13–14}} When her family moved to Europe and she was just four or five, she started what she called "making up."{{sfn|Lee|2008|pp=13–14}} She invented stories for her family and walked with an open book, turning the pages as if reading while improvising a story.{{sfn|Lee|2008|pp=13–14}} Wharton began writing poetry and fiction as a young girl, and she attempted to write her first novel at the age of 11.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=36}} Her mother's criticism quashed her ambition, however, and she turned to poetry.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=36}} She was 15 years old when her first published work appeared, a translation of a German poem "Was die Steine Erzählen" ("What the Stones Tell") by [[Heinrich Karl Brugsch]], for which she was paid $50. Her family did not want her name to appear in print, since writing was not considered a proper occupation for a society woman of her time. Consequently, the poem was published under the name of a friend's father, E. A. Washburn, a cousin of [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], who supported women's education.{{sfn|Benstock|1994|p=35}} In 1877, at the age of 15, she secretly wrote a [[novella]], ''Fast and Loose''. In 1878, her father arranged for a collection of two dozen original poems and five translations, ''Verses,'' to be privately published.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=43}} Wharton published a poem under a pseudonym in the ''New York World,'' in 1879.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=44}} In 1880, she had five poems published anonymously in the ''[[Atlantic Monthly]]'', an important literary magazine.{{sfn|Benstock|1994|p=38}} Despite these early successes, she was not encouraged by her family or her social circle, and though she continued to write, she did not publish anything more until her poem "The Last Giustiniani" was published in ''Scribner's Magazine'' in October 1889.{{sfn|Benstock|1994|p=40}}

=== The "debutante" years ===
Between 1880 and 1890, Wharton put her writing aside to participate in the social rituals of the New York upper classes. She keenly observed the social changes happening around her, which she later used in her writing.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=47}} Wharton officially came out as a [[debutante]] to society in 1879.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=58}} She was allowed to bare her shoulders and wear her hair up for the first time at a December dance, which was given by a Society matron, Anna Morton.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=58}} Wharton began a courtship with Henry Leyden Stevens, the son of Paran Stevens, a wealthy hotelier and real estate investor from rural New Hampshire. His sister, Minnie, married [[Arthur Paget (British Army officer)|Arthur Paget]].{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=60}} The Jones family did not approve of Stevens.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=60}}

In the middle of her debutante season, the Jones family returned to Europe in 1881 for her father's health.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=61}} Still, her father, George Frederic Jones, died of a stroke in Cannes in 1882.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=35}} Stevens was with the Jones family in Europe during this time.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=61}} After returning to the United States with her mother, Wharton continued her courtship with Stevens, announcing their engagement in August 1882.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=61}} The month the two were to marry, the engagement ended.{{sfn|Lewis|1975|pp=44–47}}

Wharton's mother, Lucretia Stevens Rhinelander Jones, moved back to Paris in 1883, and she lived there until her death in 1901.{{sfn|Lee|2008|pp=7–8}}

===1880s–1900s===
[[File:The Mount from the Flower Garden by David Dashiell.jpg|thumb|left|[[The Mount (Lenox, Massachusetts)|The Mount]], 2006]]

On April 29, 1885,<ref>New York, New York, Marriage Index 1866–1937</ref> at the age of 23, Wharton married Edward Robbins (Teddy) Wharton, who was 12 years her senior, at the [[Trinity Chapel Complex]] in Manhattan.{{sfn|Lee|2008|pp=74–75}}<ref>U.S., Newspaper Extractions from the Northeast, 1704–1930</ref> From a well-established Boston family, he was a sportsman and a gentleman of the same social class and shared her love of travel. The Whartons set up house at Pencraig Cottage in Newport.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=81}} In 1893, they bought a house named Land's End, on the other side of Newport, for $80,000, and moved into it.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=81}} Wharton decorated Land's End, with the help of designer [[Ogden Codman]]. In 1897, the Whartons purchased their New York home, 884 [[Park Avenue]].{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=82}} Between 1886 and 1897, they traveled overseas, in the period from February to June, mostly visiting Italy but also Paris and England.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=82}} From her marriage onwards, three interests came to dominate Wharton's life: American houses, writing, and Italy.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=81}}

From the late 1880s until 1902, Teddy Wharton suffered from chronic depression. The couple, then, ceased their extensive travel.<ref name="Davis">{{Harvnb|Davis|2007}}</ref> At that time, his depression became more debilitating, after which they lived almost exclusively at their estate, [[The Mount (Lenox, Massachusetts)|The Mount]], in Lenox, Massachusetts. During those same years, Wharton, herself, was said to suffer from asthma and periods of depression.{{sfn|Lee|2008|pp=78–81}}

In 1908, Teddy Wharton's mental condition was determined to be incurable. In that year, Wharton began an affair with [[William Morton Fullerton|Morton Fullerton]], an author, and foreign correspondent for ''[[The Times]]'' of London, in whom she found an intellectual partner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/wharton/whar3.htm |title= Edith Wharton's World, Portrait of People and Places| publisher = National Portrait Gallery |access-date= December 23, 2009 | location = [[United States|US]]}}</ref> She divorced Edward Wharton, in 1913, after 28 years of marriage.<ref name="Davis"/> Around the same time, she was beset with harsh literary criticism from the [[Naturalism (literature)|naturalist]] school of writers.

[[File:Edith Wharton as a young woman, ca. 1889 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Edith Wharton {{Circa|1889}}]]

In addition to novels, Wharton wrote at least 85 short stories.<ref name="W. W. Norton & Company, Inc"/> She was also a [[garden designer]], an [[interior design]]er, and a taste-maker of her time. She wrote several design books, including her first major published work, ''[[The Decoration of Houses]]'' (1897), co-authored by [[Ogden Codman]]. Another of her "home and garden" books is the generously illustrated ''Italian Villas and Their Gardens'' of 1904, illustrated by [[Maxfield Parrish]].

===Travels and life abroad===

Over the course of her life, she crossed the Atlantic 60 times.{{sfn|Wright|1995|pp=xvii–xviii}} In Europe, her primary destinations were Italy, France, and England. She also went to Morocco. She wrote many books about her travels, including ''Italian Backgrounds'' and ''A Motor-Flight through France''.

