Editing Deira

{{Short description|Kingdom in the north of early Anglo-Saxon Britain}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox country
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 Separate with line breaks<br /> If language uses Latin characters, place name(s) in italics. -->
|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Deira
|common_name = Deira
|era = [[Early Medieval]]
|status = <!-- Status: see Category list on template page -->
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|government_type = Monarchy
<!-- Rise and fall, events, years and dates -->
<!-- only fill in the start/end event entry if a specific article exists. Don't just say "abolition" or "declaration"-->
|event_start = <!-- Default: "Established" -->
|date_start = <!-- Optional: Date of establishment, in format 1 January (no year) -->
|year_start = c. 450
|event_end = merged with Bernicia
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|year_end = 654
|year_exile_start = <!-- Year of start of exile (if dealing with exiled government - status="Exile") -->
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|event1 = Shared crown with [[Bernicia]]
|date_event1 = 604
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|p1 = Sub-Roman Britain
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|p2 = Parisi (tribe)
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|capital = [[York]]
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|latd= |latm= |latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW= 
|national_motto = 
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|common_languages = [[Northumbrian Old English]], [[Common Brittonic]] 
|religion = [[Anglo-Saxon paganism]], [[Christianity]]
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<!-- Area and population of a given year -->
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'''Deira''' ({{IPAc-en|'|d|aɪ|r|@|,_|'|d|eɪr|@}} {{respell|DY|rə|,_|DAIR|ə}};<ref>''A Complete Pronouncing Gazetteer, Or, Geographical Dictionary of the World'', 1880</ref> [[Old Welsh]]/{{langx|xcb|Deywr}} or {{lang|owl|Deifr}}; {{langx|ang|Derenrice}} or {{lang|ang|Dere}}) was an area of [[Post-Roman Britain]], and a later [[Angles (tribe)|Anglian]] kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Mike |title=An Early Historic Celtic Kingdom near the Solway |url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/EnglandDeira.htm |date=2014 |work=The History Files |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name of the kingdom is of [[British language (Celtic)|Brythonic]] origin, and is derived from the [[Proto-Celtic language|Proto-Celtic]] {{lang|cel-x-proto|*daru}}, meaning 'oak' ({{lang|cy|derw}} in modern Welsh), in which case it would mean 'the people of the [[River Derwent, Yorkshire|Derwent]]', a derivation also found in the [[Latin language|Latin]] name for [[Malton, North Yorkshire|Malton]], {{lang|la|Derventio}}.<ref>Higham, p. 81</ref> It is [[cognate]] with the modern [[Irish language|Irish]] word {{lang|ga|doire}} ({{IPA|ga|ˈd̪ˠɛɾʲə|pron}}); the names for [[County Londonderry]] and the city of [[Derry]] stem from this word.<ref>[http://www.libraryireland.com/sketches/toc.php Library Ireland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208010010/http://www.libraryireland.com/sketches/toc.php |date=8 February 2012 }} – Sketches of Olden Days in Northern Ireland</ref>{{sfn|Mills|2003|p=430}}

==History==
=== Brythonic Deira===
Following the [[End of Roman rule in Britain|Roman withdrawal from Britain]] a number of successor kingdoms rose in northern England, reflecting pre-Roman tribal territories. The area between [[the Humber]] and [[River Tees]] known as {{lang|xcb|Deywr}} or {{lang|owl|Deifr}} corresponds to the tribal lands of the [[Parisi (tribe)|Parisi]], bordered to the west and north by the Brythonic kingdoms of [[Elmet]] ({{lang|owl|Elfed}}) and [[Bernicia]] ({{lang|owl|Bryneich}}) respectively, and to the east by the [[North Sea]].

Early Deira may have centred on [[Petuaria]] (modern [[Brough, East Riding of Yorkshire|Brough]]) and archaeological evidence shows that the town was refortified. Petuaria was a great tribal centre for the Parisi, but declined in importance from the mid-fourth century (possibly as the harbour silted up). After this period, [[Derventio Brigantum|Derventio]] (modern [[Malton, North Yorkshire|Malton]]) may have functioned as the region's capital.<ref>{{cite book |last1=B. Sitch & A. Williams |title=Roman Humberside |date=1992 |publisher=Humberside County Council Archaeology Unit}}</ref>

It is not known if Deira was ever an independent Brythonic kingdom, and no British king has been identified with the area from the surviving genealogies, poems or chronicles. However the area was subject to the same fractious inheritance traditions and changing power dynamic (following the Roman withdrawal) that allowed [[Elmet]] and Bernicia to become independent hereditary kingdoms in the early fifth century. In [[Welsh literature]], Deira is part of the {{lang|cy|[[Hen Ogledd]]}} (The Old North) region, which was divided into many related kingdoms after the death of {{lang|cy|[[Coel Hen]]|italic=no}} (Coel the Old).<ref>Morris, p. 54.</ref><ref>Koch 2006, pp. 584–585.</ref>

=== Anglian Deira===
The kingdom,  which was previously ruled by a British dynasty, was probably created in the third quarter of the fifth century when Anglian warriors invaded the [[River Derwent, Yorkshire|Derwent Valley]].<ref>Higham, p. 98</ref> Anglian Deira's territory also extended from the [[Humber]] to the [[River Tees|Tees]], and from the sea to the western edge of the [[Vale of York]]. It later merged with the kingdom of [[Bernicia]], its northern neighbour, to form the kingdom of [[Northumbria]].

