Editing Peak District (section)

==Ecology==
The gritstone and shale of the Dark Peak supports [[Ericaceae|heather]] moorland and [[blanket bog]], with rough sheep pasture and [[grouse]] shooting as the main land uses, though parts are also farmed,<ref name="NCA Profile: 51 Dark Peak (NE378)"/> especially the South West Peak NCA.<ref name="NCA Profile: 53 South West Peak (NE453)">{{Cite web |title=NCA Profile: 53 South West Peak (NE453) |url=http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/12392045 |website=Natural England |access-date=26 September 2017 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004224354/http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/12392045? |url-status=live }}</ref> The limestone plateaus of the White Peak are more intensively farmed, with mainly dairy usage of improved pastures.<ref name="NCA Profile: 52 White Peak (NE534)"/> Woodland forms some 8 per cent of the Peak National Park.<ref name="Landuse"/> Natural broad-leaved [[woodland]] appears in the steep dales of the [[White Peak]] and cloughs of the Dark Peak. Reservoir margins often have coniferous plantations.

===Flora===
White Peak habitats include [[calcareous grassland]], ash woodlands and rock outcrops for lime-loving species.<ref name="The Flora of Derbyshire."/> They include [[Orchis mascula|early purple orchid]] (''Orchis mascula''), [[Epipactis atrorubens|dark-red helleborine]] (''Epipactis atrorubens'') and [[Ophrys insectifera|fly orchid]] (''Ophrys insectifera''), [[Helianthemum nummularium|common rockrose]] (''Helianthemum nummularium''), [[Helianthemum nummularium|spring cinquefoil]] (''Helianthemum nummularium'') and [[Parnassia palustris|grass of parnassus]] (''Parnassia palustris''). Lead rakes, the spoil heaps of ancient mining activity, form another distinctive White Peak habitat, supporting a range of rare [[metallophyte]] plants, including [[Minuartia|spring sandwort]] (''Minuartia verna''; also known as leadwort), [[Thlaspi caerulescens|alpine pennycress]] (''Thlaspi caerulescens'') and [[Viola lutea|mountain pansy]] (''Viola lutea'').<ref name="Lead">{{Cite web |url=http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/lead |title=Biodiversity Action Plan – The Lead Legacy |publisher=Peak District |year=2004 |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720112405/http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/lead |archive-date=20 July 2011}}</ref>

Two [[Endemism|endemic]] vascular plants are found nowhere else in the world: [[Hieracium naviense|Derby hawkweed]] (''Hieracium naviense''), found only in [[Winnats Pass]],<ref name="The Flora of Derbyshire."/> is a native perennial of limestone cliffs discovered by J. N. Mills in 1966 and described as a new species in 1968;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mills |first1=J.&nbsp;N. |title=A new species of Hieracium in Derbyshire |journal=Watsonia |date=1968 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=40–42 |url=http://archive.bsbi.org.uk/Wats7p40.pdf |access-date=25 April 2018 |publisher=BSBI |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094302/http://archive.bsbi.org.uk/Wats7p40.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and leek-coloured hawkweed (''H. subprasinifolium''), which was believed extinct until rediscovered on banks beside the [[Monsal Trail]] in [[Chee Dale]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Extinct plant rediscovered in the Peak District National Park |url=https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/extinct-plant-rediscovered-in-the-peak-district-national-park-1-8739153 |website=The Star |date=6 September 2017 |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-date=26 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426012016/https://www.thestar.co.uk/news/extinct-plant-rediscovered-in-the-peak-district-national-park-1-8739153 |url-status=live }}</ref> The endemic [[Thamnobryum angustifolium|Derbyshire feather moss]] (''Thamnobryum angustifolium'') occurs in one Derbyshire limestone dale, its sole world location intentionally kept confidential; the colony covers about {{convert|3|m2}} of a rock face with small subsidiary colonies nearby.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.slu.se/Global/externwebben/centrumbildningar-projekt/bryoconservation/Pdf%20ArtFaktablad/Faktablad/Thamnobryum_angustifolium.PDF |title=''Thamnobryum angustifolium'': Derbyshire feather-moss |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210213710/http://www.slu.se/Global/externwebben/centrumbildningar-projekt/bryoconservation/Pdf%20ArtFaktablad/Faktablad/Thamnobryum_angustifolium.PDF |publisher=Joint Nature Conservation Committee |first=Nick&nbsp;G. |last=Hodgketts |date=March 2001 |archive-date=10 December 2015 |access-date=2 October 2017}}</ref>

