Editing Indonesian language (section)

== Classification and related languages ==
{{See also|Austronesian languages#Cross-linguistic Comparison Chart}}
Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malay homeland being in western [[Borneo]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=K. Alexander |last=Adelaar |title=Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=160 |year=2004 |issue=1 |pages=1–30 |jstor=27868100 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003733|url=http://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/11343/122869/1/3089-5554-1-PB.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/11343/122869/1/3089-5554-1-PB.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |hdl=11343/122869 |s2cid=59381288 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> A form known as Proto-Malay language was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was, it has been argued, the ancestral language of all subsequent [[Malayan languages]]. Its ancestor, [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]], a descendant of the [[Proto-Austronesian language]], began to break up by at least 2000 BCE, possibly as a result of the southward expansion of [[Austronesian peoples]] into [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] from the island of [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Andaya |first=Leonard Y. |title=The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 | pages=315–330 |year=2001 |doi=10.1017/s0022463401000169 |jstor=20072349 |s2cid=62886471 |url=http://sabrizain.org/malaya/library/search.pdf |access-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011113403/http://sabrizain.org/malaya/library/search.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Indonesian, which originated from Malay, is a member of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] family of languages, which includes languages from [[Southeast Asia]], the [[Pacific Ocean]] and [[Madagascar]], with a smaller number in continental [[Asia]]. It has a degree of [[mutual intelligibility]] with the Malaysian standard of Malay, which is officially known there as {{lang|ms|[[bahasa Malaysia]]}}, despite the numerous lexical differences.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtWdhQ7vc6kC&q=Indonesian+Malaysian+Malay+differences&pg=PA71 |title=The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar|last1=Adelaar|first1=K. Alexander|last2=Himmelmann |first2=Nikolaus|date=2013-03-07|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136755095|language=en}}</ref> However, vernacular varieties spoken in Indonesia and Malaysia share limited intelligibility, which is evidenced by the fact that Malaysians have difficulties understanding Indonesian [[soap opera|sinetron (soap opera)]] aired on Malaysia TV stations, and vice versa.<ref>{{cite web |first=Setiono |last=Sugiharto |title=Indonesian-Malay mutual intelligibility? |date=25 October 2008 |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/10/25/indonesianmalay-mutual-intelligibility.html|access-date=6 December 2019}}{{registration required}}</ref>

[[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], a geographic outlier spoken in [[Madagascar]] in the [[Indian Ocean]]; the Philippines national language, [[Filipino language|Filipino]]; [[Formosan language|Formosan]] in Taiwan's aboriginal population; and the native [[Māori language]] of New Zealand are also members of this language family. Although each language of the family is mutually unintelligible, their similarities are rather striking. Many roots have come virtually unchanged from their common ancestor, [[Proto-Austronesian language]]. There are many [[cognate]]s found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.

{{anchor|Numbers}}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Numbers in [[Austronesian languages]] 
|-
! Language
