Editing 1816

{{more citations needed|date=November 2015}}
{{Year dab|1816}}
{{Year nav|1816}}
[[File:1816 summer.png|upright=1.2|thumb|[[May]] to [[August]]: Temperatures drop below freezing in Northern Hemisphere during "[[Year Without a Summer]]".]]
{{C19 year in topic}}
[[File:The Fight at Seven Oaks.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[June 19]]: The [[Battle of Seven Oaks]] is fought near Winnipeg between the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] and the victorious [[North West Company]].]]
{{Year article header|1816}}

This year was known as the '''''[[Year Without a Summer]]''''', because of low temperatures in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], possibly the result of the [[1815 eruption of Mount Tambora]] in Indonesia, causing severe [[global cooling]], catastrophic in some locations.<ref>{{cite news
| last         = McNamara
| first        = Robert
| date         = 24 March 2018
| title        = The Year Without a Summer Was a Bizarre Weather Disaster in 1816
| url          = https://www.thoughtco.com/the-year-without-a-summer-1773771
| work         = ThoughtCo.
| access-date  = 20 April 2019
}}</ref>

== Events ==
=== January–March ===
* [[January 6]] – (December 25, 1815 on the Russian Julian calendar): [[Tsar]] [[Alexander I of Russia]] signs an order, expelling the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] from [[St. Petersburg]] and Moscow.<ref>[http://www.toughissues.org/whowereczars.htm Who were Czars Alexander I and Alexander II of Russia?], toughissues.org (accessed 2013-12-13). {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216121544/https://www.toughissues.org/whowereczars.htm|date=December 16, 2013}}.</ref>
* [[January 9]] – 
**Sir [[Humphry Davy]]'s [[Davy lamp]] is first tested underground as a [[coal mining]] [[safety lamp]], at [[Hebburn]] Colliery in northeast England;<ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Roy|title=Thunder Underground: Northumberland mining disasters, 1815-1865|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u6sgAQAAIAAJ|access-date=2013-01-08|year=2004|publisher=Landmark|location=Ashbourne|isbn=9781843061694|page=121}}</ref> 
**[[Ludwig van Beethoven]] wins the custody battle for his nephew [[Karl van Beethoven|Karl]].
* [[January 17]] – Fire nearly destroys the city of [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's, Newfoundland]].
* [[February 10]] – [[Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck]], dies and is succeeded by [[Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg|Friedrich Wilhelm]], his son and founder of the [[House of Glücksburg]].
* [[February 20]] – [[Gioachino Rossini]]'s [[opera buffa]] ''[[The Barber of Seville]]'' premières at the [[Teatro Argentina]] in Rome.
* [[March 1]] – The [[Gorkha War]] between the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Nepal]] is ended after more than a year by the ratification of the [[Treaty of Sugauli]], with Nepal ceding about one-third of its territory to British Indian control.<ref>K. L. Pradhan, ''Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839'' (Concept Publishing, 2012), p. 110.</ref>
* [[March 16]] – U.S. Secretary of State [[James Monroe]] is nominated by a caucus of Democratic-Republican Party members of Congress, to be its party's representative in the U.S. presidential election; Monroe receives 65 votes, and Secretary of War [[William H. Crawford]] receives 54 votes.<ref>''The Statesman's Manual: The Addresses and Messages of the Presidents of the United States, Inaugural, Annual, and Special, from 1789 to 1854'' (E. Walker, 1849) p321</ref>
* [[March 21]] – The [[Institut de France]] is reorganized by King [[Louis XVIII of France]] into four royal academies: a revived [[Académie française]]; the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres; the Royal Academy of Sciences; and the [[Académie des Beaux-Arts]].<ref>Louis L. Bucciarelli and Nancy Dworsky, ''Sophie Germain: An Essay in the History of the Theory of Elasticity'' (Springer, 2012), p. 138.</ref>
* [[March 22]] – The United States signs a treaty with the Cherokee Nation, acknowledging that it will return land in Alabama and Georgia that had been illegally ceded to the U.S. in [[1814]] by the Creek Nation; General Andrew Jackson refuses to honor the treaty, and uses the controversy as a justification for removing Indians from the southeastern United States.<ref>Kenneth J. Hagan and Ian J. Bickerton, ''Unintended Consequences: The United States at War'' (Reaktion Books, 2007), p. 48.</ref>

