Editing 1294

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1294}}
{{Year nav|1294}}
{{C13 year in topic}}Year '''1294''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCXCIV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Friday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==

===Asia===

* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Kublai Khan]] dies; by this time the separation of the four khanates of the [[Mongol Empire]] (the [[Chagatai Khanate]] in Central Asia, the [[Golden Horde]] in Russia, the [[Ilkhanate]] in Persia, and the [[Yuan Dynasty]] in China) has deepened.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnCMBAAAQBAJ&q=kublai+khan+1294+for+khanates&pg=PA316|title=Dynastic China: An Elementary History|last=San|first=Tan Koon|publisher=The Other Press|year=2014|isbn=9789839541885|location=Petaling Jaya, Malaysia|pages=316|language=en}}</ref>

===Europe===

* [[March 30]] &ndash; A Novgorodian army led by Prince Roman Glebovich attempts a storm of [[Vyborg Castle|Vyborg]], but the attack fails.<ref name="Ulf0">{{cite book |last=Sundberg |first=Ulf |title=Medeltidens svenska krig |publisher=[[Hjalmarson & Högberg]] |year=1999 |isbn=9189080262 |edition=1st |location=Stockholm |pages=100 |language=Swedish}}</ref>
* Spring &ndash; Following the arrival of a fleet from Sweden, an offensive takes place in which Sweden captures [[Korela Fortress|Kexholm]] after an assault.<ref name="Ulf0" />
* [[July 5]] &ndash; Following the [[Papal election, 1292–94]], [[Pope Celestine V]] succeeds [[Pope Nicholas IV|Nicholas IV]], becoming the 192nd pope.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bI9_AwAAQBAJ&q=1294+pope+celestine+V&pg=PA870|title=Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History|last=Melton|first=J. Gordon|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2014|isbn=9781610690263|volume=2|location=Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO, Oxford|pages=870|language=en}}</ref>
* Autumn &ndash; In response to the actions of new royal administrators in north and west Wales, [[Madog ap Llywelyn]] leads [[Welsh revolt of 1294–95|a revolt against his English overlords]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PqulBAAAQBAJ&q=1294+Madog+ap+Llywelyn&pg=PT18|title=Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About the Tudors but Were Afraid to Ask|last=Breverton|first=Terry|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited|year=2014|isbn=9781445638454|location=Stroud|pages=14|language=en}}</ref>
* [[December 24]] &ndash; [[Pope Boniface VIII]] succeeds [[Pope Celestine V]], becoming the 193rd pope, after Celestine V abdicates the papacy on [[December 13]], only five months after reluctantly accepting his surprise election on July 5, wishing to return to his life as an ascetic hermit.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgC-yRJ5bo0C&q=1294+Boniface+VIII&pg=PT18|title=History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517.|last=Schaff|first=Philip|publisher=Christian Classics Ethereal Library|year=1998|isbn=9781610250450|volume=VI: The Middle Ages|location=Grand Rapids, MI|language=en|orig-year=1882}}</ref>
* [[John Balliol]], King of Scotland, decides to refuse King [[Edward I of England]]'s demands for support in a planned invasion of France, the result being the negotiation of the [[Auld Alliance]] with France and [[Norway]] in the following year. These actions play a part in precipitating the [[Scottish Wars of Independence]], which begin in [[1296]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp2r3xyaDaEC&q=1294+John+Balliol&pg=PA372|title=Edward I|last=Prestwich|first=Michael|publisher=University of California Press|year=1988|isbn=9780520062665|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|pages=372|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUOzgLiyd54C&q=1294+Auld+Alliance&pg=PA59|title=Royals of England: A Guide for Readers, Travelers, and Genealogists|last1=Spaltro|first1=Kathleen|last2=Bridge|first2=Noeline|publisher=iUniverse|year=2005|isbn=9780595373123|location=New York, Lincoln, Shanghai|pages=59|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Strata Florida Abbey]] is rebuilt; it had been destroyed some years earlier, during King [[Edward I of England]]'s conquest of Wales.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/recordsofrocksor00symoiala|quote=1294 Strata Florida Abbey.|title=Records of the Rocks; or, notes on the geology, natural history, and antiquities of North & South Wales, Devon, & Corne̱ll|last=Symonds|first=William Samuel|publisher=John Murray, Albemarle Street|year=1872|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/recordsofrocksor00symoiala/page/124 124]|language=en}}</ref>
* Architect [[Arnolfo di Cambio]] designs [[Florence Cathedral]] (''Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore'', better known simply as ''Il Duomo''); he also begins work on the Basilica of [[Santa Croce, Florence]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CfGPAgAAQBAJ&q=1294+Arnolfo+di+Cambio&pg=PT3952|title=The Complete Story of Civilization: Our Oriental Heritage, Life of Greece, Caesar and Christ, Age of Faith, Renaissance, Age of Reason Begins, Age of Louis XIV, Age of Voltaire, Rousseau and Revolution, Age of Napoleon, Reformation|last=Durant|first=Will|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2014|isbn=9781476779713|location=New York|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTOQ2A5_j1EC&q=1294+Arnolfo+di+Cambio+cathedral&pg=PA44|title=Italian Art. Painting, Sculpture, Architecture from the Origins to the Present Day|last1=Fossi|first1=Gloria|last2=Reiche|first2=Mattia|last3=Bussagli|first3=Marco|date=2004|publisher=Giunti Editore|isbn=9788809037267|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] enter into the first iteration of the [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance]], the oldest alliance in the world still in force.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3vFv2QssdgC&q=1294+Anglo-Portuguese+Alliance&pg=PA139|title=European Integration and Disintegration: East and West|last1=Bideleux|first1=Robert|last2=Taylor|first2=Professor Richard|last3=Taylor|first3=Richard|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|isbn=9781134775217|location=London and New York|pages=139|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Edward I of England]] and [[Philip IV of France|Philip the Fair]] of France declare war on each other. To finance this war, both kings lay taxes on the clergy. [[Pope Boniface VIII]] insists that kings gain papal consent for taxation of the clergy, and forbids churchmen to pay taxes.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INmdwCSkvIgC&q=1294+war+with+France&pg=PA215|title=Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England, 1272-1485|last1=Fritze|first1=Ronald H.|last2=Robison|first2=William Baxter|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=9780313291241|location=Westport, CT|pages=215|language=en}}</ref>