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
|-
! [[Proto-Austronesian language|PAN]], {{small|{{circa|4000}} BCE}}
| *isa || *DuSa || *telu || *Sepat || *lima || *enem || *pitu || *walu || *Siwa || *puluq
|-
! [[Malay language|Malay]]/Indonesian 
| {{lang|ms|satu}} || {{lang|ms|dua}} || {{lang|ms|tiga}} || {{lang|ms|empat}} || {{lang|ms|lima}} || {{lang|ms|enam}} || {{lang|ms|tujuh}} || {{lang|id|delapan}}|| {{lang|ms|sembilan}} || {{lang|ms|sepuluh}}
|-
! [[Amis language|Amis]] 
| {{lang|ami|cecay}} || {{lang|ami|tusa}} || {{lang|ami|tulu}} || {{lang|ami|sepat}} || {{lang|ami|lima}} || {{lang|ami|enem}} || {{lang|ami|pitu}} || {{lang|ami|falu}} || {{lang|ami|siwa}} || {{lang|ami|pulu'}}
|-
! [[Sundanese Language|Sundanese]]
| {{lang|su|hiji}} || {{lang|su|dua}} || {{lang|su|tilu}} || {{lang|su|opat}} || {{lang|su|lima}} || {{lang|su|genep}} || {{lang|su|tujuh}} || {{lang|su|dalapan}} || {{lang|su|salapan}} || {{lang|su|sapuluh}}
|-
! [[Tsou language|Tsou]] 
| {{lang|tsu|coni}} || {{lang|tsu|yuso}} || {{lang|tsu|tuyu}} || {{lang|tsu|sʉptʉ}} || {{lang|tsu|eimo}} || {{lang|tsu|nomʉ}} || {{lang|tsu|pitu}} || {{lang|tsu|voyu}} || {{lang|tsu|sio}} || {{lang|tsu|maskʉ}}
|- 
! [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] 
| {{lang|tl|isá}} || {{lang|tl|dalawá}} || {{lang|tl|tatló}} || {{lang|tl|ápat}} || {{lang|tl|limá}} || {{lang|tl|ánim}} || {{lang|tl|pitó}} || {{lang|tl|waló}} || {{lang|tl|siyám}} || {{lang|tl|sampu}}
|- 
! [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]] 
| {{lang|ilo|maysá}} || {{lang|ilo|dua}} || {{lang|ilo|talló}} || {{lang|ilo|uppát}} || {{lang|ilo|limá}} || {{lang|ilo|inném}} || {{lang|ilo|pitó}} || {{lang|ilo|waló}} || {{lang|ilo|siam}} || {{lang|ilo|sangapúlo}}
|- 
! [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] 
| {{lang|ceb|usá}} || {{lang|ceb|duhá}} || {{lang|ceb|tuló}} || {{lang|ceb|upat}} || {{lang|ceb|limá}} || {{lang|ceb|unom}} || {{lang|ceb|pitó}} || {{lang|ceb|waló}} || {{lang|ceb|siyám}} || {{lang|ceb|napulu}}
|- 
! [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] 
| {{lang|hil|isá}} || {{lang|hil|duwá}} || {{lang|hil|tatló}} || {{lang|hil|apat}} || {{lang|hil|limá}} || {{lang|hil|anom}} || {{lang|hil|pitó}} || {{lang|hil|waló}} || {{lang|hil|siyám}} || {{lang|hil|pulo}}
|- align=center
! [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]] 
| {{lang|ch|maisa/håcha}} || {{lang|ch|hugua}} || {{lang|ch|tulu}} || {{lang|ch|fatfat}} || {{lang|ch|lima}} || {{lang|ch|gunum}} || {{lang|ch|fiti}} || {{lang|ch|guålu}} || {{lang|ch|sigua}} || {{lang|ch|månot/fulu}}
|- 
! [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] 
| {{lang|mg|iray/isa}} || {{lang|mg|roa}} || {{lang|mg|telo}} || {{lang|mg|efatra}} || {{lang|mg|dimy}} || {{lang|mg|enina}} || {{lang|mg|fito}} || {{lang|mg|valo}} || {{lang|mg|sivy}} || {{lang|mg|folo}}
|- 
! [[Cham language|Cham]] 
| sa || dua || klau || pak || limâ || nam || tajuh || dalipan || thalipan || pluh
|- 
! [[Toba Batak language|Toba Batak]] 
| {{lang|bbc|sada}} || {{lang|bbc|dua}} || {{lang|bbc|tolu}} || {{lang|bbc|opat}} || {{lang|bbc|lima}} || {{lang|bbc|onom}} || {{lang|bbc|pitu}} || {{lang|bbc|ualu}} || {{lang|bbc|sia}} || {{lang|bbc|sampulu}}
|- 
! [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]] 
| {{lang|min|ciek}} || {{lang|min|duo}} || {{lang|min|tigo}} || {{lang|min|ampek}} || {{lang|min|limo}} || {{lang|min|anam}} || {{lang|min|tujuah}} || {{lang|min|salapan}} || {{lang|min|sambilan}}|| {{lang|min|sapuluah}}
|- 
! [[Rejang language|Rejang]]<ref>{{Cite book
  | last = Munir Hamidy
  | first = Badrul 
  | title = Kamus Lengkap Indonesia-Rejang, Rejang-Indonesia
  | publisher = Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan
  | year = 1985
  | page = xv
  }}</ref>
| {{lang|rej|do}} || {{lang|rej|duai}} || {{lang|rej|tlau}} || {{lang|rej|pat}} || {{lang|rej|lêmo}} || {{lang|rej|num}} || {{lang|rej|tujuak}} || {{lang|rej|dêlapên}} || {{lang|rej|sêmbilan}} || {{lang|rej|sêpuluak}}
