Peak District
Template:Short description Template:Good article Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox mountain The Peak District is an upland area in central-northern England, at the southern end of the Pennines. Mostly in Derbyshire, it extends into Cheshire, Greater Manchester, Staffordshire, West Yorkshire and South Yorkshire. It is subdivided into the Dark Peak, moorland dominated by gritstone, and the White Peak, a limestone area with valleys and gorges. The Dark Peak forms an arc on the north, east and west of the district, and the White Peak covers central and southern areas. The highest point is Kinder Scout (Template:Cvt). Most of the area is within the Peak District National Park, a protected landscape designated in 1951.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A 2021 report states that "the Park's own population numbers around 40,000 and supports an estimated 18,000 jobs, predominantly through farming, manufacturing and, inevitably, tourism".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The area has been inhabited since the Mesolithic era; it was largely used for agricultural purposes until mining arose in the Middle Ages. During the Industrial Revolution, several cotton mills were constructed in the area's valleys by Richard Arkwright. As mining declined, quarrying grew. Tourism came with the railways, spurred by the landscape, spa towns and Castleton's show caves.
Toponymy
[edit]The upland area of the Peak District, centred around Derbyshire, has historically been known as Peakland and The Peak. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of 924 AD recorded the region's name as Peaclond (meaning hill country in Old English), home of the Pecsaetan tribe. From the Renaissance, prominent authors (such as Thomas Hobbes, Daniel Defoe, Samuel Pepys and Charles Cotton) referred to the area as just The Peak.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Geography
[edit]The Peak District forms the southern extremity of the Pennines.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Much of it is upland above Template:Convert, its highest point being Kinder Scout at Template:Cvt.<ref name="Nuttall">Template:Cite book</ref> Despite its name, the landscape has fewer sharp peaks than rounded hills, plateaus, valleys, limestone gorges and gritstone escarpments (the "edges").<ref name="Landscape">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Gritstone Edges">Template:Cite web</ref> The mostly rural area is surrounded by conurbations and large urban areas, including Manchester, Huddersfield, Sheffield, Derby and Stoke-on-Trent.
The national park has formal boundaries. It covers most of the Dark Peak and White Peak, but the wider Peak District is less well defined.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Dark Peak is largely uninhabited moorland and gritstone escarpments in the northern Peak District and its eastern and western margins. It encloses the central and southern White Peak, which is where most settlements, farmland and limestone gorges are found.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Character areas">Template:Cite web</ref> Three of Natural England's National Character Areas (NCAs) cover parts of it. The Dark Peak NCA includes the northern and eastern parts of the Dark Peak and the White Peak NCA most of the White Peak. The western margins of the Dark Peak are in the South West Peak NCA, where farmland and pastured valleys are found with gritstone edges and moorland.<ref name="Character areas"/><ref name="South West Peak">Template:Cite web</ref>
Outside the park, the wider Peak District extends from the gritstone moorlands of the South Pennines to the north, separated approximately by the Tame Valley, Standedge and Holme Valley.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It continues south and roughly ends at the Weaver Hills near the Churnet Valley.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It often includes the area approximately between Disley and Sterndale Moor, encompassing Buxton and the Peak Dale corridor. It may also include some of the outer fringes and foothills, such as the Churnet<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and lower Derwent Valleys,<ref name="Slow Travel The Peak District">Template:Cite book</ref> and the area approximately between The Cloud and Mow Cop.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Conversely, while the rural west of the City of Sheffield falls in the park boundaries, the urban area of the city is usually excluded,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> alongside the other surrounding large urban areas. The rest of the region is surrounded by lowlands,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> including the Cheshire Plain<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and Greater Manchester Built-up Area<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> to the west. The Derbyshire and Yorkshire Coalfields lie to the east<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> while the lowlands of the Midlands are to the south, near the north of the Trent Valley.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The national park covers Template:Convert,<ref name="Area">Template:Cite web</ref> including most of the region in Derbyshire and extends into Staffordshire, Cheshire, Greater Manchester and South and West Yorkshire. Its northern limit is on a track near Deer Hill in Meltham; its southernmost point is on the A52 road near Ashbourne. The boundaries were drawn to exclude built-up and industrial areas; in particular Buxton and the quarries at the end of the Peak Dale corridor are surrounded on three sides by the park. Bakewell and many villages are in the national park, as is much of the rural west of Sheffield. In 2010 it became the fifth largest national park in England and Wales.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the UK, designation as a national park means that planning and other functions are provided by a national park authority, with additional restrictions that enhance protection from inappropriate development. Land within this national park as in others is in a mix of public and private ownership.
