Editing Guarani language (section)

== Grammar ==
Guarani is a highly [[agglutinative language]], often classified as [[polysynthetic]]. It is a fluid-S type [[active language]], and it has been classified as a 6th class language in [[Milewski's typology]]. It uses [[subject–verb–object]] (SVO) word order usually, but [[OV language|object–verb]] when the subject is not specified.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tonhauser |first1=Judith |author1-link=Judith Tonhauser |last2=Colijn |first2=Erika |title=Word Order in Paraguayan Guarani |journal=[[International Journal of American Linguistics]] |date=2010 |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=255–288 |doi=10.1086/652267 |s2cid=73554080}}</ref>

=== Nouns ===
Guarani exhibits nominal tense: past, expressed with {{lang|gn|-kue}}, and future, expressed with {{lang|gn|-rã}}. For example, {{lang|gn|tetã ruvichakue}} translates to "ex-president" while {{lang|gn|tetã ruvicharã}} translates to "president-elect." The past morpheme {{lang|gn|-kue}} is often translated as "ex-", "former", "abandoned", "what was once", or "one-time". These morphemes can even be combined to express the idea of something that was going to be but did not end up happening. So for example, {{lang|gn|paʼirãgue}} is "a person who studied to be a priest but didn't actually finish", or rather, "the ex-future priest". Some nouns use {{lang|gn|-re}} instead of {{lang|gn|-kue}} and others use {{lang|gn|-guã}} instead of {{lang|gn|-rã}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Guasch |first=P. Antonio |title=El Idioma Guarnai: Gramática e Antología de Prosa y Verso |year=1956 |publisher=Casa América |location=Asunción |page=53}}</ref>

=== Pronouns ===
Guarani distinguishes between [[Clusivity|inclusive and exclusive]] pronouns of the first person plural.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |
! singular
! plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1st person
! inclusive
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gn|che}}
| {{lang|gn|ñande}}
|-
! exclusive
| {{lang|gn|ore}}
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gn|nde}}
| {{lang|gn|peẽ}}
|-
! colspan="2" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gn|haʼe}}
| {{itco|{{lang|gn|haʼekuéra/ hikuái}}}}{{efn-lr|{{lang|gn|hikuái}} is a post-verbal pronoun ({{lang|gn|oHecha hikuái}} 'they see')}}
|}

{{notelist-lr}}

Reflexive pronoun: {{lang|gn|je}}: {{lang|gn|ahecha}} ("I look"), {{lang|gn|ajehecha}} ("I look at myself")

=== Conjugation ===
Guarani stems can be divided into a number of conjugation classes, which are called {{lang|gn|areal}} (with the subclass {{lang|gn|aireal}}) and {{lang|gn|chendal}}. The names for these classes stem from the names of the prefixes for 1st and 2nd person singular.

The {{lang|gn|areal}} conjugation is used to convey that the participant is [[Agent (grammar)|actively involved]], whereas the {{lang|gn|chendal}} conjugation is used to convey that the participant is the [[Patient (grammar)|undergoer]]. However, the {{lang|gn|areal}} conjugation is also used if an intransitive verb expresses [[Aktionsart|an event as opposed to a state]], for example {{Lang|gn|manó}} 'die', and even with a verb such as {{Lang|gn|ké}} 'sleep'. In addition, all borrowed Spanish verbs are adopted as {{lang|gn|areal}} as opposed to borrowed adjectives, which take {{lang|gn|chendal}}.<ref>{{cite thesis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302131251/http://www.ling.su.se/gu/kursmaterial/311_4/active.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2008 |url=http://www.ling.su.se/gu/kursmaterial/311_4/active.pdf |last=Andréasson |first=Daniel |year=2001 |title=Active languages |publisher=Stockholm University |pages=18–20 |degree=BA}}</ref> Intransitive verbs can take either conjugation, transitive verbs normally take {{lang|gn|areal}}, but can take {{lang|gn|chendal}} for [[habitual aspect|habitual]] readings. Nouns can also be conjugated, but only as {{lang|gn|chendal}}. This conveys a predicative possessive reading.<ref name=Nordhoff2004>{{cite journal |last=Nordhoff |first=Sebastian |year=2004 |title=Nomen-Verb-Distinktion im Guarani |editor-last=Sasse |editor-first=Hans-Jürgen |location=Köln |publisher=Universität zu Köln |journal=Arbeitspapier |volume=48 |issn=1615-1496 |lang=de |url=https://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/opus4/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/22366/file/AP_48_Nordhoff_Nomen_ver_Distinktion_im_Guarani.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612022954/http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/opus4/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/22366/file/AP_48_Nordhoff_Nomen_ver_Distinktion_im_Guarani.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2020}}</ref>

