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Santiago de Compostela

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Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox settlement

Santiago de Compostela,Template:Efn simply Santiago, or Compostela,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> in the province of A Coruña, is the capital of the autonomous community of Galicia, in northwestern Spain. The city has its origin in the shrine of Saint James the Great, now the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, as the destination of the Way of St. James, a leading Catholic pilgrimage route since the 9th century.Template:Sfnp In 1985, the city's Old Town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Santiago de Compostela has a very mild climate for its latitude with heavy winter rainfall courtesy of its relative proximity to the prevailing winds from Atlantic low-pressure systems.

Toponym

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According to Richard A. Fletcher, scholars now agree that the origin of the name Compostela comes from the Latin compositum tella, meaning a well-ordered burial ground, possibly referring to an ancient burial ground on the site of the Church of Santiago de Compostela that pre-dates the Christian building.Template:Sfnp

Template:Lang is the local Galician evolution of Vulgar Latin Sanctus Iacobus "Saint James". According to folk etymology Compostela derives from the Template:Langx ('field of the star').

City

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Template:See also According to a medieval legend, the remains of the apostle James, son of Zebedee were brought to Galicia for burial, where they were lost. Eight hundred years later the light of a bright star guided a shepherd, Pelagius the Hermit, who was watching his flock at night to the burial site in Santiago de Compostela.<ref name="stokstad">Template:Cite book</ref> This site was originally called Mount Template:Interlanguage link and its physical topography leads prevalent seaborne winds to clear the cloud deck immediately overhead.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The shepherd quickly reported his discovery to the bishop of Iria, Theodemir.<ref name="stokstad"/> The bishop declared that the remains were those of the apostle James and immediately notified King Alfonso II in Oviedo.<ref name="stokstad"/> To honour St. James, the cathedral was built on the spot where his remains were said to have been found. The legend, which included numerous miraculous events, enabled the Catholic faithful to bolster support for their stronghold in northern Spain during the Christian crusades against the Moors, but also led to the growth and development of the city.<ref name="stokstad"/>

Along the western side of the Praza do Obradoiro is the elegant 18th-century Pazo de Raxoi, now the city hall. Across the square is the Pazo de Raxoi (Raxoi's Palace), the town hall, and on the right from the cathedral steps is the Hostal dos Reis Católicos, founded in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand II of Aragon, as a pilgrims' hospice (now a Parador). The Obradoiro façade of the cathedral, the best known, is depicted on the Spanish euro coins of 1 cent, 2 cents, and 5 cents (€0.01, €0.02, and €0.05).

Santiago is the site of the University of Santiago de Compostela, established in the early 16th century. The main campus can be seen best from an alcove in the large municipal park in the centre of the city.

Within the old town there are many narrow winding streets full of historic buildings. The new town all around it has less character though some of the older parts of the new town have some big flats in them.

Santiago de Compostela has a substantial nightlife. Both in the new town (Template:Lang in Galician, Template:Lang in Spanish or Template:Lang) and the old town (Template:Langx, Template:Langx, trade-branded as zona monumental), a mix of middle-aged residents and younger students maintain a lively presence until the early hours of the morning. Radiating from the centre of the city, the historic cathedral is surrounded by paved granite streets, tucked away in the old town, and separated from the newer part of the city by the largest of many parks throughout the city, Template:Lang.

Santiago gives its name to one of the four military orders of Spain: Santiago, Calatrava, Alcántara and Montesa.

One of the most important economic centres in Galicia, Santiago is the seat for organisations like Association for Equal and Fair Trade Pangaea.

Climate

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Under the Köppen climate classification, Santiago de Compostela has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb) with mild to warm and somewhat dry summers and mild, wet winters. The prevailing winds from the Atlantic and the surrounding mountains combine to give Santiago some of Spain's highest rainfall: about Template:Convert annually. The winters are mild, despite being far inland and at an altitude of Template:Convert frosts are only common in December, January and February, with an average of just 13 days per year. Snow is uncommon, with 2-3 snowy days per year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Temperatures above Template:Convert are very exceptional.Template:Weather boxTemplate:Weather box

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Template:Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site

Administration

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The city is governed by a mayor–council form of government. Following the 2023 Spanish local elections the mayor of Santiago is Goretti Sanmartín, of BNG.