The National Trust, a charity that conserves historic and natural landscapes, owns about 12 per cent of the land in the national park.<ref>Handbook for Members and Visitors 2004, The National Trust.</ref> Its three estates (High Peak, White Peak and Longshaw) include ecologically or geologically significant areas at Bleaklow, Derwent Edge, Hope Woodlands, Kinder Scout, the Manifold valley, Mam Tor, Dovedale, Milldale and Winnats Pass.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="South_Peak">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The park authority owns around 5 per cent; other major landowners include several water companies.<ref name="Landuse">Template:Cite web</ref>
Settlements
[edit]
Bakewell is the largest settlement and only town in the national park and the site of the National Park Authority offices. Its five-arched bridge over the River Wye dates from the 13th century.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Castleton is the centre of production of a semi-precious mineral, Blue John. Eyam village is known for a self-imposed quarantine during the Black Death.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Edale is the southern end of the Pennine Way, a 268-mile national trail which traverses most of the Pennines and ends at Kirk Yetholm in the Scottish border.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The park also contains the highest village in the United Kingdom, Flash, at Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref> Other villages in the park include Hathersage, Hartington, Ilam and Tideswell.
The towns of Glossop, Chapel-en-le-Frith, Buxton, Macclesfield, Leek, Ashbourne, Matlock and Chesterfield are on the national park's fringes. The spa town of Buxton was built up by the Dukes of Devonshire as a genteel health resort in the 18th century<ref name="Visit Buxton">Template:Cite web</ref> while the spa at Matlock Bath, in the River Derwent valley, was popularised in Victorian times. Hayfield is at the foot of Kinder Scout, the area's highest summit. Other towns and villages fringing the park include Whaley Bridge, Hadfield, Tintwistle, Darley Dale and Wirksworth in Derbyshire, Stocksbridge in South Yorkshire and Marsden and Holmfirth in West Yorkshire.
Rivers, reservoirs and canals
[edit]
Several rivers have sources on the moorland plateaux of the Dark Peak and the high ridges of the White Peak. Many rivers in the Dark Peak and outer fringes were dammed to create reservoirs for supplying drinking water. Streams were dammed to provide headwater for water driven mills; weirs were built for the same purpose. The reservoirs of the Longdendale Chain were completed in February 1877 to provide compensation water, ensuring a continuous flow in the River Etherow, which was essential for local industry and provided drinking water for Manchester.<ref name="Quayle"/> In a report for the Manchester Corporation, John Frederick Bateman wrote in 1846:
The western Peak District is drained by the Etherow, the Goyt and the Tame, all tributaries of the River Mersey. The north-east is drained by tributaries of the River Don. Of the tributaries of the River Trent draining south and east, the River Derwent is the most prominent. It rises on Bleaklow just east of Glossop and flows through the Upper Derwent Valley, where it is constrained by the Howden, Derwent and Ladybower reservoirs.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The reservoirs of the Upper Derwent Valley were built from the early to mid-20th century to supply drinking water to the East Midlands and South Yorkshire.
The rivers Noe and the Wye are tributaries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The River Manifold<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and River Dove<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> in the south-west, whose sources are on Axe Edge Moor, flow into the Trent. The River Dane<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> flows into the River Weaver in Cheshire.
There are no canals in the national park, although the Standedge Tunnels on the Huddersfield Narrow Canal run underneath the extreme north of it. Outside the park, waters from the Dark Peak feed the Macclesfield, Ashton, and Huddersfield Narrow Canals and waters from the White Peak fed the Cromford Canal. The Peak Forest Canal brought lime from the quarries at Dove Holes for the construction industry. It terminated at Bugsworth Basin and the journey was completed using the Peak Forest Tramway.