Her husband, Edward Wharton, shared her love of travel and for many years, they spent at least four months of each year abroad, mainly in Italy. Their friend, Egerton Winthrop, accompanied them, on many journeys there.{{sfn|Wright|1995|p=3}} In 1888, the Whartons and their friend, James Van Alen, took a cruise through the [[Aegean islands]]. Wharton was 26. The trip cost the Whartons $10,000 and lasted four months.{{sfn|Lewis|1975|p={{page needed|date=May 2021}}}} She kept a travel journal, during this trip, that was thought to be lost but was later published as ''The Cruise of the Vanadis'', now considered her earliest known travel writing.{{sfn|Wright|1995|p=17}}

[[File:Land’s End, Newport, RI.jpg|thumb|left|Land's End, Newport, Rhode Island]]

In 1897, Edith Wharton purchased Land's End in Newport, Rhode Island, from [[Robert Livingston Beeckman]], a former U.S. Open Tennis Championship runner-up who became governor of Rhode Island. At the time, Wharton described the main house as "incurably ugly." Wharton agreed to pay $80,000 for the property, and she spent thousands more to alter the home's facade, decorate the interior, and landscape the grounds.

[[File:The House of Mirth page of original manuscript Edith Wharton.jpg|thumb|upright|Page from original [[manuscript]] of ''[[The House of Mirth]]'', in Edith Wharton's hand]]

In 1902, Wharton designed [[The Mount (Lenox, Massachusetts)|The Mount]], her estate in [[Lenox, Massachusetts]], which survives, today, as an example of her design principles. She wrote several of her novels there, including ''[[The House of Mirth]]'' (1905), the first of many chronicles of life in old New York. At The Mount, she entertained the cream of American literary society, including her close friend, novelist [[Henry James]], who described the estate as "a delicate French chateau mirrored in a Massachusetts pond".{{sfn|Benstock|1994|pp=129–130}} Although she spent many months traveling in Europe nearly every year, with her friend Egerton Winthrop (a descendant of [[John Winthrop]]), The Mount was her primary residence, until 1911.{{sfn|Lewis|1975|p={{page needed|date=May 2021}}}} When living there and while traveling abroad, Wharton was usually driven to appointments by her longtime [[chauffeur]] and friend, Charles Cook, a native of nearby [[South Lee, Massachusetts]].{{sfn|Benstock|1994|p=143}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JYKs6vJG678C&pg=PA238 |quote=Photograph of Edith Wharton, Teddy Wharton, Henry James and Chauffeur Charles Cook|title= A Historical Guide to Edith Wharton|first= Carol J. |last=Singley |publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2003|page=238|isbn=0-19-513591-1}}</ref> When her marriage deteriorated, she decided to move, permanently, to France, living, first, at 53 Rue de Varenne, [[Paris]], in an apartment that belonged to [[George Washington Vanderbilt II]].

Wharton was preparing to vacation for the summer, when [[World War I]] broke out. Though many fled Paris, she moved back to her Paris apartment on the Rue de Varenne and for four years, she was a tireless and ardent supporter of the French war effort.{{sfn|Dwight|1994|p=183}} One of the first causes she undertook, in August 1914, was the opening of a workroom for unemployed women.  Here, they were fed and paid one franc a day. What began, with 30 women, soon doubled, to 60 women, and their sewing business began to thrive.{{sfn|Dwight|1994|pp=183–184}} When the [[German invasion of Belgium (1914)|Germans invaded Belgium in the fall of 1914]] and Paris was flooded with Belgian refugees, she helped to set up the American Hostels for Refugees, which managed to get them shelter, meals, and clothes, and eventually created an employment agency to help them find work.{{sfn|Dwight|1994|pp=188–189}} She collected more than $100,000 on their behalf.{{sfn|Wolff|1995|p=253}} In early 1915, she organized the Children of Flanders Rescue Committee, which gave shelter to nearly 900 Belgian refugees who had fled when their homes were bombed by the Germans.{{sfn|Dwight|1994|p=190}}

Aided by her influential connections in the French government, she and her long-time friend, [[Walter Van Rensselaer Berry|Walter Berry]] (then president of the American Chamber of Commerce in Paris), were among the few foreigners in France allowed to travel to the front lines, during World War I. She and Berry made five journeys, between February and August 1915, which Wharton described in a series of articles that were first published in ''Scribner's Magazine'' and later as ''[[Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort]]'', which became an American bestseller.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=486}}<ref>''Edith Wharton'' p.&nbsp;486. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. {{ISBN|978-0-375-40004-9}}</ref> Travelling by car, Wharton and Berry drove through the war zone, viewing one devastated French village after another. She visited the trenches and was within earshot of artillery fire. She wrote, "We woke to a noise of guns closer and more incessant, and when we went out into the streets, it seemed as if, overnight, a new army had sprung out of the ground".<ref>"In Argonne", Chapter 2 of ''Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort'', published in ''Edith Wharton Abroad: Selected Travel Writings, 1888–1920'', p. 150. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. {{ISBN|0-312-16120-4}}</ref>

Throughout the war, she worked in charitable efforts for refugees, the injured, the unemployed, and the displaced. She was a "heroic worker on behalf of her adopted country".{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=454}} On April 18, 1916, [[Raymond Poincaré]], the then-President of France, appointed her Chevalier of the [[Legion of Honour]], the fifth class of the country's highest honour, in recognition of her dedication to the war effort.{{sfn|Wolff|1995|p=253}}{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=9}} Her relief work included setting up workrooms for unemployed French women, organizing concerts to provide work for musicians, raising tens of thousands of dollars for the war effort, and opening [[tuberculosis]] hospitals. In 1915, Wharton edited a charity benefit volume, ''[[The Book of the Homeless]],'' which included essays, art, poetry, and musical scores by many major contemporary European and American artists, including [[Henry James]], [[Joseph Conrad]], [[William Dean Howells]], [[Anna de Noailles]], [[Jean Cocteau]], and [[Walter Gay]], among others. Wharton proposed the book to her publisher, Scribner's, handled the business arrangements, lined up contributors, and translated the French entries into English. [[Theodore Roosevelt]] wrote a two-page introduction, in which he praised Wharton's effort and urged Americans to support the war.{{sfn|Dwight|1994|pp=202–203}} She also kept up her own work, continuing to write novels, short stories, and poems, as well as reporting for ''The New York Times'' and keeping up her enormous correspondence.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=450}} Wharton urged Americans to support the war effort and encouraged America to enter the war.{{sfn|Dwight|1994|p=201}} She wrote the popular romantic novel, ''[[Summer]]'' in 1917, the war novella, ''The Marne,'' in 1918, and ''A Son at the Front,'' in 1919 (published 1923). When the war ended, she watched the Victory Parade from the Champs Elysees' balcony of a friend's apartment. After four years of intense effort, she decided to leave Paris for the quiet of the countryside. Wharton settled {{convert|10|mi|abbr=on}} north of Paris in [[Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt]], buying an 18th-century house on seven acres of land that she called Pavillon Colombe. She lived there, in summer and autumn, for the rest of her life, spending winters and springs on the French Riviera at Sainte Claire du Vieux Chateau in [[Hyères]].{{sfn|Dwight|1994|p=210}}