2015 city council elections results

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Party Vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Won +/−
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color" | Compostela Aberta (CA)<ref>Results compared with the combined results of United Left and Candidatura do Povo in 2011.</ref> 16,327 34.58 File:Green Arrow Up Darker.svg29.36 10 File:Green Arrow Up Darker.svg10
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color" | People's Party (PP) 15,869 33.61 File:Red Arrow Down.svg9.61 9 File:Red Arrow Down.svg4
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color" | Socialists' Party of Galicia-Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSdeG-PSOE) 6,919 14.65 File:Red Arrow Down.svg16.31 4 File:Red Arrow Down.svg5
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color" | Galician Nationalist Bloc-Open Assemblies (BNG) 3,277 6.94 File:Red Arrow Down.svg6.94 2 File:Red Arrow Down.svg1
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color" | Citizens 2,285 4.84 New 0 ±0
style="color:inherit;background:Template:Party color" | Commitment to Galicia-Transparent Municipalities (CxG-CCTT) 1,112 2.35 New 0 ±0
Solidarity and Internationalist Self-management (SAIn) 301 0.64 File:Red Arrow Down.svg0.23 0 ±0
Converxencia XXI (C21) 139 0.29 File:Red Arrow Down.svg0.29 0 ±0
Blank ballots 991 2.10 File:Red Arrow Down.svg1.73
Total 47,220 100.00 25 ±0
Valid votes 47,220 98.46 File:Green Arrow Up.svg
Invalid votes 738 1.54 File:Red Arrow Down.svg
Votes cast / turnout 47,958 61.13 File:Red Arrow Down.svg1.31
Abstentions 30,492 38.87 File:Green Arrow Up Darker.svg1.31
Registered voters 78,450
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Population

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Template:Historical populationsThe population of the city in 2019 was 96,260 inhabitants, while the metropolitan area reaches 178,695.

In 2010 there were 4,111 foreigners living in the city, representing 4.3% of the total population. The main nationalities are Brazilians (11%), Portuguese (8%) and Colombians (7%).

By language, according to 2008 data, 21.17% of the population always speak in Galician, 15% always speak in Spanish, 31% mostly in Galician and the 32.17% mostly in Spanish.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to a Xunta de Galicia 2010 study the 38.5% of the city primary and secondary education students had Galician as their mother tongue.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

History

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File:Catedral, Santiago de Compostela, España, 2015-09-22, DD 12.jpg
Interior of the cathedral.
File:Picaportes eue.jpg
Knockers in the city's old quarter
File:065 Santiago (da Compostela) Die Bibliothek und der Capitelsaal neben der Kathedrale.jpg
The Library and the Chapter at the cathedral, Collotype 1889
File:Monasterio de San Francisco, Santiago de Compostela, España, 2015-09-22, DD 02.jpg
Calvary of St Franciscus church.
File:Interior Catedral Santiago de Compostela.jpg
Pórtico da Gloria, old façade of the Romanesque cathedral, 12th century
File:Tomb of Afonso VIII de Galicia León (Capela das Reliquias da catedral de Santiago de Compostela).jpg
Sepulcher of king Ferdinand II (d. 1187), in the Royal Pantheon of the cathedral

The area of Santiago de Compostela was a Roman cemetery by the 4th centuryTemplate:Sfnp and was occupied by the Suebi in the early 5th century, when they settled in Galicia and Portugal during the initial collapse of the Roman Empire. The area was later attributed to the bishopric of Iria Flavia in the 6th century, in the partition usually known as Parochiale Suevorum, ordered by King Theodemar. In 585, the settlement was annexed along with the rest of Suebi Kingdom by Leovigild as the sixth province of the Visigothic Kingdom.