The Cromford Canal, from Cromford to the Erewash Canal, served lead mines at Wirksworth and Sir Richard Arkwright's cotton mills. The Caldon Canal from Froghall was built to transport limestone from quarries at Cauldon Low for the iron industry and flints for the pottery industry.<ref name="Caldon Canal">Template:Cite web</ref>
Climate
[edit]Most of the area is over Template:Convert above sea level,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> in the centre of the country at a latitude of 53°N, bringing relatively high annual rainfall averaging Template:Convert in 1999. The Dark Peak tends to receive more rainfall than the White Peak, as it is higher. The higher rainfall does not affect the temperature, which averages the same as the rest of England and Wales at Template:Cvt.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In the 1970s, the Dark Peak regularly had more than 70 days of snowfall. Since then the number has fallen. The hills still see long periods of continuous snow cover in some winters. Snow in mid-December 2009 on some hill summits created some snow patches that lasted until May 2010. In the same winter, the A635 (Saddleworth Moor) and A57 (Snake Pass) were closed due to snow for almost a month. Frost cover is seen for 20–30 per cent of the winter on moorland in the Dark Peak and 10 per cent in the White Peak.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Moorland Indicators of Climate Change Initiative was set up in 2008 to collect data in the area. Students investigated the interaction between people and the moorlands and their effect on climate change, to discover whether the moorlands are a net carbon sink or source, based on the fact that Britain's upland areas contain a major global carbon store in the form of peat. Human interaction in terms of direct erosion and fire, with the effects of global warming, are the main variables they considered.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Geology
[edit]Template:Main The Peak District is formed almost wholly of sedimentary rocks of the Carboniferous period. They make up the carboniferous limestone overlying gritstone, and the coal measures that occur only on the margins and infrequent outcrops of igneous rocks, including lavas, tuffs and volcanic vent agglomerates.<ref>Paul Gannon, Rock Trails Peak District: A Hillwalker's Guide to the Geology and Scenery, Pesda Press, 2011. Template:ISBN</ref> The general geological structure is that of a broad dome, whose western margins have been intensely faulted and folded. Uplift and erosion have sliced the top off the Derbyshire Dome to reveal a concentric outcrop pattern with coal-measured rocks on the eastern and western margins, carboniferous limestone at the core and rocks of millstone grit between them. The southern edge of the Derbyshire dome is overlain by sandstones of Triassic age, though they barely impinge on the National Park. The White Peak forms a central and southern section with carboniferous limestone found at or near the surface.<ref name="NCA Profile: 52 White Peak (NE534)">Template:Cite web</ref> The Dark Peak to the north, east and west is marked by millstone grit outcrops and broad swathes of moorland.<ref name="NCA Profile: 51 Dark Peak (NE378)">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="South West Peak"/>
Earth movements after the Carboniferous period resulted in the up-doming of the area and, particularly in the west, the folding of the rock strata along north–south axes. The region was raised in a north–south line which resulted in the dome-like shape<ref name="Geology_explained">Template:Cite book</ref> and the shales and sandstones were worn away until limestone was exposed. At the end of this period, the Earth's crust sank here which led to the area being covered by sea, depositing a variety of new rocks.<ref name="Geology">Template:Cite web</ref> Some time after its deposition, mineral veins were formed in the limestone. The veins and rakes have been mined for lead since Roman times.<ref name="Geology"/>
The Peak District was iced over in at least one of the ice ages of the last two million years, probably the Anglian glaciation of some 450,000 years ago, as shown by patches of glacial till or boulder clay found across the area. It was not iced over in the last glacial period, which peaked about 20,000–22,000 years ago. A mix of Irish Sea and Lake District ice abutted its western margins. Glacial meltwaters eroded a complex of sinuous channels along this margin of the district.<ref>N. Aitkenhead, et al., British Regional Geology: the Pennines and adjacent areas (4th ed., 2002), BGS, Nottingham.</ref> Glacial meltwaters contributed to the formation and development of many caves in the limestone area.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Remains of wild animal herds roaming the area have been found in several caves.<ref name="Geology"/>
Various rock-types beneath the soil strongly influence the landscape; they determine the type of vegetation and ultimately the type of animal inhabiting the area.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Limestone has fissures and is soluble in water, so that rivers could carve deep, narrow valleys. These often find routes underground, creating cave systems. Millstone grit is insoluble but porous, absorbing water that seeps through the grits, until it meets the less porous shales beneath, creating springs where it reaches the surface. The shales are friable and easily attacked by frost, forming areas vulnerable to landslides, as on Mam Tor.<ref name="Geology_explained"/>
Ecology
[edit]The gritstone and shale of the Dark Peak supports heather moorland and blanket bog, with rough sheep pasture and grouse shooting as the main land uses, though parts are also farmed,<ref name="NCA Profile: 51 Dark Peak (NE378)"/> especially the South West Peak NCA.<ref name="NCA Profile: 53 South West Peak (NE453)">Template:Cite web</ref> The limestone plateaus of the White Peak are more intensively farmed, with mainly dairy usage of improved pastures.<ref name="NCA Profile: 52 White Peak (NE534)"/> Woodland forms some 8 per cent of the Peak National Park.<ref name="Landuse"/> Natural broad-leaved woodland appears in the steep dales of the White Peak and cloughs of the Dark Peak. Reservoir margins often have coniferous plantations.