|- align=center
! [[Javanese language|Javanese]] 
| {{lang|jv|siji}} || {{lang|jv|loro}} || {{lang|jv|telu}} || {{lang|jv|papat}} || {{lang|jv|lima}} || {{lang|jv|nem}} || {{lang|jv|pitu}} || {{lang|jv|wolu}} || {{lang|jv|sanga}} || {{lang|jv|sepuluh}}
|- 
! [[Tetum language|Tetun]] 
| {{lang|tet|ida}} || {{lang|tet|rua}} || {{lang|tet|tolu}} || {{lang|tet|hat}} || {{lang|tet|lima}} || {{lang|tet|nen}} || {{lang|tet|hitu}} || {{lang|tet|ualu}} || {{lang|tet|sia}} || {{lang|tet|sanulu}}
|- align=center
! [[Biak language|Biak]] 
| {{lang|bhw|eser/oser}} || {{lang|bhw|suru}} || {{lang|bhw|kyor}} || {{lang|bhw|fyak}} || {{lang|bhw|rim}} || {{lang|bhw|wonem}} || {{lang|bhw|fik}} || {{lang|bhw|war}} || {{lang|bhw|siw}} || {{lang|bhw|samfur}}
|- 
! [[Fijian language|Fijian]] 
| {{lang|fj|dua}} || {{lang|fj|rua}} || {{lang|fj|tolu}} || {{lang|fj|vā}} || {{lang|fj|lima}} || {{lang|fj|ono}} || {{lang|fj|vitu}} || {{lang|fj|walu}} || {{lang|fj|ciwa}} || {{lang|fj|tini}}
|- 
! [[Gilbertese language|Kiribati]] 
| {{lang|gil|teuana}} || {{lang|gil|uoua}} || {{lang|gil|teniua}} || {{lang|gil|aua}} || {{lang|gil|nimaua}} || {{lang|gil|onoua}} || {{lang|gil|itiua}} || {{lang|gil|waniua}} || {{lang|gil|ruaiua}}|| {{lang|gil|tebuina}}
|- align=center
! [[Samoan language|Samoan]] 
| {{lang|sm|tasi}} || {{lang|sm|lua}} || {{lang|sm|tolu}} || {{lang|sm|fā}} || {{lang|sm|lima}} || {{lang|sm|ono}} || {{lang|sm|fitu}} || {{lang|sm|valu}} || {{lang|sm|iva}} || {{lang|sm|sefulu}}
|- 
! [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]
| {{lang|haw|kahi}} || {{lang|haw|lua}} || {{lang|haw|kolu}} || {{lang|haw|hā}} || {{lang|haw|lima}} || {{lang|haw|ono}} || {{lang|haw|hiku}} || {{lang|haw|walu}} || {{lang|haw|iwa}} || {{lang|haw|-'umi}}
|}

There are more than 700 local languages in Indonesian islands, such as [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]], etc. While Malay as the source of Indonesian is the mother tongue of ethnic Malay who lives along the east coast of Sumatra, in the Riau Archipelago, and on the south and west coast of Kalimantan (Borneo). There are several areas, such as Jakarta, Manado, Lesser Sunda islands, and Mollucas which has Malay-based trade languages. Thus, a large proportion of Indonesians use at least two languages daily, including Indonesian and local languages. When two languages are used by the same people in this way, they are likely to influence each other.<ref name="Poedjosoedarmo-1982" />

Aside from local languages, [[Dutch language|Dutch]] made the highest contribution to the Indonesian vocabulary, due to the Dutch [[Dutch East Indies|colonization]] over three centuries, from the 16th century until the mid-20th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dannyreviews.com/h/Indonesian_Language.html|title=The Indonesian Language (James N Sneddon) – book review|website=dannyreviews.com|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729003635/http://dannyreviews.com/h/Indonesian_Language.html|archive-date=29 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/?/en/collecties/nederlands-indie_in_fotos,_1860-1940|title=The Dutch East Indies in photographs, 1860–1940 – Memory of the Netherlands|website=geheugenvannederland.nl|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508230330/https://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/%3F/en/collecties/nederlands-indie_in_fotos,_1860-1940|archive-date=8 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Poedjosoedarmo-1982" /> [[Languages of Asia|Asian languages]] also influenced the language, with [[Chinese language|Chinese]] influencing Indonesian during the 15th and 16th centuries due to the [[spice trade]]; [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]],  [[Prakrit language|Prakrit]] contributing during the flourishing of [[History of Indonesia#Hindu-Buddhist civilisations|Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms]] from the 2nd to the 14th century; followed by [[Arabic]] after the [[Spread of Islam in Indonesia|spread of Islam]] in the archipelago in the 13th century.