According to [[Simeon of Durham]] (writing early in the 12th century), it extended from the [[Humber]] to the [[River Tyne|Tyne]], but the land was waste north of the [[River Tees|Tees]]. After the Brythonic kingdom centred on {{lang|la|[[Eboracum]]}}, which may have been called [[Ebrauc]], was taken by King Edwin, the city of {{lang|la|Eboracum}} became its capital, and {{lang|ang|Eoforwic}} ("boar-place") was taken by the Angles.{{sfn|Malam|2011|p=24}}

Archaeology suggests that the Anglian royal house was in place by the middle of the fifth century, but the first certainly recorded king is [[Aella of Deira|Ælla]] in the late sixth century.<ref>Higham, pp. 77-78</ref> After his death, Deira was subject to king [[Aethelfrith of Northumbria|Æthelfrith]] of Bernicia, who united the two kingdoms into Northumbria. Æthelfrith ruled until the accession of Ælla's son [[Edwin of Northumbria|Edwin]], in 616 or 617, who also ruled both kingdoms until 633.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle|last=Garmonsway|first=G. N.|publisher=Dent|year=1954|isbn=0460106244|location=London|pages=26–27}}</ref>

[[Osric of Deira|Osric]], the nephew of Edwin, ruled Deira after Edwin, but his son [[Oswine of Deira|Oswine]] was put to death by [[Oswiu of Northumbria|Oswiu]] in 651. For a few years subsequently, Deira was governed by [[Aethelwald of Deira|Æthelwald]] son of [[Oswald of Bernicia]].<ref>D. P. Kirby, ''The Earliest English Kings'' (1991, 2000), page 78.</ref>

[[Bede]] wrote of Deira in his ''[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum|Historia Ecclesiastica]]'' (completed in 731).{{sfn|Bede|1910|loc=Book III}}

