Editing 1991 (section)

=== July ===
* [[July 1]]
** In the [[U.S.]], telephone services go down in [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Pittsburgh]], [[Los Angeles]], and [[San Francisco]] as a result of a software bug, affecting nearly 12&nbsp;million customers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Andrews|first=Edmund L.|date=July 10, 1991|title=Faulty Software Code Is Cited in Phone Disruptions|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/10/us/faulty-software-code-is-cited-in-phone-disruptions.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029104126/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/10/us/faulty-software-code-is-cited-in-phone-disruptions.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PART ONE: Crashing the System|url=http://www.mit.edu/hacker/part1.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=mit.edu|archive-date=June 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610003134/http://www.mit.edu/hacker/part1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
** The [[Warsaw Pact]] is officially dissolved in [[Prague]], [[Czechoslovakia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Warsaw Pact {{!}} Summary, History, Countries, Map, Significance, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Warsaw-Pact|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-date=March 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307024152/https://www.britannica.com/event/Warsaw-Pact|url-status=live}}</ref>
** The world's first [[GSM]] telephone call is made in [[Finland]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 5, 2016|title=Who was first?|url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/changing-the-world/world-leadership/who-was-first|access-date=November 11, 2021|website=ericsson.com|archive-date=November 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111081011/https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/changing-the-world/world-leadership/who-was-first|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Arghire|first=Ionut|date=July 1, 2011|title=20 Years Since the First GSM Call|url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/20-Years-Since-the-First-GSM-Call-209354.shtml|access-date=November 11, 2021|website=softpediaglish|archive-date=November 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111081010/https://news.softpedia.com/news/20-Years-Since-the-First-GSM-Call-209354.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[July 4]] – The [[Constituent Assembly of Colombia]] proclaims a new constitution,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=11. Colombia (1910–present)|url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/western-hemisphere-region/colombia-1910-present/|access-date=February 2, 2024|website=uca.edu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914001220/https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/western-hemisphere-region/colombia-1910-present/|archive-date=September 14, 2024}}</ref> allowing the [[President of Colombia]] [[César Gaviria]] to lift the country's seven-year-long [[state of siege]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Brooke|first=James|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/05/world/colombia-s-rewritten-charter-opens-politics-to-new-forces.html|title=Colombia's Rewritten Charter Opens Politics to New Forces|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 5, 1991|access-date=November 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525223611/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/05/world/colombia-s-rewritten-charter-opens-politics-to-new-forces.html|archive-date=May 25, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[July 7]] – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The [[Brioni Agreement]] ends the [[Ten-Day War]] in [[Slovenia]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=István Gyarmati|author2=Theodor Winkler|title=Post-Cold War Defense Reform: Lessons Learned in Europe and the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G32Hf131kAcC&pg=PA112|year=2002|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|isbn=978-1-57488-577-4|pages=112|access-date=April 11, 2021|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102445/https://books.google.com/books?id=G32Hf131kAcC&pg=PA112|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[July 9]]
** End of Apartheid: The [[International Olympic Committee]] [[Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics|readmits South Africa]] to the [[Olympics]]. The following day, [[George H. W. Bush|U.S. President Bush]] terminates [[1986]]-enacted [[U.S. sanctions]] on [[South Africa–United States relations|South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tempest|first=Rone|date=July 10, 1991|title=South Africa Readmitted to Olympics Competition : Apartheid: Nation ends 21 years as a sports pariah because of racism. It is eligible for the 1992 Games.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-10-mn-1896-story.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Los Angeles Times|archive-date=June 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002020/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-10-mn-1896-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Honey|first=Peter|title=Bush ends ban on trade with South Africa Executive order tied to "profound" moves on apartheid|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-07-11-1991192039-story.html|access-date=June 13, 2021|website=The Baltimore Sun|date=July 11, 1991|archive-date=June 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622051207/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-07-11-1991192039-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
** Iran–Contra affair: [[Alan Fiers]] agrees to plead guilty to two charges of lying to the [[U.S. Congress]]. Later on September 16, [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|D.C. Judge]] [[Gerhard Gesell]] issues a ruling clearing [[Col.]] [[Oliver North]] of all charges.