Wharton was a committed supporter of [[French imperialism]], describing herself as a "rabid imperialist", and the war solidified her political views.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wegener|first= Fredrick |title="Rabid Imperialist"': Edith Wharton and the Obligations of Empire in Modern American Fiction|journal= American Literature |volume=72|issue= 4|pages=783–812|date=December 2000|doi=10.1215/00029831-72-4-783|s2cid= 162758720 }}</ref> After the war, she traveled to Morocco, as the guest of Resident General [[Hubert Lyautey]] and wrote the book ''In Morocco'', full of praise for the French administration, Lyautey, and particularly, his wife.

During the post-war years, she divided her time between [[Hyères]] and [[Provence]], where she finished ''[[The Age of Innocence]],'' in 1920. She returned to the United States only once, after the war, to receive an honorary doctorate from Yale University in 1923.

===Later years===
''[[The Age of Innocence]]'' (1920) won the [[1921 Pulitzer Prize]] for Fiction,<ref>{{cite book|last= Nelson|first= Randy F.|title= The Almanac of American Letters|location= Los Altos, California|publisher= William Kaufmann, Inc.|year= 1981|page= [https://archive.org/details/almanacofamerica00nels/page/9 9]|isbn= 0-86576-008-X|url= https://archive.org/details/almanacofamerica00nels/page/9}}</ref> making Wharton the first woman to win the award. The three fiction judges – literary critic [[Stuart P. Sherman|Stuart Pratt Sherman]], literature professor [[Robert Morss Lovett]], and novelist [[Hamlin Garland]] – voted to give the prize to [[Sinclair Lewis]] for his satire ''Main Street'', but Columbia University's advisory board, led by conservative university president [[Nicholas Murray Butler]], overturned their decision and awarded the prize to ''The Age of Innocence''.<ref>"Reader's Almanac: A Controversial Pulitzer Prize Brings Edith Wharton and Sinclair Lewis Together." Library of America, June 28, 2011. Web. March 11, 2015.</ref> Wharton was also nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 1927, 1928, and 1930.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=10128|title=Nomination Database – Literature|website=www.nobelprize.org|access-date=September 14, 2017}}</ref>

Wharton was friend and confidante to many prominent intellectuals of her time: Henry James, [[Sinclair Lewis]], [[Jean Cocteau]], and [[André Gide]] were all her guests, at one time or another. Theodore Roosevelt, [[Bernard Berenson]], and [[Kenneth Clark]] were valued friends, as well. Particularly notable was her meeting with [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], described by the editors of her letters as "one of the better known failed encounters in the American literary annals." She spoke fluent French, Italian, and German, and many of her books were published in both French and English.

In 1934, Wharton's [[autobiography]], ''A Backward Glance,'' was published. In the view of Judith E. Funston, writing on Edith Wharton in ''American National Biography'', <blockquote>What is most notable about ''A Backward Glance,'' however, is what it does not tell: her criticism of Lucretia Jones [her mother], her difficulties with Teddy, and her affair with Morton Fullerton, which did not come to light until her papers, deposited in Yale's [[Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library|Beinecke Rare Book Room and Manuscript Library]], were opened in 1968.<ref>Judith E. Funston, "Edith Wharton", in ''American National Biography''; New York: Oxford University Press, 1999; Vol. 23, pp. 111–112. {{ISBN|0-19-512802-8}}.</ref></blockquote>
{{clear}}

===Death===
[[File:Gardens at Pavilion Colombe Edith Wharton's villa.jpg|thumb|Wharton's ''Le Pavillon Colombe'', [[Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt]], France]]
[[File:Tombe Edith WHARTON, cimetière de Gonnards à VERSAILLES.jpg|thumb|right|Grave of Edith Wharton]]
On June 1, 1937, Wharton was at her French country home (shared with architect and interior decorator [[Ogden Codman]]), where she was at work on a revised edition of ''The Decoration of Houses'', when she suffered a heart attack and collapsed.{{sfn|Benstock|1994|p=86}}
 
She died of a [[stroke]] on August 11, 1937, at ''Le Pavillon Colombe'', her 18th-century house on [[Rue de Montmorency]] in [[Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt]]. She died at 5:30&nbsp;p.m., but her death was not known in Paris. At her bedside was her friend, [[Elisina Palamidessi de Castelvecchio Tyler|Mrs. Royall Tyler]].<ref>"Edith Wharton, 75, Is Dead in France". ''The New York Times'', August 13, 1937. Web. March 11, 2015.</ref> Wharton was buried in the American Protestant section of the [[Cimetière des Gonards]] in Versailles, "with all the honors owed a war hero and a chevalier of the Legion of Honor ... a group of some one hundred friends sang a verse of the hymn 'O Paradise'..."{{sfn|Benstock|1994|p=456}}

==Writing==

===Career===
Despite not publishing her first novel until she was forty, Wharton became an extraordinarily productive writer. In addition to
her 15 novels, seven novellas, and eighty-five short stories, she published poetry, books on design, travel, literary and cultural criticism, and a memoir.{{sfn|Benstock|1994}}

In 1873, Wharton wrote a [[short story]] and gave it to her mother to read. Stinging from her mother's critique, Wharton decided to write only [[poetry]]. While she constantly sought her mother's approval and love, she rarely received either, and their relationship was a troubled one.<ref>Armitage, Robert. "Edith Wharton, A Writing Life: Childhood." New York Public Library, May 6, 2013. Web. March 11, 2015.</ref> Before she was 15, Wharton wrote ''Fast and Loose'' (1877). In her youth, she wrote about society. Her central [[theme (narrative)|theme]]s came from her experiences with her parents. She was very critical of her work and wrote public reviews criticizing it. She also wrote about her own experiences with life. "Intense Love's Utterance" is a poem written about Henry Stevens.{{sfn|Lewis|1975|p={{page needed|date=May 2021}}}}