== Births ==
* [[June 18]] or [[June 19]] &ndash; [[Charles IV of France]] (d. [[1328]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mFhOA1a0jnkC&q=1294+charles+IV+france&pg=PA175|title=Thirteenth Century England II: Proceedings of the Newcastle Upon Tyne Conference 1987|last1=Coss|first1=Peter R.|last2=Coss|first2=P. R.|last3=Lloyd|first3=Simon D.|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|year=1988|isbn=9780851155135|location=Suffolk and Wolfeboro, NH|pages=175|language=en}}</ref>
* [[John, Duke of Durazzo]] (d. [[1336]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/guelphsghibelli00browgoog|quote=1294 john duke of durazzo.|title=Guelphs & Ghibellines: A Short History of Mediaeval Italy from 1250-1409|last=Browning|first=Oscar|publisher=Methuen & Company|year=1893|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/guelphsghibelli00browgoog/page/n215 199]|language=en}}</ref>
*''date unknown'' &ndash; [[Kusunoki Masashige]], Japanese samurai (d. [[1336]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RMBdoimD2kIC&q=1294+Kusunoki+Masashige%2C&pg=PA90|title=The Samurai: A Military History|last=Turnbull|first=Stephen R.|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2005|isbn=9781873410387|location=London and New York|pages=90|language=en|orig-year=1977}}</ref>
**[[Joan of Valois, Countess of Hainaut]] (d. [[1342]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4M7AAAAMAAJ&q=1294+Joan+of+Valois|title=Ancestral families of John W. Clark of Deerfield, Massachusetts: Clark-Keyes & allied families including: Alcock, Allen, Allis, Anderson, Beardsley, Belden, Bigod, Blandford, Brown, Chester, Comstock, Copeland, de Clare, de Lacy, de Mowbray, de Quincy, de Ros, de Saye, de Vere, Dudley, FitzRobert, Goodrich, Gregory, Harlakenden, Hawks, Haynes, Hobart, Holden, Hooker, Howard, Hubbard, Kimball, Lamb, Lamberton, Marshall, Moore, Neville, Newcomb, Parmenter, Patterson, Plantagenet, Pynchon, Rice, Scott, Smead, Stoughton, Talcott, Townsend, Trowbridge, Welles, Wells, Woodbridge, Wyllys, Yorke|last=Wold|first=Carol Lee|publisher=Gateway Press|year=2002|location=Louisville, KY|pages=97|language=en}}</ref>

== Deaths ==
[[File:YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg|thumb|[[Kublai Khan]]]]
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Kublai Khan]] of the Mongol Empire (b. [[1215]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIcWikw1ofgC&q=1295+kublai+khan+dies&pg=PA142|title=Marco Polo and the Realm of Kublai Khan|last1=McNeese|first1=Tim|last2=Goetzmann|first2=William H.|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2006|isbn=9781438102467|series=Explorers of New Lands|location=Philadelphia, PA|pages=142|language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 3]] &ndash; [[John I, Duke of Brabant]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzorDwAAQBAJ&q=1294+John+I%2C+Duke+of+Brabant&pg=PA72|title=Routledge Revivals: Medieval Germany (2001): An Encyclopedia|last=Jeep|first=John M.|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2001|isbn=9781351665407|location=Abingdon & New York|pages=72|language=en}}</ref>
* [[June 12]] &ndash; [[John I of Brienne, Count of Eu]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WFjDwAAQBAJ&q=1294+John+I+of+Brienne%2C+Count+of+Eu&pg=PR23|title=The Briennes: The Rise and Fall of a Champenois Dynasty in the Age of the Crusades, c. 950–1356|last=Perry|first=Guy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2018|isbn=9781107196902|location=Cambridge, New York|pages=xxiii|language=en}}</ref>
* [[December 25]] &ndash; [[Mestwin II, Duke of Pomerania]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hiUlDwAAQBAJ&q=1294+Mestwin+II%2C+Duke+of+Pomerania&pg=PA14|title=New Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Gdańsk, Poland and Prussia|last=Możejko|first=Beata|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2017|isbn=9781351805445|location=Abingdon, New York|pages=14|language=en}}</ref>
*''date unknown'' 
**Emperor [[Yagbe'u Seyon of Ethiopia]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tamrat|first=Taddesse|date=January 1970|title=The Abbots of Däbrä-Hayq 1248-1535|journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies|volume=8|issue=1|pages=87–117|jstor=41965802}}</ref>
**[[Brunetto Latini]], Florentine philosopher (b. c. [[1220]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/criticalhistori01barlgoog|quote=1294 Brunetto Latini.|title=Critical, Historical, and Philosophical Contributions to the Study of the Divina Commedia|last=Barlow|first=Henry Clark|publisher=Williams and Norgate|year=1864|location=London and Edinburgh|pages=[https://archive.org/details/criticalhistori01barlgoog/page/n452 423]|language=en}}</ref>
**[[Dmitri of Pereslavl]], Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rusmania.com/central/yaroslavl-region/pereslavl-zalessky/history-of-pereslavl-zalessky|title=History of Pereslavl-Zalessky {{!}} Rusmania|website=rusmania.com|access-date=2019-02-26}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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