[[Polemonium caeruleum|Jacob's-ladder]] (''Polemonium caeruleum''), a rarish species characteristic of limestone dales in the White Peak, has been Derbyshire's county flower since 2002.<ref name="The Flora of Derbyshire.">{{Cite book |last1=Willmott |first1=Alan |last2=Moyes |first2=Nick |title=The Flora of Derbyshire |year=2015 |publisher=Pisces Publication |isbn=978-1-874357-65-0 }}</ref> It grows on grassland, light woodland, screes and rock ledges, and by streams in [[River Lathkill|Lathkill]], Wolfscote, Taddington, [[River Wye, Derbyshire|Wye]] Dale and other dales. Pollen evidence from peat bogs shows it was widespread throughout Britain just after the last ice age. Much planted in gardens from where it has established itself in other parts of the area, as a native it is restricted to the White Peak and the [[Yorkshire Dales]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polemonium caeruleum |url=https://secure.derby.gov.uk/flora/?SpeciesID=1326 |website=Derby City Council |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426012039/https://secure.derby.gov.uk/flora/?SpeciesID=1326 |archive-date=26 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Dark Peak heathlands, bogs, gritstone edges and acid grasslands contain relatively few species; [[Calluna|heather]] (''Calluna vulgaris''), [[Empetrum nigrum|crowberry]] (''Empetrum nigrum''), [[Vaccinium myrtillus|bilberry]] (''Vaccinium myrtillus'') and [[Eriophorum vaginatum|hare's-tail cotton grass]] (''Eriophorum vaginatum'') dominate the high moors.<ref name="The Flora of Derbyshire."/> After decades of decline due to pollution, ''Sphagnum'' mosses are returning, with species such as ''[[Sphagnum cuspidatum|S. cuspidatum]]'' particularly dominant.

===Fauna===
====Mammals====
Most Peak District mammals are generalists and widespread across the UK, but the [[mountain hare]]s on heather moorland in the Dark Peak form the only wild population in England. They were reintroduced in the Victorian era for sporting purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.derbyshiremammalgroup.org.uk/species_status/mountain_hare.html |title=Mountain Hare ''Lepus timidus'' |publisher=Derbyshire Mammal Group |access-date=12 March 2018 |archive-date=11 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211202513/https://www.derbyshiremammalgroup.org.uk/species_status/mountain_hare.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A feral population of [[Red-necked wallaby|red-necked wallabies]] lived around [[The Roaches]] from the 1940s onwards, but may now be extinct.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/naturestudies/the-decline-and-fall-of-the-peak-district-wallabies-8503546.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/naturestudies/the-decline-and-fall-of-the-peak-district-wallabies-8503546.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=The decline and fall of the Peak District wallabies |newspaper=The Independent |date=20 February 2013 |first=Michael |last=McCarthy |access-date=12 March 2018 }}</ref> [[Red deer]] herds, assumed to be derived from animals escaped from [[Deer park (England)|deer park]]s at [[Lyme Park]] and [[Chatsworth House|Chatsworth]], are established in the upper reaches of the [[River Goyt|Goyt valley]] and on the moors above [[Baslow]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.derbyshiremammalgroup.org.uk/species_status/red_deer.html |title=Red Deer Cervus elaphus |publisher=Derbyshire Mammal Group |access-date=12 March 2018 |archive-date=11 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211185931/https://www.derbyshiremammalgroup.org.uk/species_status/red_deer.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The Red Deer of the Peak District – photograph special |url=http://www.derbyshirelife.co.uk/out-about/wildlife/the-red-deer-of-the-peak-district-photograph-special-1-4307436 |newspaper=Derbyshire Life |first=Paul |last=Hobson |date=12 November 2015 |access-date=11 March 2018 |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129131928/http://www.derbyshirelife.co.uk/out-about/wildlife/the-red-deer-of-the-peak-district-photograph-special-1-4307436 |url-status=live }}</ref> and a herd on [[Wharncliffe Crags]] outside the national park north of Sheffield may derive from hunting stock of Wharncliffe Chase.