In 1889, she sent out three poems for publication, to ''[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner's]]'', ''Harper's'' and ''[[The Century Magazine|Century]]''. [[Edward L. Burlingame]] published "The Last Giustiniani" for ''[[Scribner's Magazine|Scribner's]]''. It was not until Wharton was 29 that her first [[short story]] was published: "Mrs. Manstey's View" had very little success, and it took her more than a year to publish another story. She completed "The Fullness of Life", following her annual European trip with Teddy. Burlingame was critical of this story, but Wharton did not want to make edits to it. This story, along with many others, speaks about her marriage. She sent ''Bunner Sisters'' to Scribner's, in 1892. Burlingame wrote back that it was too long for Scribner's to publish. This story is believed to be based on an experience she had as a child. It did not see publication until 1916, and it is included in the collection called ''Xingu''.
After a visit with her friend, [[Paul Bourget]], she wrote "The Good May Come" and "The Lamp of Psyche". "The Lamp of Psyche" was a [[Comedy|comical]] story, with verbal wit and sorrow. After "Something Exquisite" was rejected by Burlingame, she lost confidence in herself. She started [[travel writing]], in 1894.{{sfn|Lewis|1975|p={{page needed|date=May 2021}}}}

In 1901, Wharton wrote a two-act play called ''Man of Genius''. This play was about an English man who was having an affair with his secretary. The play was rehearsed but was never produced. Another 1901 play, ''The Shadow of a Doubt'', which also came close to being staged but fell through, was thought to be lost, until it was discovered, in 2017. It had a radio adaptation broadcast on BBC Radio 3, in 2018.<ref>Drama on 3 [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0000xfl ''The Shadow of a Doubt'']. BBC Radio 3</ref> It wouldn't be until 2023, over a century later, that the world stage premiere took place in [[Canada]] at the [[Shaw Festival]],<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=A Lost Edith Wharton Play Is Performed for the First Time|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/a-lost-edith-wharton-play-is-performed-for-the-first-time-180982795/|website=[[Smithsonian Magazine]]|publisher=Smithsonian|date=August 28, 2023|access-date=January 14, 2024}}</ref> directed by Peter Hinton-Davis.

She collaborated with [[Marie Tempest]] to write another play, but the two only completed four acts, before Marie decided she was no longer interested in costume plays. One of her earliest literary endeavors (1902) was the translation of the play ''Es Lebe das Leben'' ("The Joy of Living"), by Hermann Sudermann. ''The Joy of Living'' was criticized for its title, because the heroine swallows poison, at the end, and was a short-lived [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] production. It was, however, a successful book.{{sfn|Lewis|1975|p={{page needed|date=May 2021}}}}

Many of Wharton's novels are characterized by subtle use of [[dramatic irony]]. Having grown up in upper-class, late-19th-century society, Wharton became one of its most astute critics, in such works as ''[[The House of Mirth]]'' and ''[[The Age of Innocence]]''.

===Themes===
{{Conservatism US}}
Versions of her mother, Lucretia Jones, often appeared in Wharton's fiction. Biographer [[Hermione Lee]] described it as "one of the most lethal acts of revenge ever taken by a writing daughter."{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=35}} In her memoir, ''A Backward Glance'', Wharton describes her mother as indolent, spendthrift, censorious, disapproving, superficial, icy, dry and ironic.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=35}}

Wharton's writings often dealt with themes such as "social and individual fulfillment, repressed sexuality, and the manners of old families and the new elite."<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Mulalic|first=Almasa|date=2012|title=Material Details in Edith Wharton's Writings|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301944958|journal=Epiphany: Journal of Transdisciplinary Studies|volume=5|pages=95–107|via=ResearchGate}}</ref> [[Maureen Howard]], editor of ''Edith Wharton: Collected Stories'', notes several recurring themes in Wharton's short stories, including confinement and attempts at freedom, the morality of the author, critiques of intellectual pretension, and the "unmasking" of the truth.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.loa.org/news-and-views/141-remarks-on-edith-whartons-_collected-stories_-by-editor-maureen-howard|title=Remarks on Edith Wharton's Collected Stories by editor Maureen Howard|last=Howard|first=Maureen|date=2001|website=Library of America}}</ref> Wharton's writing also explored themes of "social mores and social reform" as they relate to the "extremes and anxieties of the Gilded Age".<ref name=":0" />

A key recurring theme in Wharton's writing is the relationship between the house as a physical space and its relationship to its inhabitant's characteristics and emotions. Maureen Howard argues "Edith Wharton conceived of houses, dwelling places, in extended imagery of shelter and dispossession. Houses – their confinement and their theatrical possibilities ... they are never mere settings."<ref name=":1" />

===Influences===
American children's stories containing slang were forbidden in Wharton's childhood home.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=31}} This included such popular authors as [[Mark Twain]], [[Bret Harte]], and [[Joel Chandler Harris]]. She was allowed to read [[Louisa May Alcott]] but Wharton preferred [[Lewis Carroll]]'s ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'' and [[Charles Kingsley]]'s ''[[The Water-Babies]], A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby''.{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=31}} Wharton's mother forbade her from reading many novels and Wharton said she "read everything else but novels until the day of my marriage."{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=31}} Instead Wharton read the classics, philosophy, history, and poetry in her father's library including [[Daniel Defoe]], [[John Milton]], [[Thomas Carlyle]], [[Alphonse de Lamartine]], [[Victor Hugo]], [[Jean Racine]], [[Thomas Moore]], [[Lord Byron]], [[William Wordsworth]], [[John Ruskin]], and [[Washington Irving]].{{sfn|Lee|2008|pp=31–34}} Biographer Hermione Lee describes Wharton as having read herself "out of Old New York" and her influences included [[Herbert Spencer]], [[Charles Darwin]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Thomas Henry Huxley|T. H. Huxley]], [[George Romanes]], [[James George Frazer|James Frazer]], and [[Thorstein Veblen]].{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=23}} These influenced her [[Ethnography|ethnographic]] style of [[novelization]].{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=23}} Wharton developed a passion for [[Walt Whitman]].{{sfn|Lee|2008|p=32}}