Possibly raided from 711 to 739 by the Arabs,Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp the bishopric of Iria was incorporated into the Kingdom of Asturias Template:Circa.Template:Sfnp<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Sfnp At some point between 818 and 842,Template:Sfnp during the reign of Alfonso II of Asturias,Template:Sfnp<ref>Template:Cite book (Published annually from 1764 to 1944)</ref> bishop Theodemar of Iria (d. 847) claimed to have found some remains which were attributed to Saint James the Greater. This discovery was accepted in part because Pope Leo IIITemplate:Sfnp and Charlemagne—who had died in 814—had acknowledged Asturias as a kingdom and Alfonso II as king, and had also crafted close political and ecclesiastic ties.Template:Sfnp Around the place of the discovery a new settlement and centre of pilgrimage emerged, which was known to the author Usuard in 865Template:Sfnp and which was called Compostella by the 10th century.

The devotion to Saint James of Compostela was just one of many arising throughout northern Iberia during the 10th and 11th centuries, as rulers encouraged their own region-specific devotions, such as Saint Eulalia in Oviedo and Saint Aemilian in Castile.Template:Sfnp After the centre of Asturian political power moved from Oviedo to León in 910, Compostela became more politically relevant, and several kings of Galicia and of León were acclaimed by the Galician noblemen and crowned and anointed by the local bishop at the cathedral, among them Ordoño IV in 958,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Bermudo II in 982, and Alfonso VII in 1111, by which time Compostela had become capital of the Kingdom of Galicia. Later, 12th-century kings were also sepulchered in the cathedral, namely Fernando II and Alfonso IX, last of the Kings of León and Galicia before both kingdoms were united with the Kingdom of Castile.

During this same 10th century and in the first years of the 11th century Viking raiders tried to assault the townTemplate:Sfnp—Galicia is known in the Nordic sagas as Jackobsland or Gallizaland—and bishop Sisenand II, who was killed in battle against them in 968,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> ordered the construction of a walled fortress to protect the sacred place. In 997 Compostela was assaulted and partially destroyed by Ibn Abi Aamir (known as al-Mansur), Andalusian leader accompanied in his raid by Christian lords, who all received a share of the booty.Template:Sfnp<ref>{{A fictionalized account of Almanzor's raid on Compostela is part of the plot of the historical novel The Long Ships}}</ref> However, the Andalusian commander showed no interest in the alleged relics of St James. In response to these challenges bishop Cresconio, in the mid-11th century, fortified the entire town, building walls and defensive towers.

According to some authors, by the middle years of the 11th century the site had already become a pan-European "place of peregrination",Template:Sfnp while others maintain that the devotion to Saint James was before 11-12th centuries an essentially Galician affair, supported by Asturian and Leonese kings to win over faltering Galician loyalties.Template:Sfnp Santiago would become in the course of the following century a main Catholic shrine second only to Rome and Jerusalem. In the 12th century, under the impulse of bishop Diego Gelmírez, Compostela became an archbishopric, attracting a large and multinational population. Under the rule of this prelate, the townspeople rebelled, headed by the local council, beginning a secular tradition of confrontation by the people of the city—who fought for self-government—against the local bishop, the secular and jurisdictional lord of the city and of its fief, the semi-independent Template:Lang ("land of Saint James"). The culminating moment in this confrontation was reached in the 14th century, when the new prelate, the Frenchman Bérenger de Landore, treacherously executed the counselors of the city in his castle of A Rocha Forte ("the strong rock, castle"), after inviting them for talks.

Santiago de Compostela was captured and sacked by the French during the Napoleonic Wars; as a result, the remains attributed to the apostle were lost for near a century, hidden inside a cist in the crypts of the cathedral of the city.

The excavations conducted in the cathedral during the 19th and 20th centuries uncovered a Roman cella memoriae or martyrium, around which grew a small cemetery in Roman and Suevi times which was later abandoned. This martyrium, which proves the existence of an old Christian holy place, has been sometimes attributed to Priscillian, although without further proof.Template:Sfnp

Economy

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Santiago's economy, although still heavily dependent on public administration (i.e. being the headquarters of the autonomous government of Galicia), cultural tourism, industry, and higher education through its university, is becoming increasingly diversified. New industries such as timber transformation (FINSA), the automotive industry (UROVESA), and telecommunications and electronics (Blusens and Televés) have been established. Banco Gallego, a banking institution owned by Novacaixagalicia, has its headquarters in downtown rúa do Hórreo.