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wines|first=Michael|date=July 30, 1991|title=Washington at Work; Quintessential Spy Undone by His Own Loyalty|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/30/us/washington-at-work-quintessential-spy-undone-by-his-own-loyalty.html|access-date=June 13, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=June 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002021/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/30/us/washington-at-work-quintessential-spy-undone-by-his-own-loyalty.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Johnston|first=David|title=All Iran-contra charges against North dropped Prosecutors cite taint of testimony given to Congress|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-09-17-1991260006-story.html|access-date=June 13, 2021|website=The Baltimore Sun|date=September 17, 1991|archive-date=June 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622052741/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-09-17-1991260006-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[July 11]]
** A [[Solar eclipse of July 11, 1991|solar eclipse of record totality]] occurs in the Northern hemisphere and is witnessed by hundreds of millions of people in [[Hawaii]], [[Mexico]], [[Colombia]] and [[Brazil]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1989JRASC..83..157E|title=Predictions for the Total Solar Eclipse of 1991|last=Espenak|first=Fred|journal=Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada|volume=83|date=June 1989|pages=157–178|bibcode=1989JRASC..83..157E |access-date=November 25, 2024|url-status=live|archive-date=November 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125135126/https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1989JRASC..83..157E}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mexiconewsdaily.com/culture/how-did-mexicans-experience-the-last-total-solar-eclipse-of-1991/|title=How did Mexicans experience the last total solar eclipse of 1991?|date=April 8, 2024|access-date=November 25, 2024|website=[[Mexico News Daily]]|url-status=live|archive-date=April 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425031338/https://mexiconewsdaily.com/culture/how-did-mexicans-experience-the-last-total-solar-eclipse-of-1991/}}</ref>
**[[Nigeria Airways Flight 2120]], a [[Douglas DC-8]] operated by Canadian airline [[Nolisair]], catches fire and crashes soon after takeoff from [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]], killing all 261 people on board.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=July 12, 1991|title=261 Die as a Flight for Muslim Pilgrims Crashes Near Jidda|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/12/world/261-die-as-a-flight-for-muslim-pilgrims-crashes-near-jidda.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308160902/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/12/world/261-die-as-a-flight-for-muslim-pilgrims-crashes-near-jidda.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[July 15]] – [[Chemical Bank]] and [[Manufacturers Hanover Corporation]] amalgamate, becoming the [[List of bank mergers in the United States|largest bank merger]] in history.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Deckelman|first=Paul|title=Chemical Bank, Manufacturers Hanover officially merge|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/12/31/Chemical-Bank-Manufacturers-Hanover-officially-merge/3446694155600/|date=December 31, 1991|access-date=June 12, 2021|work=United Press International|archive-date=June 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611235804/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/12/31/Chemical-Bank-Manufacturers-Hanover-officially-merge/3446694155600/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chemical Banking Corporation {{!}} American bank holding company|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chemical-Banking-Corporation|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-date=May 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511011124/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chemical-Banking-Corporation|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[July 16]] – [[Soviet President]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]] arrives in [[London]] to ask for aid from the leaders of the [[G7]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Clines|first=Francis X.|date=May 23, 1991|title=Gorbachev pleads for $100 billion in aid from West|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/23/world/gorbachev-pleads-for-100-billion-in-aid-from-west.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=June 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630145459/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/23/world/gorbachev-pleads-for-100-billion-in-aid-from-west.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Whitney|first=Craig R.|date=September 2, 1991|title=Gorbachev Asks British Leader for Economic Aid|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/02/world/gorbachev-asks-british-leader-for-economic-aid.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029105714/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/02/world/gorbachev-asks-british-leader-for-economic-aid.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[July 18]] – The governments of [[Mauritania]] and [[Senegal]] sign a treaty ending the [[Mauritania–Senegal Border War]], which has been fought since [[1989#April|April 1989]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Communal Violence in Mauritania and Senegal 1989–1992|url=https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/communal-violence-mauritania-and-senegal-1989-1992|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=climate-diplomacy.org|date=January 1989|archive-date=May 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516234603/https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/communal-violence-mauritania-and-senegal-1989-1992|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[July 22]] – [[US Boxing|U.S. boxer]] [[Mike Tyson]] is arrested and charged with the rape, three days earlier, of [[Miss Black America]] contestant [[Desiree Washington]] in [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hudson|first=Maryann|date=September 10, 1991|title=Tyson Indicted; Allegedly Raped Beauty Hopeful|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-10-mn-2440-story.