==Works==
Source: {{cite web|ref=none |url=https://public.wsu.edu/~campbelld/wharton/whartonworks.htm |title=Works by Edith Wharton |publisher=[[Washington State University]] |first=Donna M. |last=Campbell |access-date=January 22, 2018}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break|width=40%}}

===Novels===
* ''The Valley of Decision'', 1902
* ''[[The House of Mirth]]'', 1905
* ''The Fruit of the Tree'', 1907<ref>{{cite journal|title=Review of ''The Fruit of the Tree'' by Edith Wharton|date=December 14, 1907|issue=4181|journal=The Athenaeum|page=762|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__I_PcOFSw8C&pg=PA762}}</ref>
* ''[[The Reef (novel)|The Reef]]'', 1912
* ''[[The Custom of the Country]]'', 1913
* ''[[Summer (Wharton novel)|Summer]]'', 1917
* ''[[The Age of Innocence]]'', 1920 ([[Pulitzer Prize]] winner)
* ''[[The Glimpses of the Moon (Wharton novel)|The Glimpses of the Moon]]'', 1922
* ''A Son at the Front'', 1923
* ''The Mother's Recompense'', 1925
* ''[[Twilight Sleep (novel)|Twilight Sleep]]'', 1927
* ''The Children'', 1928
* ''Hudson River Bracketed'', 1929
* ''The Gods Arrive'', 1932
* ''[[The Buccaneers]]'', 1938 (unfinished)

===Novellas and novelette===
* ''[[The Touchstone (novella)|The Touchstone]]'', 1900
* ''Sanctuary'', 1903
* ''Madame de Treymes'', 1907
* ''[[Ethan Frome]]'', 1911
* ''[[Bunner Sisters]]'', 1916 (written in 1892)
* ''The Marne'', 1918
* ''[[Old New York (novellas)|Old New York]]'', 1924<br />1. False Dawn; 2. The Old Maid; 3. The Spark; 4. New Year's Day
* ''Fast and Loose: A Novelette'', 1938 (written in 1876–1877)

===Poetry===
* ''Verses'', 1878
* ''Artemis to Actaeon and Other Verse'', 1909
* ''Twelve Poems'', 1926

===Short story collections===
* ''[[The Greater Inclination]]'', 1899, includes Souls Belated.
* ''[[Crucial Instances]]'', 1901
* ''The Descent of Man and Other Stories'', 1904
* ''The Hermit and the Wild Woman and Other Stories'', 1908
* ''Tales of Men and Ghosts'', 1910
{{Col-break|width=40%}}
* ''Xingu and Other Stories'', 1916
**"Xingu"; "Coming Home"; "Autres Temps ..."; "Kerfol"; "The Long Run"; "The Triumph of Night"; "The Choice"; "Bunner Sisters"
* ''Here and Beyond'', 1926
* ''Certain People'', 1930
* ''Human Nature'', 1933
* ''The World Over'', 1936
* ''Ghosts'', 1937
**"All Souls'"; "The Eyes"; "Afterward"; "The Lady's Maid's Bell"; "Kerfol"; "The Triumph of Night"; "Miss Mary Pask"; "Bewitched"; "Mr. Jones"; "Pomegranate Seed"; "A Bottle of Perrier"
* ''[[Roman Fever]] and Other Stories'', 1964
**"Roman Fever"; "Xingu"; "The Other Two"; "Souls Belated"; "The Angel at the Grave"; "The Last Asset"; "After Holbein"; "Autres Temps"
* ''Madame de Treymes and Others: Four Novelettes'', 1970
**"The Touchstone"; "Sanctuary"; "Madame de Treymes"; "Bunner Sisters"
* ''The Ghost Stories of Edith Wharton'', 1973
**"The Lady's Maid's Bell"; "The Eyes"; "Afterward"; "Kerfol"; "The Triumph of Night"; "Miss Mary Pask"; "Bewitched"; "Mr Jones"; "Pomegranate Seed"; "The Looking Glass"; "All Souls"
* ''The Collected Stories of Edith Wharton'', 1998 <small>(Carroll & Graf Publishers; paperback, 640 pages)</small>
**"The Pelican"; "The Other Two"; "The Mission of Jane"; "The Reckoning"; "The Last Asset"; "The Letters"; "Autres Temps ..."; "The Long Run"; "After Holbein"; "Atrophy"; "Pomegranate Seed"; "Her Son"; "Charm Incorporated"; "All Souls"; "The Lamp of Psyche"; "A Journey"; "The Line of Least Resistance"; "The Moving Finger"; "Expiation"; "Les Metteurs en Scene"; "Full Circle"; "The Daunt Diana"; "Afterward"; "The Bolted Door"; "The Temperate Zone"; "Diagnosis"; "The Day of the Funeral"; "Confession"
* ''The New York Stories of Edith Wharton'', 2007 paperback 452 pages, NYREV publishers
**"Mrs. Manstey's View"; "That Good May Come"; "The Portrait"; "A Cup of Cold Water"; "A Journey"; "The Rembrandt"; "The Other Two"; "The Quicksand"; "The Dilettante"; "The Reckoning"; "Expiation"; "The Pot-Boiler"; "His Father's Son"; "Full Circle"; "Autres Temps"; "The Long Run"; "After Holbein"; "Diagnosis"; "Pomegranate Seed"; "Roman Fever"

===Non-fiction===
* ''[[The Decoration of Houses]]'', 1897
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Italian_Villas_and_Their_Gardens.html?id=KWUAAAAAYAAJ ''Italian Villas and Their Gardens''], illustrated by [[Maxfield Parrish]], 1904
* ''Italian Backgrounds'', 1905
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=By82AAAAMAAJ ''A Motor-Flight Through France''], 1908
* ''The Cruise of the Vanadis'', 1910
* ''[[Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort]]'', 1915
* ''French Ways and Their Meaning'', 1919
* ''In Morocco'', 1920 (travel)
* ''The Writing of Fiction'', 1925
* ''A Backward Glance'', 1934 (autobiography)
* ''Edith Wharton: The Uncollected Critical Writings'', Edited by Frederick Wegener, 1996
* ''Edith Wharton Abroad: Selected Travel Writings, 1888–1920'', 1995, Edited by Sarah Bird Wright