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyzwAwAAQBAJ&q=red+deer&pg=PA30 |chapter=The dynamic influence of history and ecology on the restoration of a major urban heathland at Wharncliffe, South Yorkshire |first1=Ian&nbsp;D. |last1=Rotherham |first2=John&nbsp;C. |last2=Rose |first3=Chris |last3=Percy |publisher=Landscape Conservation Forum |editor-first1=Ian&nbsp;D. |editor-last1=Rotherham |editor-first2=Christine |editor-last2=Handley |title=Wild by Design and Ploughing on Regardless: Landscape Archaeology and Ecology Special Series |date=August 2012 |isbn=9781904098393 |access-date=12 March 2018 }}</ref> [[Biodiversity action plan]]s have been prepared for mountain hare, [[European hare|brown hare]], [[brown long-eared bat]], [[Hazel dormouse|dormouse]], [[Eurasian harvest mouse|harvest mouse]], [[European hedgehog|hedgehog]], [[noctule bat]], [[Eurasian otter|otter]], [[European pine marten|pine marten]], [[European polecat|polecat]], [[soprano pipistrelle]] and [[European water vole|water vole]].<ref name="Biodiversity Action Plan Species Found in the Peak District">{{Cite web |title=Biodiversity Action Plan Species Found in the Peak District |url=http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/610716/PDNPA-BAP-Species-Table-240815.pdf |website=Peak District National Park |access-date=11 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122101834/http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/610716/PDNPA-BAP-Species-Table-240815.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The status of the pine marten is unclear, though confirmed sightings have occurred in recent decades in Derbyshire and north Staffordshire<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.derbyshiremammalgroup.org.uk/species_status/pine_marten.html |title=PINE MARTEN Martes martes |publisher=Derbyshire Mammal Group |access-date=12 March 2018 |archive-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212053623/https://www.derbyshiremammalgroup.org.uk/species_status/pine_marten.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and a specimen from an introduced Welsh population<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-derbyshire-45331872 |title=Mystery of pine marten found dead '100 miles from home' |publisher=BBC |date=28 August 2018 |access-date=28 August 2018 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829055249/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-derbyshire-45331872 |url-status=live }}</ref> was found dead outside the national park on a road between [[Ripley, Derbyshire|Ripley]] and [[Belper]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.derbyshirewildlifetrust.org.uk/news/rare-pine-marten-discovered-derbyshire |title=Rare pine marten discovered in Derbyshire |publisher=Derbyshire Wildlife Trust |date=24 August 2018 |access-date=25 August 2018 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826043913/https://www.derbyshirewildlifetrust.org.uk/news/rare-pine-marten-discovered-derbyshire |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Birds====
As with mammals, many Peak bird species are widespread generalists. The Dark Peak moors still support breeding populations of several upland specialists, such as [[twite]],<ref name="pdnp">{{Cite web |url=http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/looking-after/biodiversity/peak-district-biodiversity/peak-district-species/moorland-species |title=Moorland Species |publisher=Peak District National Park |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425032053/http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/looking-after/biodiversity/peak-district-biodiversity/peak-district-species/moorland-species |archive-date=25 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://britishbirds.co.uk/article/notes-neglected-colony-twite-central-england/ |title=Notes on a neglected colony of Twite in central England |journal=British Birds |date=15 June 2016 |first1=Jamie |last1=Dunning |first2=Roy |last2=Frost |first3=Steve |last3=Christmas |first4=Mick |last4=Pearson |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425114632/https://britishbirds.co.uk/article/notes-neglected-colony-twite-central-england/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[short-eared