Editing Santiago de Compostela (section)

==History==
[[File:Catedral, Santiago de Compostela, España, 2015-09-22, DD 12.jpg|thumb|upright|Interior of the cathedral.]]
[[File:Picaportes eue.jpg|thumb|left|Knockers in the city's old quarter]]
[[File:065 Santiago (da Compostela) Die Bibliothek und der Capitelsaal neben der Kathedrale.jpg|left|upright|thumb|The Library and the Chapter at the cathedral, Collotype 1889]]
[[File:Monasterio de San Francisco, Santiago de Compostela, España, 2015-09-22, DD 02.jpg|thumbnail|upright|left|Calvary of St Franciscus church.]]
[[File:Interior Catedral Santiago de Compostela.jpg|thumb|''Pórtico da Gloria'', old façade of the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] cathedral, 12th century]]
[[File:Tomb of Afonso VIII de Galicia León (Capela das Reliquias da catedral de Santiago de Compostela).jpg|thumb|Sepulcher of king [[Ferdinand II of León|Ferdinand II]] (d. 1187), in the Royal Pantheon of the [[Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela|cathedral]]]]

The area of Santiago de Compostela was a Roman cemetery by the 4th century{{sfnp|Fletcher|1984|pp=57–59}} and was occupied by the [[Suebi]] in the early 5th century, when they settled in Galicia and Portugal during the initial [[Migration Period|collapse of the Roman Empire]]. The area was later attributed to the [[bishopric]] of [[Iria Flavia]] in the 6th century, in the partition usually known as Parochiale Suevorum, ordered by King [[Theodemir (Suebian king)|Theodemar]]. In 585, the settlement was annexed along with the rest of [[Suebi Kingdom]] by [[Liuvigild|Leovigild]] as the sixth province of the [[Visigothic Kingdom]].

Possibly raided from 711 to 739 by the [[Arabs]],{{sfnp|Gallichan|1912|pp=36−37}}{{sfnp|Encyclopaedia Britannica|1823|p=496}} the bishopric of Iria was incorporated into the [[Kingdom of Asturias]] {{Circa|750}}.{{sfnp|Gallichan|1912|pp=26−27}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/AtlasOfMedievalHistoryColinMcEvedyPenguinBooks1961_201712|title=Atlas of Medieval History Colin Mc Evedy (Penguin Books) [1961]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/AtlasOfMedievalHistoryColinMcEvedyPenguinBooks1961_201712/page/n47 46]|language=en}}</ref>{{sfnp|Encyclopaedia Britannica|1823|p=499}} At some point between 818 and 842,{{sfnp|Fletcher|1984}} during the reign of [[Alfonso II of Asturias]],{{sfnp|Gallichan|1912|pp=26−25}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/almanachdegoth1828goth#page/28/mode/2up|title=Almanach de Gotha |trans-title=Almanac of Gotha|date=1828|location=Gotha, Germany |publisher=Justus Perthes|id=From the collections of the Getty Research Institute|pages=28–29|oclc=600124268|language=fr}} (Published annually from 1764 to 1944)</ref> bishop [[Theodemar of Iria]] (d. 847) claimed to have found some remains which were attributed to [[Saint James the Greater]]. This discovery was accepted in part because [[Pope Leo III]]{{sfnp|Gallichan|1912|pp=24−25}} and [[Charlemagne]]—who had died in 814—had acknowledged Asturias as a kingdom and Alfonso II as king, and had also crafted close political and ecclesiastic ties.{{sfnp|Collins|1983|p=232}} Around the place of the discovery a new settlement and centre of pilgrimage emerged, which was known to the author [[Usuard]] in 865{{sfnp|Fletcher|1984|p=56}} and which was called ''Compostella'' by the 10th century.