===As editor===
* ''[[The Book of the Homeless]]'', 1916

===Theater===
* ''Shadow of a Doubt'', 1901<ref name="auto"/>
{{col-end}}

==Adaptations==
Source (except where otherwise indicated): {{harv|Marshall|1996|pages=21–25}}

===Ballet===
*''Ethan Frome'' was adapted by [[Cathy Marston]] as a one-act ballet titled ''Snowblind'' for the [[San Francisco Ballet]]. The ballet premiered in 2018, with Ulrik Birkkjaer as Ethan, [[Sarah Van Patten]] as Zeena and [[Mathilde Froustey]] as Mattie.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dancetabs.com/2018/04/san-francisco-ballet-unbound-festival-prog-b-myles-thatcher-cathy-marston-david-dawson-sf/|title=San Francisco Ballet – Unbound Festival Program B: works by Myles Thatcher, Cathy Marston, David Dawson – San Francisco|website=DanceTabs|last=Desaulniers|first=Heather|date=April 23, 2018}}</ref>

===Film===
*''[[The House of Mirth (1918 film)|The House of Mirth]]'', a 1918 silent film adaptation of the 1905 novel directed by French [[film director]] [[Albert Capellani]], starring [[Katherine Harris Barrymore]] as Lily Bart. It is considered to be a [[lost film]].
*''[[The Glimpses of the Moon (film)|The Glimpses Of The Moon]]'', a 1923 silent film adaptation of the 1922 novel directed for [[Paramount Studios]] by [[Allan Dwan]], starring [[Bebe Daniels]], [[David Powell (actor)|David Powell]], [[Nita Naldi]] and [[Maurice Costello]]. It is considered to be a [[lost film]].
*''[[The Age of Innocence (1924 film)|The Age of Innocence]]'', a 1924 silent film adaptation of the 1920 novel directed for [[Warner Brothers]] by [[Wesley Ruggles]], starring [[Beverly Bayne]] and [[Elliott Dexter]]. It is considered to be a [[lost film]].
*''[[The Marriage Playground]]'', a 1929 talking film adaptation of the 1928 novel ''The Children'' directed for [[Paramount Studios]] by Lothar Mendes, starring rising star [[Fredric March]] in leading role (as Martin Boyne), Mary Brian (as Judith Wheater), and Kay Francis (as Lady Wrench).
*''[[The Age of Innocence (1934 film)|The Age of Innocence]]'', a 1934 film adaptation of the 1920 novel directed for [[RKO Studios]] by Philip Moeller, starring [[Irene Dunne]] and [[John Boles (actor)|John Boles]].
*''[[Strange Wives]]'', a 1934 film adaptation of the 1934 short story ''Bread Upon the Waters'' directed for [[Universal Pictures|Universal]] by [[Richard Thorpe]], starring Roger Pryor (as Jimmy King), June Clayworth (as Nadja), and Esther Ralston (as Olga). It is considered to be a [[lost film]].
*''[[The Old Maid (1939 film)|The Old Maid]],'' a 1939 film adaptation of the 1924 short novella directed by Edmund Goulding starring [[Bette Davis]].
* A 1944 film version of the 1911 novel ''[[Ethan Frome]]'' starring [[Joan Crawford]] was proposed, but never came to fruition.<ref>[[Joan Crawford#Move to Warner Bros.|Wikipedia English / Joan_Crawford / Move to Warner Bros.]]</ref>
*''[[The Children (1990 film)|The Children]]'' directed by [[Tony Palmer (director)|Tony Palmer]] and released in 1990, starring [[Ben Kingsley]] and [[Kim Novak]].
*''[[Ethan Frome (film)|Ethan Frome]]'' directed by [[John Madden (director)|John Madden]] and released in 1993, starring [[Liam Neeson]] and [[Patricia Arquette]].
*''[[The Age of Innocence (1993 film)|The Age of Innocence]]'' directed by [[Martin Scorsese]] and released in 1993, starring [[Daniel Day-Lewis]], [[Winona Ryder]] and [[Michelle Pfeiffer]].
* ''[[The Reef (1999 film)|The Reef]]'' directed by [[Robert Allan Ackerman]] and released in 1999.
*''[[The House of Mirth (2000 film)|The House of Mirth]]'' directed by [[Terence Davies]] and released in 2000, starring [[Gillian Anderson]] as Lily Bart.

===Radio===
* ''The Age of Innocence'' had a [https://archive.org/download/TheaterGuildontheAir/Tgoa_47-04-20_ep072-Age_of_Innocence.mp3 ''Theatre Guild on the Air'' radio adaptation in 1947].<ref> https://archive.org/download/TheaterGuildontheAir/Tgoa_47-04-20_ep072-Age_of_Innocence.mp3</ref>

===Television===
*''The Touchstone'', a live broadcast on CBS April 1951. First Wharton adaptation on television.
*"Grey Reminder"—the April 30, 1951 episode of [[NBC]]'s ''[[Lights Out (1949-1952 TV series)|Lights Out]]''—is an adaptation of Wharton's story, "The Pomegranate Seed", starring [[Beatrice Straight]], [[John Newland]], Helene Dumas and Parker McCormick.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-kansas-city-star/143688317/ "Television"]. ''The Kansas City Star''. April 30, 1951. p.&nbsp;25. Retrieved March 19, 2024.</ref><ref>The Radio Ghost (July 14, 2017). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBcyulVueD0&t=1690s "Lights Out TV Series: Grey Reminder"]. [[YouTube]]. Retrieved March 19, 2024.</ref>
*''Ethan Frome'', a 1960 (CBS) TV US adaptation, directed by Alex Segal, starring [[Sterling Hayden]] as Ethan Frome, [[Julie Harris (American actress)|Julie Harris]] as Mattie Silver and [[Clarice Blackburn]] as Zenobia Frome. 
*''Looking Back'', a 1981 TV US loose adaptation of two biographies of Edith Wharton: ''A Backward Glance'', Wharton's own 1934 autobiography & ''Edith Wharton'', a 1975 biography by [[R.W.B. Lewis]] (1976 [[Bancroft Prize]]-winner).
*''[[The House of Mirth (1981 film)|The House of Mirth]]'', a 1981 TV US adaptation, directed by Adrian Hall, starring [[William Atherton]], [[Geraldine Chaplin]] and Barbara Blossom
*''Afterward'' and ''Bewitched'' are both featured in the 1983 [[ITV Granada|Granada Television]] series ''Shades of Darkness''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garrett |first=Shawn |date=2019-03-22 |title=RETROSPECTIVE: TEA & SPOOKERY - A LOOK AT THE "SHADES OF DARKNESS" ANTHOLOGY TV SERIES (1983) |url=https://rue-morgue.com/retrospective-tea-spookery-a-look-at-the-shades-of-darkness-anthology-tv-series-1983/ |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=Rue Morgue |language=en-US}}</ref>
*''The Buccaneers'', a 1995 BBC mini-series, starring [[Carla Gugino]] and [[Greg Wise]]
*''[[The Buccaneers (2023 TV series)|The Buccaneers]]'', a 2023 Apple TV+ streaming series. Starring [[Kristine Frøseth]].