Furthermore, the conjugations vary slightly according to the stem being oral or nasal.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="3" | pronoun
! colspan="2" | {{lang|gn|areal}}
! rowspan="2" | {{lang|gn|aireal}}
! rowspan="2" | {{lang|gn|chendal}}
|-
! oral
! nasal
|-
! {{nobold|{{lang|gn|guata}} {{gloss|to walk}}}}
! {{nobold|{{lang|gn|ñeʼẽ}} {{gloss|to speak}}}}
! {{nobold|{{lang|gn|puru}} {{gloss|to use}}}}
! {{nobold|{{lang|gn|tuicha}} {{gloss|to be big}}}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|che}}
| {{lang|gn|'''a'''-guata}}
| {{lang|gn|'''a'''-ñeʼẽ}}
| {{lang|gn|'''ai'''-puru}}
| {{lang|gn|'''che'''-tuicha}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|ñande}}
| {{lang|gn|'''ja'''-guata}}
| {{lang|gn|'''ña'''-ñeʼẽ}}
| {{lang|gn|'''jai'''-puru}}
| {{lang|gn|'''ñande'''-tuicha}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|ore}}
| {{lang|gn|'''ro'''-guata}}
| {{lang|gn|'''ro'''-ñeʼẽ}}
| {{lang|gn|'''roi'''-puru}}
| {{lang|gn|'''ore'''-tuicha}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|nde}}
| {{lang|gn|'''re'''-guata}}
| {{lang|gn|'''re'''-ñeʼẽ}}
| {{lang|gn|'''rei'''-puru}}
| {{lang|gn|'''nde'''-tuicha}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|peẽ}}
| {{lang|gn|'''pe'''-guata}}
| {{lang|gn|'''pe'''-ñeʼẽ}}
| {{lang|gn|'''pei'''-puru}}
| {{lang|gn|'''pende'''-tuicha}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|haʼe(kuéra)}}
| {{lang|gn|'''o'''-guata}}
| {{lang|gn|'''o'''-ñeʼẽ}}
| {{lang|gn|'''oi'''-puru}}
| {{lang|gn|'''i'''-tuicha}}
|}

==== Negation ====
Negation is indicated by a [[circumfix]] {{lang|gn|n(d)(V)-...-(r)i}} in Guarani. The preverbal portion of the circumfix is {{lang|gn|nd-}} for oral bases and {{lang|gn|n-}} for nasal bases. For 2nd person singular, an [[epenthetic]] {{lang|gn|-e-}} is inserted before the base, for 1st person plural inclusive, an epenthetic {{lang|gn|-a-}} is inserted.

The postverbal portion is {{lang|gn|-ri}} for bases ending in {{lang|gn|-i}}, and {{lang|gn|-i}} for all others. However, in spoken Guarani, the {{lang|gn|-ri}} portion of the circumfix is frequently omitted for bases ending in {{lang|gn|-i}}.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Oral verb
! Nasal verb
! With ending in "i"
|-
! {{nobold|{{lang|gn|japo}} {{gloss|do, make}}}}
! {{nobold|{{lang|gn|kororõ}} {{gloss|roar, snore}}}}
! {{nobold|{{lang|gn|jupi}} {{gloss|go up, rise}}}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|nd-ajapó-i}}
| {{lang|gn|n-akororõ-i}}
| {{lang|gn|nd-ajupí-ri}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|nde-rejapó-i}}
| {{lang|gn|ne-rekororõ-i}}
| {{lang|gn|nde-rejupí-ri}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|nd-ojapó-i}}
| {{lang|gn|n-okororõ-i}}
| {{lang|gn|nd-ojupí-ri}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|nda-jajapó-i}}
| {{lang|gn|na-ñakororõ-i}}
| {{lang|gn|nda-jajupí-ri}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|nd-orojapó-i}}
| {{lang|gn|n-orokororõ-i}}
| {{lang|gn|nd-orojupí-ri}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|nda-pejapó-i}}
| {{lang|gn|na-pekororõ-i}}
| {{lang|gn|nda-pejupí-ri}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|nd-ojapó-i}}
| {{lang|gn|n-okororõ-i}}
| {{lang|gn|nd-ojupí-ri}}
|}

The negation can be used in all tenses, but for future or irrealis reference, the normal tense marking is replaced by {{lang|gn|moʼã}}, resulting in {{lang|gn|n(d)(V)}}-base-{{lang|gn|moʼã-i}} as in {{lang|gn|Ndajapomoʼãi}}, "I won't do it".

There are also other negatives, such as: {{lang|gn|ani}}, {{lang|gn|ỹhỹ}}, {{lang|gn|nahániri}}, {{lang|gn|naumbre}}, {{lang|gn|naʼanga}}.