owl]],<ref name="pdnp"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.derbyshirewildlifetrust.org.uk/species/short-eared-owl |title=Short-eared Owl ''Asio flammeus'' |publisher=Derbyshire Wildlife Trust |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425114846/https://www.derbyshirewildlifetrust.org.uk/species/short-eared-owl |archive-date=25 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[European golden plover|golden plover]],<ref name="pdnp"/> [[dunlin]],<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://britishbirds.co.uk/article/recovery-breeding-dunlin-population-peak-district-response-blanket-bog-restoration/ |title=Recovery of a breeding Dunlin population in the Peak District in response to blanket bog restoration |journal=British Birds |date=8 February 2017 |first1=Dave |last1=O'Hara |first2=Jon |last2=Bird |first3=Kate |last3=Hanley |first4=Geoff |last4=Carr |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425114755/https://britishbirds.co.uk/article/recovery-breeding-dunlin-population-peak-district-response-blanket-bog-restoration/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[ring ouzel]],<ref name="pdnp"/> [[northern wheatear]]<ref name="Peak Birds Project">{{Cite web |url=http://ww2.rspb.org.uk/Images/peakdistrictbirds_tcm9-132780.pdf |title=Where to find birds in the Peak District |publisher=Peak Birds Project |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425032401/http://ww2.rspb.org.uk/Images/peakdistrictbirds_tcm9-132780.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[merlin (bird)|merlin]].<ref name="pdnp"/> The populations of twite and golden plover are the southernmost confirmed breeding populations in England,<ref name="bto">{{cite book |first1=D.&nbsp;E. |last1=Balmer |first2=S. |last2=Gillings |first3=B.&nbsp;J. |last3=Caffrey |first4=R.&nbsp;L. |last4=Swann |first5=I.&nbsp;S. |last5=Downie |first6=R.&nbsp;J. |last6=Fuller |title=Bird Atlas 2007–11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland |publisher=BTO Books |date=2013 |location=Thetford |isbn=978-1-908581-28-0 }}</ref> and the Peak District Moors Special Protection Area (SPA) is a European designation for its populations of merlin, golden plover and short-eared owl.<ref name="pdnp"/> The Peak District lacks the concentrations of breeding [[wader]]s found further north in the Pennines, though the moors and their fringes accommodate breeding [[Eurasian curlew|curlew]] and [[Northern lapwing|lapwing]],<ref name="Peak Birds Project"/> and less noticeable wading birds such as dunlin and [[Common snipe|snipe]].<ref name="Peak Birds Project"/>

Commercial [[driven grouse shooting]] occurs on the heather moorlands of the Dark Peak, where the [[red grouse]] population is maintained by gamekeepers employed by shooting estates.<ref name="marsland">{{Cite journal |title=Birds of the Peak District |first=Michael |last=Marsland |journal=Bird Study |date=1974 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=135–140 |doi=10.1080/00063657409476409 |bibcode=1974BirdS..21..135M}}</ref><ref name="malp">{{Cite web |url=http://ww2.rspb.org.uk/Images/PeakMalpractice_tcm9-132666.pdf |title=Peak Malpractice: What's happening to wildlife in the Peak District National Park? |publisher=RSPB |date=2006 |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425032302/http://ww2.rspb.org.uk/Images/PeakMalpractice_tcm9-132666.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A population of [[black grouse]] became extinct in 2000,<ref name="bto"/> but reintroduction was attempted in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.birdguides.com/articles/black-grouse-in-the-upper-derwent-valley-an-update/ |title=Black Grouse in the Upper Derwent Valley – an Update |publisher=BirdGuides |date=21 March 2006 |first=Matthew |last=Capper |access-date=23 April 2018 }}</ref> Quarries and rock outcrops provide nest sites for [[peregrine falcon]] and [[common raven]]. Ravens and [[common buzzard]]s are increasingly found as their British range expands eastwards, perhaps because of general reductions in persecution. Illegal persecution has limited populations of rare raptors such as [[Eurasian goshawk]], peregrine and [[hen harrier]].<ref name="malp"/> Following the [[RSPB]]'s publication of ''Peak Malpractice'', a 2006 report highlighting wildlife crime,<ref name="malp"/> the Peak District Bird of Prey Initiative was set up in 2011 by conservationists and shooting bodies to try to boost populations of birds of prey.