Tourism is very important thanks to the Way of St. James, particularly in Holy Compostelan Years (when the Feast of Saint James falls on a Sunday). Following the Xunta's considerable investment and hugely successful advertising campaign for the Holy Year of 1993, the number of pilgrims completing the route has been steadily rising. More than 272,000 pilgrims made the trip during the course of the Holy Year of 2010. Following 2010, the next Holy Year will not be for another 11 years when St James feast day again falls on a Sunday. Outside of Holy Years, the city still receives a remarkable number of pilgrims. In 2013, 215,880 people completed the pilgrimage. In 2014, there were 237,983 persons. In 2015, there were 262,513 persons and in 2016, there were 277,854 persons.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Editorial Compostela owns daily newspaper El Correo Gallego, a local TV, and a radio station. Galician-language online news portal Galicia Hoxe is also based in the city. Televisión de Galicia, the public broadcaster corporation of Galicia, has its headquarters in Santiago.

Way of St. James

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File:Stjacquescompostelle1.png
Way of St. James
File:Santiago de Compostela view.jpg
A partial view of Santiago de Compostela, with the Pico Sacro in the background
File:Codex Calixtinus.jpg
Depiction of Saint James in the 12th century Codex Calixtinus

During medieval times, the Santiago de Compostela pilgrimage emerged as one of the most significant Christian journeys in Europe, attracting thousands of pilgrims seeking spiritual redemption and fulfillment. Believed to be the final resting place of Saint James the Apostle, the pilgrimage route traversed many countries and scenic locations.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The pilgrimage not only fostered spiritual growth but also facilitated cultural exchange, as towns along the route thrived with the influx of visitors, leading to the construction of churches,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and further development of the towns. This sacred journey symbolized a profound devotion to faith, enduring trials, and the hope of divine grace. A symbol of the Pilgrimage is the scallop shell, as seen in a sculpture, depicted below, in Santo Domingo de Silos, in which Jesus is shown as a pilgrim with a satchel that is embroidered with the scallop shell. The Scallop shell comes from a legend about St. James’s arrival: he frightened a horse, scaring it into the sea, and the horse reemerged with the shell covering itself.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

File:Santo Domingo de Silos Relief 2077.jpg
A carving in the wall of Santo Domingo De Silos showing Jesus with a scallop shell satchell

Santiago de Compostela’s pilgrimage, known as the Camino de Santiago, is one of the world's most significant and historical Christian pilgrimages.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This sacred journey leads to the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in the Galicia region of northwest Spain, where the remains of Saint James the Apostle are believed to be buried. The pilgrimage dates back to the Middle Ages and continues to draw thousands of pilgrims annually from all corners of the globe. Participants embark on various routes, the most popular being the Camino Francés,<ref>Template:Citation</ref> traversing hundreds of kilometers on foot, by bicycle, or even on horseback. The journey is not just a physical challenge but also a profound spiritual and introspective experience, offering a sense of community, personal reflection, and fulfillment. Along the way, pilgrims pass through diverse landscapes and historic towns and encounter symbols of faith and support.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The legend that St. James found his way to the Iberian Peninsula and had preached there is one of a number of early traditions concerning the missionary activities and final resting places of the apostles of Jesus. Although the 1884 Bull of Pope Leo XIII Omnipotens Deus accepted the authenticity of the relics at Compostela, the Vatican remains uncommitted as to whether the relics are those of Saint James the Greater, while continuing to promote the more general benefits of pilgrimage to the site. Pope Benedict XVI undertook a ceremonial pilgrimage to the site on his visit to Spain in 2010.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Establishment of the shrine

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File:Spain Leon - Santiago Shell.jpg
The Scallop Shell, emblem of St James, worn by pilgrims

The 1,000-year-old pilgrimage to the shrine of St. James in the Santiago de Compostela Cathedral is known in English as the Way of St. James and in Spanish as the Template:Lang. Over 200,000 pilgrims travel to the city each year from points all over Europe and other parts of the world. The pilgrimage has been the subject of many books, television programmes, and films, notably Brian Sewell's The Naked Pilgrim produced for the British television channel Channel 5 and the Martin Sheen/Emilio Estevez collaboration The Way.