===Theater===
*''The House of Mirth'' was adapted as a play in 1906 by Edith Wharton and [[Clyde Fitch]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2897041|title=The house of mirth : the play of the novel / dramatized by Edith Wharton and Clyde Fitch, 1906; edited, with an introd., notes, and appendixes by Glenn Loney|first1=Edith|last1=Wharton|first2=Glenn|last2=Loney|first3=Clyde|last3=Fitch|year=1981 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press; Associated University Presses|isbn=9780838624166 |access-date= September 14, 2017|via=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL15000223W/The_play_of_the_novel_The_house_of_mirth|title=The play of the novel The house of mirth: the play of the novel|first=Edith|last=Wharton|date= September 14, 1980|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|access-date= September 14, 2017|via=The Open Library}}</ref>
*''The Age of Innocence'' was adapted as a play in 1928. [[Katharine Cornell]] played the role of Ellen Olenska.
*''The Old Maid'' was adapted for the stage by [[Zoë Akins]] in 1934. It was staged by [[Guthrie McClintic]] and starred [[Judith Anderson]] and [[Helen Menken]].<ref name="bde010835">{{cite news |last=Pollock |first=Arthur |title='The Old Maid' |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |date=January 8, 1935 |location=Brooklyn, New York |page=11 |via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> The play was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in May 1935.<ref name="dn050735">{{cite news |title='The Old Maid' Steals Pulitzer Play Prize |work=Daily News |date=May 7, 1935 |location=New York, New York |page=177 |via = [[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> When published, the play had both Akins and Wharton's names on the copyright.<ref name="za1951">{{cite book |author=Zoë Akins |title=The Old Maid |publisher=Samuel French, Inc |year=1951 |page=2 |isbn=978-0-573-61336-4 |url= |quote= }}</ref>
*''Shadow of a Doubt'' made its world stage premiere in 2023 directed by Peter Hinton-Davis produced by the [[Shaw Festival]]. The show was designed by Gillian Gallow (Set & Costume) Bonnie Beecher (Lighting) and projections by mixed media artist HAUI (Live Video). The show starred Katherine Gautier as Kate Derwent.<ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Kat |title='Forgotten for a century rediscovered play The Shadow of a Doubt' |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/theatre-and-performance/reviews/article-forgotten-for-a-century-rediscovered-play-the-shadow-of-a-doubt-mixes/ |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |access-date=January 14, 2024}}</ref>

==Bilingual editions==
* Miss Mary Pask. [[Calambac Publishing House]], Germany 2025, bilingual edition: English/German, ISBN 978-3-943117-41-7.

==In popular culture==
* Edith Wharton was honored on a U.S. postage stamp issued on September 5, 1980.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_1999.2004.142 | title=15c Edith Wharton single }}</ref>
* In ''[[The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles]]'', Edith Wharton ([[Clare Higgins (actress)|Clare Higgins]]) travels across [[North Africa]] with [[Indiana Jones (character)|Indiana Jones]] in Chapter 16, ''Tales of Innocence''.
* Edith Wharton is mentioned in the HBO television series ''[[Entourage (U.S. TV series)|Entourage]]'' in the 2007 third season's 13th episode: Vince is handed a screenplay for Wharton's ''[[The Glimpses of the Moon (Wharton novel)|The Glimpses of the Moon]]'' by Amanda, his new agent, for a film to be directed by [[Sam Mendes]]. In the same episode, period films of Wharton's work are lampooned by agent [[Ari Gold (Entourage)|Ari Gold]], who says that all her stories are "about a guy who likes a girl, but he can't have sex with her for five years, because those were the times!" [[Carla Gugino]], who plays Amanda, was the protagonist of the BBC-PBS adaptation of ''[[The Buccaneers]]'' (1995), one of her early jobs.
*[[Gilmore Girls]] makes various witty references to Wharton throughout the series. In season 1, episode 6 called "Rory's Birthday Parties", Lorelei jokingly says, "Edith Wharton would be proud", referring to Emily's extravagant birthday party for Rory. In [[Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life]] the tradition continues as Lorelei quips Emily with a Wharton mention in the first episode.
* In a 2009 episode of ''[[Gossip Girl]]'' called "The Age of Dissonance", characters put on a production of a play version of ''[[The Age of Innocence]]'' and find their personal lives mirroring the play. 
* "Edith Wharton's Journey" is a radio adaptation, for the NPR series ''[[Radio Tales]]'', of the short story "A Journey" from Edith Wharton's collection ''The Greater Inclination''.
* The American singer and songwriter [[Suzanne Vega]] paid homage to Edith Wharton in her song "Edith Wharton's Figurines" on her 2007 studio album ''[[Beauty & Crime]]''.
*In ''[[Dawson's Creek]]'', Pacey reads and takes a verbal quiz on ''[[Ethan Frome]]''.
*[[The Magnetic Fields]] have a song which summarises the plot of ''[[Ethan Frome]]''.

