Editing Pineapple (section)

=== Since the 19th century: mass commercialization ===
Many different varieties, mostly from the Antilles, were tried for European glasshouse cultivation. The most significant cultivar was "Smooth Cayenne", first imported to France in 1820, then subsequently re-exported to the [[United Kingdom]] in 1835, and then from UK, the cultivation spread via [[Hawaii]] to Australia and Africa. The "Smooth Cayenne" cultivar (and sub-selections or clones of the "Smooth Cayenne") make up for the majority of world pineapple production today.<ref name=":2" /> Jams and sweets based on pineapple were imported to Europe from the West Indies, Brazil, and Mexico from an early date. By the early 19th century, fresh pineapples were transported direct from the West Indies in large enough quantities to reduce European prices.<ref name=":2" /> Later pineapple production was dominated by the Azores for Europe, and Florida and the Caribbean for North America, because of the short trade routes.

The Spanish had introduced the pineapple into Hawaii in the 18th century<ref name="MatthewsWigsten2010">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Es3ncCAE1wwC&pg=PA269 |title=Kitchen Pro Series: Guide to Produce Identification, Fabrication and Utilization|first1=Brad |last1=Matthews|first2=Paul |last2=Wigsten|date=9 February 2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-4354-0121-1|pages=269}}</ref> where it is known as the {{lang|haw|hala kahiki}} ("foreign [[Pandanus tectorius|hala]]"),<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Anderson|first=Brittany P.|date=July 2018|title=Hala Kahiki: A Brief History of Pineapple and Pineapple Pavlova Recipe|url=https://keolamagazine.com/food/pineapple-pavlova-recipe/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Ke Ola Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hitch|first=Thomas Kemper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhWW0SwDyv0C&dq=hala+kahiki+pineapple+pandanus&pg=PA99|title=Islands in Transition: The Past, Present, and Future of Haiwaii's Economy|date=1992|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1498-4|pages=99|language=en}}</ref> but the first commercial plantation was established in 1886. The most famous investor was [[James Dole]], who moved to Hawaii in 1899<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hawkins|first1=Richard|year=2007|title=James D. Dole and the 1932 Failure of the Hawaiian Pineapple Company|journal=Hawaiian Journal of History|volume=41|pages=149–170}}</ref> and started a {{convert|60|acre|ha|0|adj=on|order=flip}} pineapple plantation in 1900 which grew into the [[Dole Food Company]].<ref name="faculty.ucc.edu">{{cite web|url=http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/pineapple.htm |title=Pineapple|publisher=Faculty.ucc.edu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221093456/http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/pineapple.htm|archive-date=21 December 2009|access-date=6 December 2009}}</ref> Dole and [[Del Monte Foods|Del Monte]] began growing pineapples on the island of [[Oahu]] in 1901 and 1917, respectively, and the [[Maui Pineapple Company]] began cultivation on [[Maui]] in 1909.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2000|title=Sunrise, Sunset|journal=Hawaii Business|volume=46|issue=2|page=60}}</ref> James Dole began the commercial processing of pineapple, and Dole employee Henry Ginaca invented an automatic peeling and coring machine in 1911.<ref name=":2" />

[[File:James Drummond Dole.jpg|thumb|[[James Dole|James Drummond Dole]] (1877–1958) was the early promoter of the pineapple industry in Hawaii. He founded the company now known as the Dole Food Company.]]
[[File:Del Monte Pineapple field at Camp Philips, Bukidnon, Philippines 03.jpg|thumb|[[Del Monte Foods|Del Monte]] pineapple fields in [[Bukidnon]], [[Philippines]]]]
Hawaiian production started to decline from the 1970s because of competition and the shift to refrigerated sea transport. Dole ceased its cannery operations in [[Honolulu]] in 1991, and in 2008, Del Monte terminated its pineapple-growing operations in Hawaii.<ref name="rhodes">{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/its-pineapple-season-but-does-your-fruit-come-from-hawaii-5211854/?no-ist|title=It's Pineapple Season, But Does Your Fruit Come From Hawaii?|last=Rhodes |first=J.|date=20 March 2013|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref> In 2009, the Maui Pineapple Company reduced its operations to supply pineapples only locally on Maui,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/content/20091224_maui_pineapple_harvests_final_crop|title=Maui Pineapple harvests final crop|first=Gary T. |last=Kubota|date=24 December 2009|newspaper=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |access-date=9 November 2010}}</ref> and by 2013, only the [[Dole Plantation]] on Oahu grew pineapples in a volume of about 0.1 percent of the world's production.<ref name="rhodes" /> Despite this decline, the pineapple is sometimes used as a symbol of Hawaii.<ref>[https://www.to-hawaii.com/agriculture/pineapple.php "The Agriculture of Hawaii: Hawaii Pineapples"]. To-Hawaii.com. Accessed 28 August 2018.</ref><ref name="HortScience">{{cite journal |first1=Duane P. |last1=Bartholomew |first2=Richard A. |last2=Hawkins |first3=Johnny A. |last3=Lopez |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/47/10/1390.full |title=Hawaii Pineapple: The Rise and Fall of an Industry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130201335/http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/47/10/1390.full|archive-date=30 November 2017 |journal=HortScience |volume=47 |issue=10 |pages=1390–1398 |date=October 2012|doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.47.10.1390 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Further, foods with pineapple in them are sometimes known as "Hawaiian" for this reason alone.

In the Philippines, "Smooth Cayenne" was introduced in the early 1900s by the [[United States Department of Agriculture|US Bureau of Agriculture]] during the [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|American colonial period]]. Dole and Del Monte established plantations in the island of [[Mindanao]] in the 1920s; in the provinces of [[Cotabato]] and [[Bukidnon]], respectively.<ref name="pfmf">{{cite web |url=https://philippinefolklifemuseum.org/portfolio-items/history-and-origin-of-pina/|title=History & Origin of Piña|website=Philippine Folklife Museum Foundation|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="go">{{cite web|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/cloth-made-from-pineapples|title=This Prized Filipino Fabric Is Made From Pineapple Leaves|last1=Ewbank|first1=Anne|date=6 September 2018|website=Gastro Obscura|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> Large scale canning had started in Southeast Asia, including in the Philippines, from 1920. This trade was severely damaged by [[World War II]], and Hawaii dominated the international trade until the 1960s.

The Philippines remain one of the top exporters of pineapples in the world. The Del Monte plantations are now locally managed, after Del Monte Pacific Ltd., a Filipino company, completed the purchase of Del Monte Foods in 2014.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://edge.pse.com.ph/downloadFile.do?file_id=161797 |title=SEC Form 17-A |last=Sison |first=Ignacio C. O. |date=13 August 2015 |publisher=[[Philippine Stock Exchange]] |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109083536/http://edge.pse.com.ph/downloadFile.do?file_id=161797 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>