Flora
[edit]White Peak habitats include calcareous grassland, ash woodlands and rock outcrops for lime-loving species.<ref name="The Flora of Derbyshire."/> They include early purple orchid (Orchis mascula), dark-red helleborine (Epipactis atrorubens) and fly orchid (Ophrys insectifera), common rockrose (Helianthemum nummularium), spring cinquefoil (Helianthemum nummularium) and grass of parnassus (Parnassia palustris). Lead rakes, the spoil heaps of ancient mining activity, form another distinctive White Peak habitat, supporting a range of rare metallophyte plants, including spring sandwort (Minuartia verna; also known as leadwort), alpine pennycress (Thlaspi caerulescens) and mountain pansy (Viola lutea).<ref name="Lead">Template:Cite web</ref>
Two endemic vascular plants are found nowhere else in the world: Derby hawkweed (Hieracium naviense), found only in Winnats Pass,<ref name="The Flora of Derbyshire."/> is a native perennial of limestone cliffs discovered by J. N. Mills in 1966 and described as a new species in 1968;<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and leek-coloured hawkweed (H. subprasinifolium), which was believed extinct until rediscovered on banks beside the Monsal Trail in Chee Dale in 2017.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The endemic Derbyshire feather moss (Thamnobryum angustifolium) occurs in one Derbyshire limestone dale, its sole world location intentionally kept confidential; the colony covers about Template:Convert of a rock face with small subsidiary colonies nearby.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Jacob's-ladder (Polemonium caeruleum), a rarish species characteristic of limestone dales in the White Peak, has been Derbyshire's county flower since 2002.<ref name="The Flora of Derbyshire.">Template:Cite book</ref> It grows on grassland, light woodland, screes and rock ledges, and by streams in Lathkill, Wolfscote, Taddington, Wye Dale and other dales. Pollen evidence from peat bogs shows it was widespread throughout Britain just after the last ice age. Much planted in gardens from where it has established itself in other parts of the area, as a native it is restricted to the White Peak and the Yorkshire Dales.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Dark Peak heathlands, bogs, gritstone edges and acid grasslands contain relatively few species; heather (Calluna vulgaris), crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and hare's-tail cotton grass (Eriophorum vaginatum) dominate the high moors.<ref name="The Flora of Derbyshire."/> After decades of decline due to pollution, Sphagnum mosses are returning, with species such as S. cuspidatum particularly dominant.