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/1055570/Bird-of-Prey-Initiative-2016-17-Report.pdf |title=Peak District Bird of Prey Initiative – 2016 & 2017 Report |publisher=Peak District Bird of Prey Initiative |date=2018 |access-date=26 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202151716/http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/1055570/Bird-of-Prey-Initiative-2016-17-Report.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The park authorities expressed disappointment at the limited results<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/learning-about/news/current-news/peak-district-bird-of-prey-initiative |title=Peak District Bird of Prey Initiative |publisher=Peak District National Park |date=25 January 2018 |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425033329/http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/learning-about/news/current-news/peak-district-bird-of-prey-initiative |archive-date=25 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the RSPB withdrew from the partnership in January 2018 citing continued efforts by the Moorland Association and National Gamekeepers' Organisation which together had "frustrated any possibility of progress" on the issue.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rspb.org.uk/about-the-rspb/about-us/media-centre/press-releases/rspb-ends-involvement-in-failed-peak-district-bird-of-prey-initiative/ |title=RSPB ends involvement in failed Peak District Bird of Prey Initiative |publisher=RSPB |date=23 January 2018 |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430012129/https://www.rspb.org.uk/about-the-rspb/about-us/media-centre/press-releases/rspb-ends-involvement-in-failed-peak-district-bird-of-prey-initiative/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Fast-flowing rivers attract specialists such as [[grey wagtail]],<ref name="marsland"/> [[White-throated dipper|dipper]],<ref name="lgre">{{Cite book |first=Lee&nbsp;G.&nbsp;R. |last=Evans |title=The Ultimate Site Guide to Scarcer British Birds |publisher=BirdGuides |date=2009 |isbn=978-1898110491}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.moorsforthefuture.org.uk/sites/default/files/documents/MFF%20RN01%202004%20Breeding%20bird%20survey%20of%20the%20Peak%20District%20moorlands.pdf |title=Breeding Bird Survey of the Peak District Moorlands:Moors for the Future Research Note No 1 |publisher=Moors for the Future |date=May 2005 |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425032246/http://www.moorsforthefuture.org.uk/sites/default/files/documents/MFF%20RN01%202004%20Breeding%20bird%20survey%20of%20the%20Peak%20District%20moorlands.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[common sandpiper]],<ref name="marsland"/> [[mandarin duck]]<ref name="birdreport"/> and [[Common merganser|goosander]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/817772/State-of-Nature-in-the-Peak-District-Report-by-Penny-Anderson-for-Nature-Peak-District.pdf |title=State of Nature in the Peak District |publisher=Nature Peak District |year=2016 |first=Penny |last=Anderson |at=Section 5.22 |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610161929/http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/817772/State-of-Nature-in-the-Peak-District-Report-by-Penny-Anderson-for-Nature-Peak-District.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wooded and semi-wooded areas attract [[common redstart|redstart]],<ref name="Peak Birds Project"/> [[European pied flycatcher|pied flycatcher]],<ref name="Peak Birds Project"/> [[wood warbler]]<ref name="Peak Birds Project"/> and [[tree pipit]],<ref name="marsland"/> and coniferous plantations house [[Eurasian siskin|siskin]] and [[Red crossbill|common crossbill]].<ref name="lgre"/> Upland reservoirs in the Dark Peak are generally [[oligotroph]]ic and attract few birds, but lower-lying reservoirs on the southern fringes such as [[Carsington Water]] and [[Ogston Reservoir]] regularly attract rare migrants and wintering rarities such as various waders, wildfowl, gulls and terns.<ref name="birdreport"/> The area is regularly overflown by wintering populations of [[pink-footed geese]]<ref name="birdreport">{{Cite journal |title=Derbyshire Bird Report |issue=various |publisher=Derbyshire Ornithological Society }}</ref> moving between East Anglia and Morecambe Bay.