<ref>{{cite journal |title=On the history of Indonesian |first=H. |last=Steinhauer |journal=Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics |volume=1 |year=1980 |pages=349–375 |doi=10.1163/9789004653931_022 |jstor=40996873|isbn=978-90-04-65393-1 }}</ref> Loanwords from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] were mainly connected with articles that the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia. Indonesian also receives many [[English language|English]] words as a result of [[globalization]] and [[modernization]], especially since the 1990s, as far as the [[History of Internet|Internet's emergence and development]] until the present day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macmillandictionaries.com/MED-Magazine/May2006/38-Indonesian-English-false-friends.htm|title=Language interference: Indonesian and English|website=macmillandictionaries.com|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729050607/http://www.macmillandictionaries.com/MED-Magazine/May2006/38-Indonesian-English-false-friends.htm|archive-date=29 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Some Indonesian words correspond to Malay loanwords in English, among them the common words ''orangutan'', ''gong'', ''bamboo'', ''rattan'', ''sarong'', and the less common words such as ''paddy'', ''sago'' and ''kapok'', all of which were inherited in Indonesian from Malay but borrowed from Malay in English. The phrase "to run amok" comes from the Malay verb {{Lang|ms|amuk}} (to run out of control, to rage).<ref>Discussed at [[Talk:Indonesian language#English loanwords from Malay or Indonesian?|Talk:Indonesian language]]. See the section 'English loanwords from Malay or Indonesian?'.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=amok {{!}} Search Online Etymology Dictionary|url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=amok|access-date=2021-07-06|website=etymonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aboutworldlanguages.com/bahasa-indonesia|title=Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia) – About World Languages|website=aboutworldlanguages.com|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508230322/http://aboutworldlanguages.com/bahasa-indonesia|archive-date=8 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ipll.manoa.hawaii.edu/indonesian/about/bahasa-indonesia-the-indonesian-language/|title=History of Indonesian|website=ipll.manoa.hawaii.edu|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329072758/http://ipll.manoa.hawaii.edu/indonesian/about/bahasa-indonesia-the-indonesian-language/|archive-date=29 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Indonesian is neither a [[Pidgin language|pidgin]] nor a [[Creole language|creole]] since its characteristics do not meet any of the criteria for either. It is believed that the Indonesian language was one of the means to achieve independence, but it is opened to receive vocabulary from other foreign languages aside from Malay that it has made contact with since the colonialism era, such as Dutch, English and Arabic among others, as the [[loan words]] keep increasing each year.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pratika |first1=D. |year=2016 |title=The Existence of Indonesian Language: Pidgin or Creole |journal=Journal on English as a Foreign Language |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=83–100 |url=http://e-journal.iain-palangkaraya.ac.id/index.php/jefl/article/download/397/637 |doi=10.23971/jefl.v6i2.397 |access-date=1 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206072621/http://e-journal.iain-palangkaraya.ac.id/index.php/jefl/article/download/397/637 |archive-date=6 February 2019 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref>