Editing 1253

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1253}}
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[[File:William II of Holland (1227-1256), King of the Romans.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|[[William II of Holland]] (1227–1256)]]
Year '''1253''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCLIII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Wednesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===
==== Europe ====
* [[January 18]] &ndash; King [[Henry I of Cyprus]] ("the Fat") dies and is succeeded by his son [[Hugh II of Cyprus|Hugh II]], who is only a few months old. His mother, Queen [[Plaisance of Antioch]], claims the regency of [[Kingdom of Cyprus|Cyprus]] and the titular regency of [[Kingdom of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]. The High Court of Cyprus confirms her position, but the barons of [[Outremer]] require her attendance in person before they will recognize her. [[John of Ibelin (jurist)|John of Ibelin]], count of [[Jaffa]], remains as [[Bailiff (France)|''bailli'']], and Plaisance contemplates marrying John's youthful son [[Balian of Arsuf|Balian]]. Meanwhile, King [[Louis IX of France]] ("the Saint"), still staying at [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], continues to administer the government.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 233. {{ISBN|978-0241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* Summer &ndash; The [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia]] becomes a vassal state to the expanding [[Mongol Empire]]. Prince [[Daniel of Galicia]] is crowned "Rex Rusiae" and becomes officially an Orthodox subject of the [[Papal states|Papal States]].
* [[July 4]] &ndash; [[William II, Count of Holland|William II]], count of [[County of Holland|Holland]], defeats the Flemish forces under [[Guy, Count of Flanders|Guy of Dampierre]] at [[Westkapelle, Netherlands|Westkapelle]]. He forced him and his mother, [[Margaret II, Countess of Flanders|Margaret II]], to respect the division of [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] and [[County of Hainaut|Hainaut]].
* [[July 6]] &ndash; [[Mindaugas]] and his wife [[Morta (queen)|Morta]] are crowned as king and queen of [[Lithuania]], ruling between 300,000 and 400,000 subjects.<ref>O'connor, Kevin (2003). ''The History of the Baltic States'', p. 15. Greenwood Publishing. {{ISBN|0-313-32355-0}}.</ref>
* [[October 10]] &ndash; German imperial forces under King [[Conrad IV of Germany|Conrad IV]] suppress the Sicilian rebellion and recapture [[Naples]].

==== England ====
* [[August 6]] &ndash; King [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] leads an expedition to [[Gascony]], to repel a rumoured invasion from [[Crown of Castile|Castile]].<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=84–86|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]] returns from Gascony where he allies himself with the barons who oppose Henry.
* Henry III meets with the nobles and church leaders to reaffirm the validity of ''[[Magna Carta]]'' in exchange for taxation.<ref>Davis, John Paul (2013). ''The Gothic King: A Biography of Henry III'', p. 174. London: Peter Owen. {{ISBN|978-0-7206-1480-0}}.</ref>

==== Levant ====
* April &ndash; [[An-Nasir Yusuf]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Damascus]], cedes [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], together with [[Jerusalem]], [[Nablus]] and the coastline of [[Bilad al-Sham|Al-Sham]] to [[Aybak]], Mamluk sultan of [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]].

==== Asia ====
* [[April 28]] &ndash; [[Nichiren]], Japanese [[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhist]] monk, declares his intent to preach the ''[[Lotus Sutra]]'' and ''[[Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō]]'' as the true Buddhism, thus founding [[Nichiren Buddhism]].
* May &ndash; Louis IX of France ("the Saint") dispatches [[William of Rubruck]] from [[Constantinople]] on a missionary journey to [[Karakorum]] to seek an alliance against Syrian and Egyptian Muslims.<ref>Hywel Williams (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 142. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>
* Mongol forces under [[Hulagu Khan]] begin a [[Mongol campaign against the Nizaris|campaign against the Nizari Ismaili State]]. An advance guard (12,000 men) under [[Kitbuqa]] captures several fortresses in [[Quhistan]].
* Mongol forces under [[Kublai Khan]] conquer the [[Dali Kingdom]] (modern-day [[Yunnan]]). The population migrates to [[Thailand|Siam]] (modern [[Thailand]]).
* Kublai Khan introduces the ''[[baisha xiyue]]'' song and dance suite to the [[music of Yunnan]].

=== By topic ===

==== Literature ====
* [[Matthew Paris]], English [[Benedictines|Benedictine]] chronicler, completes the major part of his ''[[Chronica Majora]]'', a chronicle of English history.