Dipper, golden plover, hen harrier, merlin and short-eared owl are local [[biodiversity action plan]] priority species.<ref name="Biodiversity Action Plan Species Found in the Peak District"/>

Fossil records show that the Peak District was once inhabited by an eclectic mix of species, many of them no longer found in Britain, such as [[alpine swift]], [[demoiselle crane]] and [[long-legged buzzard]]. Species lost from the Peak District through human activity include [[hazel grouse]], [[western capercaillie|capercaillie]] and [[golden eagle]].<ref name="lees">{{Cite web |url=https://www.derbyshirewildlifetrust.org.uk/blog/envisioning-brighter-future-birds-dark-peak |title=Envisioning a brighter future for the birds of the Dark Peak |first=Lees |last=Alexander |date=15 April 2020 |publisher=Derbyshire Wildlife Trust |access-date=18 April 2020 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927160608/https://www.derbyshirewildlifetrust.org.uk/blog/envisioning-brighter-future-birds-dark-peak |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Other taxa====
Amphibians and reptiles such as [[Viviparous lizard|common lizard]]s, [[grass snake]]s, [[Northern crested newt|great crested newt]]s and [[Anguis fragilis|slow worm]]s are found in the district.<ref name="Biodiversity Action Plan Species Found in the Peak District"/> The eastern moors are a stronghold for [[Vipera berus|adder]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.sorby.org.uk/v2/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/SS11_1997_Reptiles_Amphibians_OCRc.pdf |title=Reptiles and Amphibians of the Sheffield Area and North Derbyshire |publisher=Sorby Natural History Society |location=Sheffield |year=1997 |first=Derek |last=Whiteley |access-date=23 April 2018 |archive-date=26 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426075857/http://www.sorby.org.uk/v2/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/SS11_1997_Reptiles_Amphibians_OCRc.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Native fish in the Peak District include [[Atlantic salmon]], [[brown trout]], [[European eel]],<ref name="Biodiversity Action Plan Species Found in the Peak District"/> [[European bullhead|bullhead]], [[brook lamprey]] and [[Thymallus|grayling]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rivers and Streams |url=http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/158646/Rivers-and-Streams.pdf |website=Peak District National Park |access-date=11 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625005756/http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/158646/Rivers-and-Streams.pdf |archive-date=25 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A possibly unique population of "wild" [[rainbow trout]] survives on the [[River Wye, Derbyshire|Derbyshire Wye]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://theriverbeat.blogspot.com/2012/07/wild-rainbows-of-river-wye-derbyshire.html |title=Wild Rainbows of the River Wye, Derbyshire |publisher=The River Beat |type=blog |date=3 July 2012 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823005851/http://theriverbeat.blogspot.com/2012/07/wild-rainbows-of-river-wye-derbyshire.html |url-status=live }}</ref> following their introduction at the turn of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.derbyshiretimes.co.uk/sport/angling/rainbows-the-pride-of-the-river-wye-1-483071 |title=Rainbows: the pride of the river Wye |newspaper=Derbyshire Times |date=25 March 2009 |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822214311/https://www.derbyshiretimes.co.uk/sport/angling/rainbows-the-pride-of-the-river-wye-1-483071 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Butterflies in the region include the [[dingy skipper]], [[Aricia agestis|brown argus]], [[small blue]] and [[white-letter hairstreak]]. Moths include the [[Stilbia anomala|anomalous]], [[Ceramica pisi|broom moth]], [[dot moth]], [[garden dart]], [[mouse moth]] and [[Spilosoma lubricipeda|white ermine]]. Other invertebrates include the [[Bombus monticola|bilberry bumblebee]], [[Monocephalus|broad groove-head spider]], [[mole cricket]], [[Lipsothrix|northern yellow splinter]], [[Formicoxenus nitidulus|shining guest ant]], [[Meloe violaceus|violet oil beetle]] and [[Austropotamobius pallipes|white-clawed crayfish]].<ref name="Biodiversity Action Plan Species Found in the Peak District"/>