=== Tense and aspect morphemes ===
* '''{{lang|gn|-ramo}}''': marks extreme proximity of the action, often translating to "just barely": {{lang|gn|Oguahẽramo}}, "He just barely arrived".<ref name="Graham, 1969">{{cite book |last=Graham |first=Charles R. |title=Guarani Intermediate Course |year=1969 |publisher=Brigham Young University |location=Provo}}</ref>{{rp|198}}
* '''{{lang|gn|-kuri}}''': marks proximity of the action. {{lang|gn|Haʼukuri}}, "I just ate" ({{lang|gn|ha'u}} irregular first person singular form of {{lang|gn|u}}, "to eat"). It can also be used after a pronoun, as in {{lang|gn|ha che kuri, che poʼa}}, "and about what happened to me, I was lucky".
* '''{{lang|gn|-vaʼekue}}''': indicates a fact that occurred long ago and asserts that it's really truth. {{lang|gn|Okañyvaʼekue}}, "he/she went missing a long time ago".
* '''{{lang|gn|-raʼe}}''': tells that the speaker was doubtful before but he's sure at the moment he speaks. {{lang|gn|Nde rejoguaraʼe peteĩ taʼangambyry pyahu}}, "so then you bought a new television after all".
* '''{{lang|gn|-rakaʼe}}''': expresses the uncertainty of a perfect-aspect fact. {{lang|gn|Peẽ peikorakaʼe Asunción-pe}}, "I think you lived in Asunción for a while". Nevertheless, nowadays this morpheme has lost some of its meaning, having a correspondence with {{lang|gn|raʼe}} and {{lang|gn|vaʼekue}}.
The verb form without suffixes at all is a [[present tense|present]] somewhat [[aorist]]: {{lang|gn|Upe ára resẽ reho mombyry}}, "that day you got out and you went far".
* '''{{lang|gn|-ta}}''': is a [[future tense|future]] of immediate happening, it's also used as authoritarian [[imperative mood|imperative]]. {{lang|gn|Oujeýta ag̃aite}}, "he/she'll come back soon".
* '''{{lang|gn|-ma}}''': has the meaning of "already". {{lang|gn|Ajapóma}}, "I already did it".
These two suffixes can be added together: {{lang|gn|ahátama}}, "I'm already going".
* '''{{lang|gn|-vaʼerã}}''': indicates something not imminent or something that must be done for social or moral reasons, in this case corresponding to the [[German language|German]] [[modal verb]] {{lang|de|sollen}}. {{lang|gn|Péa ojejapovaʼerã}}, "that must be done".
* '''{{lang|gn|-ne}}''': indicates something that probably will happen or something the speaker imagines that is happening. It correlates in a certain way with the [[subjunctive]] of [[Spanish Language|Spanish]]. {{lang|gn|Mitãnguéra ág̃a og̃uahéne hógape}}, "the children are probably coming home now".
* '''{{lang|gn|-hína}}''', '''{{lang|gn|-ína}}''' after nasal words: continual action at the moment of speaking, present and pluperfect continuous or emphatic. {{lang|gn|Rojatapyhína}}, "we're making fire"; {{lang|gn|che haʼehína}}, "it's ME!".
* '''{{lang|gn|-vo}}''': it has a subtle difference with {{lang|gn|-hína}} in which {{lang|gn|-vo}} indicates not necessarily what's being done at the moment of speaking. {{lang|gn|ambaʼapóvo}}, "I'm working (not necessarily now)".
* '''{{lang|gn|-pota}}''': indicates proximity immediately before the start of the process. {{lang|gn|Ajukapota}}, "I'm near the point at which I will start to kill" or "I'm just about to kill". (A particular sandhi rule is applied here: if the verbs ends in {{lang|gn|-po}}, the suffix changes to {{lang|gn|-mbota}}; {{lang|gn|ajapombota}}, "I'll do it right now").
* '''{{lang|gn|-pa}}''': indicates emphatically that a process has all finished. {{lang|gn|Amboparapa pe ogyke}}, "I painted the wall completely".
This suffix can be joined with {{lang|gn|-ma}}, making up {{lang|gn|-páma}}: {{lang|gn|ñande jaikuaapáma nde remimoʼã}}, "now we came to know all your thought".
* '''{{lang|gn|-mi}}''': customary action in the past: {{lang|gn|Oumi}}, "He used to come a lot".
These are unstressed suffixes: {{lang|gn|-ta, -ma, -ne, -vo, -mi}}; so the stress goes upon the last syllable of the verb or the last stressed syllable.

=== Other verbal morphemes ===
* '''{{Lang|gn|-se}}''': desiderative suffix: {{Lang|gn|(Che) añemoaranduse}}, "I want to study".<ref name="Blair 1">{{cite book|last=Blair|first=Robert|title=Guarani Basic Course: Book 1|year=1968|page=50|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
* '''{{Lang|gn|te-}}''': desiderative prefix: {{Lang|gn|Ahasa}}, "I pass", {{Lang|gn|Tahasa}}, "I would like to pass." {{Lang|gn|te-}} is the underlying form. It is similar to the negative in that it has the same vowel alternations and deletions, depending on the person marker on the verb.<ref name="Graham, 1969" />{{rp|108}}