==== Religion ====
* October &ndash; [[Pope Innocent IV]] returns to [[Rome]], after being deposed for 9 years by former Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]], whose clash forms an important chapter in the conflict between the Papal States and the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. 
* Innocent IV offers the crown of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], which he controls, to [[Richard of Cornwall]] and [[Charles I of Anjou|Charles of Anjou]], both of whom refuse, and later to the 8-year-old [[Edmund Crouchback|Edmund]], son of Henry III of England.
* The upper [[Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi]], the earliest important structure of [[Italian Gothic architecture]], is completed in [[Assisi]].
* [[Sligo Abbey]], a [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] monastery,  is founded by [[Maurice FitzGerald, 2nd Lord of Offaly|Maurice FitzGerald]], Norman chief governor of [[Ireland]].</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[March 1]] &ndash; [[Mattia de Nazarei]], Italian [[abbess]] and saint (d. [[1319]])
* [[March 20]] &ndash; [[Wareru]], founder of the [[Hanthawaddy Kingdom|Martaban Kingdom]] (assassinated [[1307]])
* [[September 11]] &ndash; [[Dmitry Borisovich]], Kievan [[Nobility|nobleman]] (d. [[1294]])
* [[October 17]] &ndash; [[Ivo of Kermartin]], Breton priest and saint (d. [[1303]])
* [[November 25]] &ndash; [[Katherine of England]], English princess (d. [[1257]])
* [[Amir Khusrau]], Indian [[Sufism|Sufi]] musician, poet and scholar (d. [[1325]])
* [[Anna of Greater Poland]], Polish princess and abbess (d. [[1295]])
* [[Berengaria of Castile, Lady of Guadalajara|Berengaria of Castile]], Spanish princess and [[regent]] (d. [[1300]])
* [[Blanche of France, Infanta of Castile|Blanche of France]], daughter of [[Louis IX of France|Louis IX]] ("the Saint") (d. [[1323]])
* [[Eschiva of Ibelin, Lady of Beirut|Eschiva of Ibelin]], Outremer noblewoman and regent (d. [[1312]])
* [[Euphemia of Greater Poland (1253–1298)|Eufemia of Greater Poland]], Polish princess and nun (d. [[1298]])
* [[Everhardt I, Count of Limburg Hohenlimburg|Everhardt I]], count of [[Counts of Limburg Hohenlimburg and Broich|Limburg and Hohenlimburg]] (d. [[1308]])
* [[Hugh II of Cyprus|Hugh II]] (''de Lusignan''), Cypriot ruler and regent (d. [[1267]])
* [[John II, Count of Holstein-Kiel|John II]] ("the One-Eyed"), count of [[Holstein-Kiel]] (d. [[1321]])
* [[Nikō]], Japanese [[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhist]] monk and disciple (d. [[1314]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Marino Morosini]], doge of [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] (b. [[1181]])
* [[January 18]] &ndash; [[Henry I of Cyprus|Henry I]] ("the Fat"), king of [[Kingdom of Cyprus|Cyprus]] (b. [[1217]])
* [[April 3]] &ndash; [[Richard of Chichester]], English bishop (b. [[1197]])
* [[April 5]] &ndash; [[Wilbrand von Käfernburg]], German archbishop
* [[April 22]] &ndash; [[Elias of Cortona]], Italian friar and [[vicar general]]
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy|Amadeus IV]], Italian nobleman and knight (b. 1197)
* [[June 12]] &ndash; [[Boniface II, Marquis of Montferrat|Boniface II]] ("the Giant"), king of [[Kingdom of Thessalonica|Thessalonica]] (b. [[1201]])
* [[July 8]] &ndash; [[Theobald I of Navarre|Theobald I]], French nobleman and [[trouvère]] (b. 1201)
* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[Albert IV, Count of Tyrol|Albert IV]], German nobleman and knight (b. [[1180]])
* [[August 11]] &ndash; [[Clare of Assisi]], Italian nun and saint (b. [[1194]])
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Dōgen]], Japanese Buddhist priest (b. [[1200]])
* [[September 23]] &ndash; [[Wenceslaus I of Bohemia|Wenceslaus I]], king of [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]] (b. [[1205]])
* [[October 9]] &ndash; [[Robert Grosseteste]], English bishop (b. [[1168]])
* [[October 22]] &ndash; [[William de Vesci (d.1253)|William de Vesci]], English nobleman (b. 1205)
* [[November 16]] &ndash; [[Agnes of Assisi]], Italian abbess and saint 
* [[November 21]] &ndash; [[Christian II (archbishop of Mainz)|Christian II]], German archbishop (b. [[1185]])
* [[November 29]] &ndash; [[Otto II, Duke of Bavaria|Otto II]], German count palatine (b. [[1206]])
* [[Ahmad al-Tifashi]], Almohad poet and anthologist (b. [[1184]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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