=== Anglian kings of Deira ===
{{See also|List of monarchs of Northumbria}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width="18%"|Reign
!width="20%"|Incumbent
!
!width="20%"|Notes
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffec"
|style="font-size: 85%;"|559/560 to 589
|'''[[Ælla of Deira|Ælla]]'''<br />{{small|(Aelli)}}
|style="font-size: 85%;"|'''ÆLLA YFFING''' {{small|DEIRA CYNING}}<br />'''ÆLLA REX''' {{small|DEIRA}}
|style="font-size: 85%;"|
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffec"
|style="font-size: 85%;"|589/599 to 604
|'''[[Æthelric of Deira|Æthelric]]'''<br />{{small|(Aedilric)}}
|style="font-size: 85%;"|'''ÆÞELRIC IDING''' {{small|BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNING}}<br />'''ÆÞELRIC REX''' {{small|BERNICIA ET DEIRA}}
|style="font-size: 85%;"|
|-
|colspan="4"|'''Bernicia Dynasty'''
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffec"
|style="font-size: 85%;"|593/604''?'' to 616
|'''[[Æthelfrith]]'''
|style="font-size: 85%;"|'''ÆÞELFERÞ ÆÞELRICING''' {{small|DEIRA CYNING}}<br />'''ÆÞELFERÞ REX''' {{small|DEIRA}}
|style="font-size: 85%;"|Killed in battle
|-
|colspan="4"|'''Deira Dynasty'''
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffec"
|style="font-size: 85%;"|616 to 12/14 October 632
|'''[[Edwin of Northumbria|Edwin]]'''
|style="font-size: 85%;"|'''EDVVIN ÆLLING''' {{small|BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNING}}<br />'''EDVVIN REX''' {{small|BERNICIA ET DEIRA}}
|style="font-size: 85%;"|Killed in battle by [[Cadwallon ap Cadfan|Cadwallon of Gwynedd]] and [[Penda of Mercia]]
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffec"
|style="font-size: 85%;"|''late'' 633 to summer 634
|'''[[Osric of Deira|Osric]]'''
|style="font-size: 85%;"|'''OSRIC ÆLFRICING''' {{small|DEIRA CYNING}}<br />'''OSRIC REX''' {{small|DEIRA}}
|style="font-size: 85%;"|
|-
|colspan="4"|'''Bernicia Dynasty'''
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffec"
|style="font-size: 85%;"|633 to 5 August 642
|'''[[Oswald of Northumbria|Oswald]]'''
|style="font-size: 85%;"|'''OSVVALD''' {{small|BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNING}}<br />'''OSVVALD REX''' {{small|BERNICIA ET DEIRA}}
|style="font-size: 85%;"|Killed by [[Penda of Mercia|Penda]], [[Kings of Mercia|King of Mercia]]; Saint Oswald
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffec"
|style="font-size: 85%;"|642 to 644
|'''[[Oswiu of Northumbria|Oswiu]]'''
|style="font-size: 85%;"|'''OSVVIO ÆÞELFRIÞING''' {{small|BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNING}}<br />'''OSVVIO REX''' {{small|BERNICIA ET DEIRA}}
|style="font-size: 85%;"|
|-
|colspan="4"|'''Deira Dynasty'''
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffec"
|style="font-size: 85%;"|644 to 651
|'''[[Oswine of Deira|Oswine]]'''
|style="font-size: 85%;"|'''OSVVINE OSRICING''' {{small|DEIRA CYNING}}<br />'''OSVVINE REX''' {{small|DEIRA}}
|style="font-size: 85%;"|Murdered
|-
|colspan="4"|'''Bernicia Dynasty'''
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffec"
|style="font-size: 85%;"|summer 651 to ''late'' 654 or 655
|'''[[Æthelwold of Deira|Æthelwold]]'''
|style="font-size: 85%;"|'''ÆÞELVVALD OSVVALDING''' {{small|DEIRA CYNING}}<br />'''ÆÞELVVALD REX''' {{small|DEIRA}}
|
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffec"
|style="font-size: 85%;"|654 to 15 August 670
|'''[[Oswiu of Northumbria|Oswiu]] '''
|style="font-size: 85%;"|'''OSVVIO ÆÞELFERÞING''' {{small|NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING}}<br />'''OSVVIO REX''' {{small|NORÞANHYMBRA}}
|style="font-size: 85%;"|Restored
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffec"
|style="font-size: 85%;"|656 to 664
|'''[[Alchfrith of Deira|Alchfrith]]'''
|style="font-size: 85%;"|'''ALCHFRIÞ''' {{small|DEIRA CYNING}}<br />'''ALCHFRIÞ REX''' {{small|DEIRA}}
|
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffec"
|style="font-size: 85%;"|664 to 670
|'''[[Ecgfrith of Northumbria|Ecgfrith]]'''
|style="font-size: 85%;"|'''ECGFRIÞ''' {{small|DEIRA CYNING}}<br />'''ECGFRIÞ REX''' {{small|DEIRA}}
|
|- valign=top bgcolor="#ffffec"
|style="font-size: 85%;"|670 to 679
|'''[[Ælfwine of Deira|Ælfwine]]'''
|style="font-size: 85%;"|'''ÆLFVVINE''' {{small|DEIRA CYNING}}<br />'''ÆLFVVINE REX''' {{small|DEIRA}}
|style="font-size: 85%;"|
|}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite wikisource|author=Bede|author-link=Bede|editor= Lionel C. Jane| translator= John Stevens|title=Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation|wslink=Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation (Jane)/Book 3|date=1910}}
*Higham, N.J. (1993). ''The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100.'' Stroud: Sutton. {{ISBN|0-86299-730-5}}
*{{cite book| last1=Mackenzie | first1=E.|last2=Ross|first2=M.| year=1834| title=An Historical, Topographical, and Descriptive View of the County Palatine of Durham| volume=I| page=xi| publisher=Mackenzie and Dent| location=Newcastle upon Tyne| publication-date=1834| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=azEQAAAAYAAJ}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mOa7BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT24|title=Yorkshire, A Very Peculiar History|first= John |last=Malam|publisher=Book House|year=2011|isbn=978-1907184574}}
*{{cite book|first=Anthony David |last=Mills|title=A Dictionary of British Place-Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=br8xcW1f_a8C&pg=PT430|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-852758-9}}
*{{cite book |last1=Morris |first1=John |title=The Age of Arthur |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |year=1973 }}
*{{cite book |last=Koch|first=John T. |title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006 |isbn=1-85109-440-7}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*[[Helen Geake|Geake, Helen]] & Kenny, Jonathan (eds.) (2000). ''Early Deira: Archaeological studies of the East Riding in the fourth to ninth centuries AD.'' Oxford: Oxbow. {{ISBN|1-900188-90-2}}

{{Heptarchy}}
{{Deira Monarchs}}
{{Yorkshire}}
{{Royal houses of Britain and Ireland}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:550s establishments]]
[[Category:660s disestablishments]]
[[Category:Former countries in the British Isles]]
[[Category:History of Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Northumbria]]
[[Category:Peoples of Anglo-Saxon England]]
[[Category:Petty kingdoms of England]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 7th century]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 6th century]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Europe]]