Legends

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According to a tradition that can be traced back at least to the 12th century, when it was recorded in the Codex Calixtinus, Saint James decided to return to the Holy Land after preaching in Galicia. There he was beheaded, but his disciples got his body to Jaffa, where they found a marvelous stone ship which miraculously conducted them and the apostle's body to Iria Flavia, back in Galicia. There, the disciples asked the local pagan queen Loba ('She-wolf') for permission to bury the body; she, annoyed, decided to deceive them, sending them to pick a pair of oxen she allegedly had by the Pico Sacro, a local sacred mountain where a dragon dwelt, hoping that the dragon would kill the Christians, but as soon as the beast attacked the disciples, at the sight of the cross, the dragon exploded. Then the disciples marched to collect the oxen, which were actually wild bulls which the queen used to punish her enemies; but again, at the sight of the Christian's cross, the bulls calmed down, and after being subjected to a yoke they carried the apostle's body to the place where now Compostela is. The legend was again referred with minor changes by the Czech traveller Jaroslav Lev of Rožmitál, in the 15th century.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The relics were said to have been later rediscovered in the 9th century by a hermit named Pelagius, who after observing strange lights in a local forest went for help after the local bishop, Theodemar of Iria, in the west of Galicia. The legend affirms that Theodemar was then guided to the spot by a star, drawing upon a familiar myth-element, hence "Compostela" was given an etymology as a corruption of Campus Stellae, "Field of Stars."

In the 15th century, the red banner which guided the Galician armies to battle, was still preserved in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, in the centre Saint James riding a white horse and wearing a white cloak, sword in hand:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The legend of the miraculous armed intervention of Saint James, disguised as a white knight to help the Christians when battling the Muslims, was a recurrent myth during the High Middle Ages.

Pre-Christian legends

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As the lowest-lying land on that stretch of coast, the city's site took on added significance. Legends supposed of Celtic origin made it the place where the souls of the dead gathered to follow the sun across the sea. Those unworthy of going to the Land of the Dead haunted Galicia as the Santa Compaña or Estadea.

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Template:Unreferenced section Santiago de Compostela is featured prominently in the 1988 historical fiction novel Sharpe's Rifles, by Bernard Cornwell, which takes place during the French Invasion of Galicia, January 1809, during the Napoleonic Wars.

The music video for Una Cerveza, by Ráfaga, is set in the historic part of Santiago de Compostela.

A pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela provides the narrative framework of the Luis Buñuel film La Voie lactée (The Milky Way).

A mystic pilgrimage was portrayed in the autobiography and romance The Pilgrimage ("O Diário de um Mago") of Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho, published in 1987.

Main sights

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Transport

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File:Stazione ferroviaria di Santiago di Compostela.JPG
Santiago de Compostela railway station

Santiago de Compostela is served by Santiago de Compostela Airport and a Renfe rail service.

Airport

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Santiago de Compostela Airport is the 2nd busiest airport in northern Spain after Bilbao Airport. The airport is located in the parish of Lavacolla, 12 km from the city center and handled 2,903,427 passengers in 2019.

Railway

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Santiago de Compostela railway station is linked to the Spanish High Speed Railway Network. Madrid is reached in 3 hours.

Porto can also be reached in less than 5 hours changing to the Celta train in Vigo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On 24 July 2013 there was a serious rail accident near the city in which 79 people died and at least 130 were injured when a train derailed on a bend as it approached Compostela station.<ref>Spain train crash: Driver formally detained, BBC News 26 July 2013</ref>

Sports teams

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Notable people

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File:Rosalía Castro de Murguía por Luis Sellier.jpg
Rosalía de Castro
File:Carmen Babiano2.jpg
Carmen Babiano
File:Ana Romero Masiá Culleredo 2012 2.JPG
Ana Romero Masiá 2012

Sport

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File:Vero Boquete Euro 2013b.jpg
Vero Boquete, 2013

International relations

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Twin towns/Sister cities

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Santiago de Compostela is twinned with:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Div col

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See also

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Notes

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References

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Sources

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Further reading

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