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Benstock |first=Shari |author-link=Shari Benstock |date=1994 |title = No Gifts from Chance: A Biography of Edith Wharton |location=New York |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9780140172836 |oclc=40336475 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Davis |first= Mary Virginia | title = Edith Wharton |journal= Magills Survey of American Literature |publisher=Salem Press |year=2007 }}
* {{cite book |last=Dwight |first=Eleanor |date=1994 |title = Edith Wharton: An Extraordinary Life |location=New York |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |isbn=978-0-8109-3971-4 |oclc=28709502 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lee |first=Hermione |title=Edith Wharton |publisher=Vintage |date=2008 |isbn=9780099763512 |edition=1st |location=London |oclc=254767936 }}
* {{cite book |last=Lewis |first = R. W. B. |title=Edith Wharton: A Biography |publisher=Harper & Row |date=1975 |isbn=978-0-09-935891-6 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=476620731 |url-access=registration |url = https://archive.org/details/edithwhartonbiog00lewi }}
* {{cite magazine |last=Minkel|first=Edith |title = Nobody Likes Edith Wharton |date=February 9, 2012 |magazine = The New Yorker |url= https://www.newyorker.com/books/double-take/nobody-likes-edith-wharton |access-date=September 25, 2018 }}
* {{cite journal |url = http://www.wsu.edu/~campbelld/wharton/marshalls.pdf |last=Marshall |first=Scott |title=Edith Wharton on Film and Television: A History and Filmography |journal=Edith Wharton Review |year=1996 |pages=15–25 |publisher=Washington State University |volume=13 |issue=2 |access-date=January 15, 2009 }}
* {{cite book |last=Wolff |first=Cynthia Griffin |year=1995 |title = A Feast of Words: The Triumph of Edith Wharton |edition=2nd |location=Reading, Massachusetts |publisher=Addison-Wesley |isbn=0-201-40918-6 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Sarah Bird |year=1995 |title = Edith Wharton Abroad: Selected Travel Writings, 1888–1920 |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin }}
{{refend}}

Olsen, Eric B. (2019)  "Ethan Frome" Analysis In Context
== Further reading ==
* Armbruster, Elif S. (2011) "Domestic Biographies: Stowe, Howells, James, and Wharton at Home." New York: Peter Lang ({{ISBN|978-1433112492}})
* [[Shari Benstock|Benstock, Shari]] (1994) ''No Gifts From Chance: a biography of Edith Wharton''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
*[[Philippe Collas|Collas, Philippe]] and Eric Villedary, ''Edith Wharton's French Riviera'' (2002) Paris, New York : Flammarion/Rizzoli ({{ISBN|2-84110-161-4}})
*Drizou, Myrto, ed. ''[https://www.salempress.com/Critical-Insights-Edith-Wharton Critical Insights: Edith Wharton]'' (2018) Salem Press.
* Dwight, Eleanor. (1994) ''Edith Wharton: An Extraordinary Life, An Illustrated Biography'' New York: Harry N. Abrams.
*{{cite magazine |last=Franzen |first=Jonathan |date=February 13–20, 2012 |title=A Critic at Large: A Rooting Interest |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=60–65 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/02/13/a-rooting-interest |access-date=November 13, 2014}}
* Hutchinson, Hazel (2015). ''The War That Used Up Words: American Writers and the First World War.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
* Lee, Hermione (2007) ''Edith Wharton.'' London: Chatto & Windus; New York: Knopf.
* [[R. W. B. Lewis|Lewis, R. W. B.]] (1975) ''Edith Wharton: a biography'' New York: Harper & Row {{ISBN|0-06-012603-5}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Lowry |first=Elizabeth |date=December 9, 2011 |title=What Edith Knew: Freeing Wharton from the Master's Shadow |magazine=Harper's Magazine |volume= 317|issue=1903 |pages=96–100, 102 }}
* Montgomery, Maureen E. (1998) ''Displaying Women: Spectacles of Leisure in Edith Wharton's New York'' New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-90566-4}}
*''Novellas and Other Writings'' (Cynthia Griffin Wolff, ed.) ([http://www.loa.org The Library of America], 1990) {{ISBN|978-0-940450-53-0}}, which contains her autobiography, ''A Backward Glance''.
*''The Letters of Edith Wharton'' (R. W. B. Lewis and Nancy Lewis, eds.) {{ISBN|0-02-034400-7}}, particularly the editorial introductions to the chronological sections, especially for 1902–07, 1911–14, 1919–27, and 1928–37, and the editorial footnotes to the letter to F. Scott Fitzgerald (June 8, 1925)
* Severi, Rita, Edith Wharton una scrittrice americana in Italia con poesie e testi inediti, Milano, Mursia, Nov. 2023 ISBN 978-88- 425 6538 -3
*''Twilight Sleep'' (R. F. Godfrey, ed.) {{ISBN|0-684-83964-4}}
* Vita-Finzi, Penelope. (1990) "Edith Wharton and the Art of Fiction." London: Continuum International Publishing
* Wolff, Cynthia Griffin (1977) ''A Feast of Words: The Triumph of Edith Wharton'' Oxford. {{ISBN|0-19-502117-7}}

==External links==
{{wikisource author}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.edithwhartonsociety.org Edith Wharton Society]
*[http://www.edithwharton.org/ The Mount: Estate and gardens designed by Edith Wharton]
*[http://www.c-span.org/video/?165364-1/writings-edith-wharton "Writings of Edith Wharton"] from [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Writers: A Journey Through History]]''
* {{LCAuth|n79151500|Edith Wharton|345|}}
* Anna Catherine Bahlmann Papers Relating to Edith Wharton. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

=== Archival materials ===

*[https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/11/resources/1575 Edith Wharton Collection]. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
* [http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/lilly/mss/html/wharton.html#xtocid2477739 The Edith Wharton Papers] at the Lilly Library, Indiana University
* [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079606 Finding aid to Iola S. Haverstick collection of Edith Wharton materials at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.]

===Online editions===
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/edith-wharton}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=104}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Wharton, Edith|name=Edith Wharton|author=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Edith Wharton}}
* {{Librivox author |id=514}}

{{Edith Wharton fiction}}
{{PulitzerPrize Fiction 1918–1925}}
{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}

{{Authority control}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Wharton, Edith}}
[[Category:1862 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:19th-century American poets]]
[[Category:19th-century American short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American short story writers]]
[[Category:19th-century American translators]]
[[Category:19th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:American expatriates in France]]
[[Category:American women novelists]]
[[Category:Pulitzer Prize for the Novel winners]]
[[Category:American women short story writers]]
[[Category:Gilded Age]]
[[Category:Ghost story writers]]
[[Category:Writers from New York City]]
[[Category:Knights of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:American landscape and garden designers]]
[[Category:People from Lenox, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Novelists from New York (state)]]
[[Category:American women poets]]
[[Category:German–English translators]]
[[Category:American women in World War I]]
[[Category:American autobiographers]]
[[Category:American women autobiographers]]
[[Category:Burials at the Cimetière des Gonards]]
[[Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters]]