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Los Angeles Times|archive-date=June 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002022/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-10-mn-2440-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Brubaker|first=Bill|date=September 10, 1991|title=Tyson Indicted on Rape, 3 Other Counts in Indiana|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/09/10/tyson-indicted-on-rape-3-other-counts-in-indiana/51808ac3-5e35-451e-b452-e878368f7a66/|access-date=June 12, 2021|newspaper=The Washington Post|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122140328/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/09/10/tyson-indicted-on-rape-3-other-counts-in-indiana/51808ac3-5e35-451e-b452-e878368f7a66/|archive-date=November 22, 2024}}</ref>
* [[July 24]] – [[Finance Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] announces a new industrial policy, marking the start of [[economic liberalisation in India]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hazarika|first=Sanjoy|date=July 25, 1991|title=India Retreats From Socialist Past|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/25/business/india-retreats-from-socialist-past.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029104315/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/25/business/india-retreats-from-socialist-past.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[July 25]] – British astronomers announce their discovery of what appears to be an [[extrasolar planet]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dye|first=Lee|date=July 25, 1991|title=Planet Believed Found Beyond Solar System|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-25-mn-175-story.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Los Angeles Times|archive-date=June 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002019/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-25-mn-175-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[July 29]] – In [[New York City]], a grand jury indicts [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]] of the largest bank fraud in history, accusing the bank of defrauding depositors of US$5&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lohr|first=Steve|date=August 12, 1991|title=World-Class Fraud: How B.C.C.I. Pulled It Off – A special report.; At the End of a Twisted Trail, Piggy Bank for a Favored Few|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/12/business/world-class-fraud-bcci-pulled-it-off-special-report-end-twisted-trail-piggy-bank.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=July 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707012400/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/12/business/world-class-fraud-bcci-pulled-it-off-special-report-end-twisted-trail-piggy-bank.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Fritz|first1=Sara|last2=Bates|first2=James|date=July 11, 1991|title=BCCI Case May Be History's Biggest Bank Fraud Scandal : Finance: Losses from seized institution may reach $15 billion. Some Third World central banks could collapse.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-11-mn-2869-story.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Los Angeles Times|archive-date=July 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723170410/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-11-mn-2869-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[July 31]]
**[[George H. W. Bush|U.S. President Bush]] and [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Soviet President Gorbachev]] sign [[START I]] in [[Moscow]], [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty of 1991|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/start-treaty-1991.htm|access-date=June 12, 2021|work=National Park Service|archive-date=June 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606113645/https://www.nps.gov/articles/start-treaty-1991.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Andrew Glass|title=Bush and Gorbachev sign nuclear arms pact, July 31, 1991|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/07/31/bush-and-gorbachev-sign-nuclear-arms-pact-july-31-1991-743837|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Politico|date=July 31, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207102432/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/07/31/bush-and-gorbachev-sign-nuclear-arms-pact-july-31-1991-743837|archive-date=December 7, 2023}}</ref>
** Singing Revolution: Soviet Special Purpose Police Unit forces ([[OMON]]) kill seven [[Lithuania]]n customs officials in [[Medininkai]], the deadliest of the [[Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Keller|first=Bill|date=August 1, 1991|title=Gunmen Kill 6 Lithuania Border Guards|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/01/world/gunmen-kill-6-lithuania-border-guards.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029104456/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/01/world/gunmen-kill-6-lithuania-border-guards.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tracevskis|first=Rokas M.|title=Remembering the Medininkai massacre|url=https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/23284/|date=August 5, 2009|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=The Baltic Times|archive-date=August 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805210829/https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/23284/|url-status=live}}</ref>