=== April–June ===
* [[March 29]]–[[April 10]] – The [[Second Bank of the United States]] obtains its charter.
* [[March 30]]–[[April 11]] – In [[Philadelphia]], the [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]] is established by [[Richard Allen (bishop)|Richard Allen]] and other African-American Methodists, the first such denomination in the U.S. completely independent of White churches.
* [[April 28]] – The French ''[[Caisse des dépôts et consignations]]'', a public investment body, is created by [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006072846|title=Ordonnance du 3 juillet 1816 relative aux attributions de la Caisse des dépôts et consignations créée par la loi du 28 avril 1816|work=Legifrance|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref>
* April – [[Banjul]], capital of [[the Gambia]], is founded as a trading post named Bathurst.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saho |first1=Bala |title=Contours of Change: Muslim Courts, Women, and Islamic Society in Colonial Bathurst, the Gambia, 1905–1965 |date=2018 |publisher=Michigan State University Press |isbn=9781611862669 |location=East Lansing, Michigan |pages=45–51}}</ref>
* [[May 2]] – [[Leopold I of Belgium|Leopold of Saxe-Coburg]] (later King of the Belgians) marries [[Charlotte Augusta]], daughter of the [[George IV|Prince Regent]], at [[Carlton House]] in London. 
* [[May 8]] – Divorce is abolished in France by the ''[[Chambre introuvable]]'', after having been permitted following the French Revolution.<ref>{{cite book|first=Andrew J.|last=Counter|title=The Amorous Restoration: Love, Sex, and Politics in Early Nineteenth-Century France|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|page=47}}</ref>
* [[June 4]] (N.S.) ([[May 23]] O.S.) – The [[Governorate of Estonia]] of the Russian Empire emancipates its peasants from [[serfdom]].
* [[June 16]] – The [[Peace Society|Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace]] is founded in London.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ceadel |first=Martin |title=The Origins of War Prevention: The British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1730–1854 |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1996 |page=222}}</ref>
* [[June 19]] – [[Battle of Seven Oaks]]: The [[Hudson's Bay Company]] is defeated by the [[North West Company]], near [[Winnipeg]], Canada.

=== July–September ===
* [[July 2]] – The French frigate ''[[French frigate Méduse (1810)|Medusa]]'' runs aground off the coast of [[Senegal]], with 140 lives lost in the botched rescue that takes weeks, leading to a scandal in the French government.<ref>{{cite book| last= Snow | first= Edward Rowe | year=1979 | title= Tales of terror and tragedy | publisher= Dodd, Mead | place=New York | isbn= 978-0396077756 |page=67}}</ref>
* [[July 9]] – The [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|United Provinces of South America]] (today [[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]], [[Bolivia]] and southern [[Brazil]]) declares [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|independence]] from Spain.
* [[August 12]]–[[August 24|24]] – The [[Treaty of St. Louis (1816)|Treaty of St. Louis]], between the United States and the [[Council of Three Fires]] tribes, is signed in [[St. Louis]].
* [[August 14]] – The United Kingdom formally annexes the [[Tristan da Cunha]] archipelago in the southern Atlantic Ocean, ruling it from the [[Cape Colony]].
* [[August 27]] – [[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)|Bombardment of Algiers]]: An anglo-Dutch fleet forces [[Omar Agha]], [[Dey of Algiers]] to free Christian slaves.
* [[September 3]] – [[Pope Pius VII]] sends a directive to [[Stanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz]], the [[Metropolitan Archdiocese of Mohilev|Roman Catholic Archbishop of Mohilev]], advising Siestrzeńcewicz not to continue the [[Russian Bible Society]]'s plans to circulate the Scriptures written in the [[Russian language]], commenting that "if the Sacred Scriptures were allowed in the vulgar tongue, more detriment than benefit would arise."<ref>Roger Steer, ''Good News for the World: 200 Years of Making the Bible Heard : the Story of Bible Society'' (Monarch Books, 2004), p. 155.</ref>
* [[September 6]] – King [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]] dissolves the ''Chambre introuvable'', the legislature that had been elected after the [[Second Restoration|Second Bourbon Restoration]] re-established the old monarchy.<ref>Darrin M. McMahon, ''[[Enemies of the Enlightenment|Enemies of the Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity]]'' (Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 157.</ref>

=== October–December ===
* [[October 21]] – [[Penang Free School]] is founded by Rev. Sparke Hutchings, on the island of [[Penang]] (in modern-day Malaysia).
* [[October 25]]–[[November 6]] – [[1816 United States presidential election]]: [[James Monroe]] defeats [[Rufus King]].
* [[November 10]] – The British troop transport ''[[Harpooner (1769 ship)|Harpooner]]'', returning from Quebec to Britain, is wrecked at [[Cape Pine]] on [[Newfoundland (island)]] with the loss of 208 of the 385 people on board.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735027?urlappend=%3Bseq=429|title=The Marine List|journal=[[Lloyd's List]]|issue=5134|date=1816-12-13|pages=78 v|hdl=2027/uc1.c2735027?urlappend=%3Bseq=429|accessdate=2021-05-17}}</ref>
* [[November 19]] – The [[University of Warsaw]] is established.
* [[December 11]] – [[Indiana]] is admitted as the 19th [[U.S. state]].
* [[December 12]] – The thrones of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] and [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]] are merged into the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]], under King [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand I]].
* [[December 9]]–[[December 21|21]] – The [[American Colonization Society]] is established, to support the emigration of free [[African Americans]] to Africa.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] resettled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1178&reg_id=0#encadre1|title=Le recensement de la population à Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon en 2006|publisher=Insee|access-date=2013-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105204040/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1178&reg_id=0#encadre1|archive-date=2012-11-05|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[René Laennec]] invents the [[stethoscope]].
* [[Robert Stirling]] [[patent]]s his [[Stirling engine]], at this time known as "Stirling's air engine", in the United Kingdom.
* [[E. Remington and Sons]], the firearm and later typewriter manufacturing company, is founded in the United States.
* Mutuelle de L'assurance contre L'incendie ("L'Anciente Mutuelle"), predecessor of [[Axa]], the global [[insurance]] and [[financial services]] company, is founded in [[Rouen]], [[France]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.axa-iom.co.im/dotnet/ePublic/basic.aspx?id=AdvCorpAXAGrp|title=Axa Isle of Man: History|publisher=Axa-iom.co.im|date=1996-11-12|access-date=2024-04-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308225001/https://www.axa-iom.co.im/dotnet/ePublic/basic.aspx?id=AdvCorpAXAGrp|archive-date=2012-03-08}}</ref>

== Births ==

=== January–June ===
[[File:CBRichmond.png|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Charlotte Brontë]]]]
[[File:Leonilla Ivanovna Baryatinskaya.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Princess Leonilla Bariatinskaya]]]]
* [[January 3]] – [[Samuel C. Pomeroy]], American politician, railroad executive (d. [[1891]])
* [[January 30]] – [[Nathaniel P. Banks]], American politician, general (d. [[1894]])
* [[February 25]] – [[Matías Ramón Mella]], Dominican revolutionary and Founding Father of the [[Dominican Republic]] (d. [[1864]])
* [[March 14]] – [[William Marsh Rice]], American university founder (d. [[1900]])
* [[March 21]] – Most Rev. [[Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos]], Roman Catholic [[archbishop]] and Mexican politician who served as [[regent]] during the [[Second Mexican Empire]], 1863-1864 (d. [[1891]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arquidiocesisdepuebla.mx/index.php/arquidiocesis/obispos-y-arzobispos/obispos/43-excmo-sr-don-pelagio-antonio-de-lavastida|title=Excmo. Sr. Don Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos (1855-1863)|publisher=Arquidiocesis de Puebla|language=es|access-date=May 29, 2019|archive-date=May 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529225354/http://www.arquidiocesisdepuebla.mx/index.php/arquidiocesis/obispos-y-arzobispos/obispos/43-excmo-sr-don-pelagio-antonio-de-lavastida|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[March 29]] – [[Tsultrim Gyatso]], 10th [[Dalai Lama]] of Tibet (d. [[1837]])
* [[April 5]] – [[Samuel Freeman Miller]], [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]] (d. [[1890]])
* [[April 21]] – [[Charlotte Brontë]], English novelist, poet (d. [[1855]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Charlotte Brontë {{!}} British author |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charlotte-Bronte |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=17 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[April 22]] – [[Charles-Denis Bourbaki]], French general (d. [[1897]])
* [[April 25]] – [[Eliza Daniel Stewart]], [[American temperance movement]] leader (d. [[1908]])
* [[May 9]] – [[Princess Leonilla Bariatinskaya]], Russian aristocrat (d. [[1918]]) 
* [[May 15]] – [[Jean-Joseph Farre]], French general and statesman (d. [[1887]])
* [[May 24]] – [[Emanuel Leutze]], German-American painter (d. [[1868]])
* [[May 31]] – [[Dimitrie Ghica]], 10th Prime Minister of Romania (d. [[1897]])
* [[June 14]] – [[Priscilla Cooper Tyler]], ''de facto'' [[First Lady of the United States]] (d. [[1889]])
* [[June 19]] – [[William Henry Webb]], American industrialist, philanthropist (d. [[1899]])
* [[June 30]] – [[Richard Lindon]], English inventor of the rugby ball (d. [[1887]])

=== July–December ===
[[File:Arthur de Gobineau.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Arthur de Gobineau]]]]
[[File:Paul Julius Reuter 1869.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Paul Reuter]]]]
[[File:Ernst_Werner_von_Siemens.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Werner von Siemens]]]]
* [[July 14]] – [[Arthur de Gobineau]], French diplomat, author (d. [[1882]])
* [[July 21]] – [[Paul Reuter]], German entrepreneur (d. [[1899]])
* [[July 23]] – [[Charlotte Cushman]], American actress (d. [[1876]])
* [[July 31]] – [[George Henry Thomas]], American general (d. [[1870]])
* [[August 4]] – [[William Julian Albert]], U.S. Congressman from Maryland (d. [[1879]])
* [[August 12]] – [[Ion Ghica]], 3-time prime minister of Romania (d. [[1897]])
* [[August 14]] – [[Félix Douay]], French general (d. [[1879]])
* [[August 16]] – [[Charles John Vaughan]], English scholar (d. [[1897]])
* [[August 21]] – [[Jeanette Berglind]], Swedish sign language pedagogue (d. [[1903]]) 
* [[September 6]] – [[Henri Jules Bataille]], French general (d. [[1882]])
* [[September 11]] – [[Carl Zeiss]], German maker of optical instruments (d. [[1888]])
* [[October 11]] – [[William B. Renshaw]], United States Navy officer (d. [[1863]])
* [[October 22]] – [[Prince Yamashina Akira]] of Japan (d. [[1891]])
* [[November 3]] – [[Jubal Early]], American Confederate general (d. [[1894]])
* [[November 4]] – [[Stephen Johnson Field]], [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States]] (d. [[1899]])
* [[November 17]] – [[August Wilhelm Ambros]], Austrian composer (d. [[1876]])
* [[November 29]]
**[[Augusto Riboty]], Italian admiral and politician (d. [[1888]])<ref>Mariano Gabriele, ''Augusto Riboty'', Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare, 1999 (in Italian).</ref>
**[[Morrison Waite]], American politician and [[Chief Justice of the United States]] (d. [[1888]])
* [[December 10]] – [[August Karl von Goeben]], Prussian general (d. [[1880]])
* [[December 13]] – [[Werner von Siemens]], German inventor, industrialist (d. [[1892]])
* [[December 14]] – [[Abraham Hochmuth]], Hungarian rabbi (d. [[1889]])
* [[December 29]] – [[Carl Ludwig]], German physician, physiologist (d. [[1895]])