The devotion to Saint James of Compostela was just one of many arising throughout northern Iberia during the 10th and 11th centuries, as rulers encouraged their own region-specific devotions, such as [[Eulalia of Mérida|Saint Eulalia]] in Oviedo and [[Emilian of Cogolla|Saint Aemilian]] in Castile.{{sfnp|Collins|1983|p=238}} After the centre of Asturian political power moved from Oviedo to León in 910, Compostela became more politically relevant, and several [[list of monarchs of Galicia|kings of Galicia]] and [[List of Leonese monarchs|of León]] were acclaimed by the Galician noblemen and crowned and anointed by the local bishop at the cathedral, among them [[Ordoño IV of León|Ordoño IV]] in 958,<ref>{{cite book|last=Portela Silva|first=Ermelindo|title=García II de Galicia, el rey y el reino (1065–1090)|year=2001|publisher=La Olmeda|location=Burgos|isbn=84-89915-16-4|pages=165}}</ref> [[Bermudo II of León|Bermudo II]] in 982, and [[Alfonso VII of León|Alfonso VII]] in 1111, by which time Compostela had become capital of the [[Kingdom of Galicia]]. Later, 12th-century kings were also sepulchered in the cathedral, namely [[Fernando II of León|Fernando II]] and [[Alfonso IX]], last of the Kings of León and Galicia before both kingdoms were united with the [[Kingdom of Castile]].

During this same 10th century and in the first years of the 11th century [[Viking]] raiders tried to assault the town{{sfnp|Fletcher|1984|p=23}}—Galicia is known in the Nordic sagas as ''Jackobsland'' or ''Gallizaland''—and bishop Sisenand II, who was killed in battle against them in 968,<ref>{{cite book|last=Morales Romero|first=Eduardo|title=Os viquingos en Galicia|year=1997|publisher=USC|location=Santiago de Compostela|isbn=84-8121-661-5|pages=125}}</ref> ordered the construction of a walled fortress to protect the sacred place. In 997 Compostela was assaulted and partially destroyed by [[Almanzor|Ibn Abi Aamir]] (known as al-Mansur), Andalusian leader accompanied in his raid by Christian lords, who all received a share of the booty.{{sfnp|Collins|1983|p=199}}<ref>{{A fictionalized account of Almanzor's raid on Compostela is part of the plot of the historical novel [[The Long Ships]]}}</ref> However, the Andalusian commander showed no interest in the alleged relics of St James. In response to these challenges bishop [[Cresconio]], in the mid-11th century, fortified the entire town, building walls and defensive towers.

According to some authors, by the middle years of the 11th century the site had already become a pan-European "place of peregrination",{{sfnp|Fletcher|1984|p=53}} while others maintain that the devotion to Saint James was before 11-12th centuries an essentially Galician affair, supported by Asturian and Leonese kings to win over faltering Galician loyalties.{{sfnp|Collins|1983|p=238}} Santiago would become in the course of the following century a main Catholic shrine second only to Rome and [[Jerusalem]]. In the 12th century, under the impulse of bishop [[Diego Gelmírez]], Compostela became an archbishopric, attracting a large and multinational population. Under the rule of this [[prelate]], the townspeople rebelled, headed by the local council, beginning a secular tradition of confrontation by the people of the city—who fought for self-government—against the local bishop, the secular and jurisdictional lord of the city and of its fief, the semi-independent {{lang|es|Terra de Santiago}} ("land of Saint James"). The culminating moment in this confrontation was reached in the 14th century, when the new prelate, the Frenchman [[Bérenger de Landore]], treacherously executed the counselors of the city in his castle of ''A Rocha Forte'' ("the strong rock, castle"), after inviting them for talks.

Santiago de Compostela was captured and sacked by the French during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]; as a result, the remains attributed to the apostle were lost for near a century, hidden inside a [[cist]] in the [[crypt]]s of the cathedral of the city.

The excavations conducted in the cathedral during the 19th and 20th centuries uncovered a Roman ''cella memoriae'' or [[Martyrium (architecture)|martyrium]], around which grew a small cemetery in Roman and [[Suebi|Suevi]] times which was later abandoned. This ''martyrium'', which proves the existence of an old Christian [[Holy places#Christianity|holy place]], has been sometimes attributed to [[Priscillian]], although without further proof.{{sfnp|Fletcher|1984|pp=59–60}}