=== date unknown ===
* [[Wazir Akbar Khan]], [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] [[prince]], general (d. [[1845]])

== Deaths ==

=== January–June ===
[[File:Maria I, Queen of Portugal - Giuseppe Troni, atribuído (Turim, 1739-Lisboa, 1810) - Google Cultural Institute.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Maria I of Portugal]]]]
* [[January 2]] – [[Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau]], French chemist, politician (b. [[1737]])
* [[January 5]] – [[George Prévost]], British general, colonial administrator (b. [[1767]])
* [[January 27]] – [[Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood]], British admiral (b. [[1724]])
* [[February 6]] – [[Maria Ludwika Rzewuska]], Polish szlachcianka (b. [[1744]])
* [[February 22]] – [[Adam Ferguson]], Scottish philosopher, historian (b. [[1723]])
* [[March 3]] – [[Johann August von Starck]], German pastor (b. [[1741]])
* [[March 19]] – [[Filippo Mazzei]], Italian physician, friend of [[Thomas Jefferson]] (b. [[1730]])
* [[March 20]] – Queen [[Maria I of Portugal]] (b. [[1734]])
* [[March 31]] – [[Francis Asbury]], American Methodist bishop (b. [[1745]])
* [[May 4]] – [[Samuel Dexter]], American lawyer, politician, 4th [[United States Secretary of War]], 3rd [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]] (b. [[1761]])
* [[June 5]] – [[Giovanni Paisiello]], Italian composer (b. [[1751]])
* [[June 12]] – [[Pierre Augereau]], [[Marshal of France]], duc de Castiglione (b. [[1757]])

=== July–December ===
[[File:Francisco de Miranda by Tovar y Tovar.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Francisco de Miranda]]]]
* [[July 5]] – [[Dorothea Jordan]], Irish-born actress, mistress of King [[William IV of the United Kingdom]] (b. 1761)
* [[July 7]] – [[Richard Brinsley Sheridan]], Irish-born playwright and politician (b. [[1751]])<ref>{{cite SBDEL|wstitle=Sheridan, Richard Brinsley}}</ref>
* [[July 14]] – [[Francisco de Miranda]], Venezuelan revolutionary (b. [[1750]])
* [[July 18]] – [[Jane Austen]], British author of ''[[Pride and Prejudice]]'' (b. [[1775]])
* [[July 27]] – [[Olof Tempelman]], Swedish architect (b. [[1745]])
* [[August 12]] – [[John Smith (New York politician, born 1752)|John Smith]], American politician (b. [[1752]])
* [[August 29]] – [[Johann Hieronymus Schröter]], German astronomer (b. [[1745]])
* [[September 20]] – [[Harry Innes]], United States federal judge (b. [[1752]])
* [[September 22]] – [[Sir Robert Gunning, 1st Baronet]], British diplomat (b. [[1731]])
* [[September 27]] – [[Edward Charles Howard]], English [[chemist]], [[chemical engineer]] (b. [[1774]])
* [[November 6]] – [[Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]] (b. [[1741]])
* [[November 8]] – [[Gouverneur Morris]], American statesman (b. [[1752]])
* [[November 14]] – [[Angélique Victoire, Comtesse de Chastellux]], French comtesse (b. [[1752]])
* [[December 15]] – [[Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope]], English statesman, scientist (b. [[1753]])
* [[December 30]] – [[Louis Henri Loison]], French general (b. [[1771]])

=== Approximate date ===
* [[Bénédict Chastanier]], French surgeon (b. [[1739]])
* [[Nafisa al-Bayda]], Egyptian investor and diplomat

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1816}}
[[Category:1816| ]]
[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]