Fauna
[edit]Mammals
[edit]Most Peak District mammals are generalists and widespread across the UK, but the mountain hares on heather moorland in the Dark Peak form the only wild population in England. They were reintroduced in the Victorian era for sporting purposes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A feral population of red-necked wallabies lived around The Roaches from the 1940s onwards, but may now be extinct.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Red deer herds, assumed to be derived from animals escaped from deer parks at Lyme Park and Chatsworth, are established in the upper reaches of the Goyt valley and on the moors above Baslow,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and a herd on Wharncliffe Crags outside the national park north of Sheffield may derive from hunting stock of Wharncliffe Chase.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Biodiversity action plans have been prepared for mountain hare, brown hare, brown long-eared bat, dormouse, harvest mouse, hedgehog, noctule bat, otter, pine marten, polecat, soprano pipistrelle and water vole.<ref name="Biodiversity Action Plan Species Found in the Peak District">Template:Cite web</ref> The status of the pine marten is unclear, though confirmed sightings have occurred in recent decades in Derbyshire and north Staffordshire<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and a specimen from an introduced Welsh population<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> was found dead outside the national park on a road between Ripley and Belper in 2018.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Birds
[edit]As with mammals, many Peak bird species are widespread generalists. The Dark Peak moors still support breeding populations of several upland specialists, such as twite,<ref name="pdnp">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> short-eared owl,<ref name="pdnp"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> golden plover,<ref name="pdnp"/> dunlin,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> ring ouzel,<ref name="pdnp"/> northern wheatear<ref name="Peak Birds Project">Template:Cite web</ref> and merlin.<ref name="pdnp"/> The populations of twite and golden plover are the southernmost confirmed breeding populations in England,<ref name="bto">Template:Cite book</ref> and the Peak District Moors Special Protection Area (SPA) is a European designation for its populations of merlin, golden plover and short-eared owl.<ref name="pdnp"/> The Peak District lacks the concentrations of breeding waders found further north in the Pennines, though the moors and their fringes accommodate breeding curlew and lapwing,<ref name="Peak Birds Project"/> and less noticeable wading birds such as dunlin and snipe.<ref name="Peak Birds Project"/>
Commercial driven grouse shooting occurs on the heather moorlands of the Dark Peak, where the red grouse population is maintained by gamekeepers employed by shooting estates.<ref name="marsland">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="malp">Template:Cite web</ref> A population of black grouse became extinct in 2000,<ref name="bto"/> but reintroduction was attempted in 2003.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Quarries and rock outcrops provide nest sites for peregrine falcon and common raven. Ravens and common buzzards are increasingly found as their British range expands eastwards, perhaps because of general reductions in persecution. Illegal persecution has limited populations of rare raptors such as Eurasian goshawk, peregrine and hen harrier.<ref name="malp"/> Following the RSPB's publication of Peak Malpractice, a 2006 report highlighting wildlife crime,<ref name="malp"/> the Peak District Bird of Prey Initiative was set up in 2011 by conservationists and shooting bodies to try to boost populations of birds of prey.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The park authorities expressed disappointment at the limited results<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the RSPB withdrew from the partnership in January 2018 citing continued efforts by the Moorland Association and National Gamekeepers' Organisation which together had "frustrated any possibility of progress" on the issue.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Fast-flowing rivers attract specialists such as grey wagtail,<ref name="marsland"/> dipper,<ref name="lgre">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> common sandpiper,<ref name="marsland"/> mandarin duck<ref name="birdreport"/> and goosander.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Wooded and semi-wooded areas attract redstart,<ref name="Peak Birds Project"/> pied flycatcher,<ref name="Peak Birds Project"/> wood warbler<ref name="Peak Birds Project"/> and tree pipit,<ref name="marsland"/> and coniferous plantations house siskin and common crossbill.<ref name="lgre"/> Upland reservoirs in the Dark Peak are generally oligotrophic and attract few birds, but lower-lying reservoirs on the southern fringes such as Carsington Water and Ogston Reservoir regularly attract rare migrants and wintering rarities such as various waders, wildfowl, gulls and terns.<ref name="birdreport"/> The area is regularly overflown by wintering populations of pink-footed geese<ref name="birdreport">Template:Cite journal</ref> moving between East Anglia and Morecambe Bay.
Dipper, golden plover, hen harrier, merlin and short-eared owl are local biodiversity action plan priority species.<ref name="Biodiversity Action Plan Species Found in the Peak District"/>
Fossil records show that the Peak District was once inhabited by an eclectic mix of species, many of them no longer found in Britain, such as alpine swift, demoiselle crane and long-legged buzzard. Species lost from the Peak District through human activity include hazel grouse, capercaillie and golden eagle.<ref name="lees">Template:Cite web</ref>
Other taxa
[edit]Amphibians and reptiles such as common lizards, grass snakes, great crested newts and slow worms are found in the district.<ref name="Biodiversity Action Plan Species Found in the Peak District"/> The eastern moors are a stronghold for adders.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Native fish in the Peak District include Atlantic salmon, brown trout, European eel,<ref name="Biodiversity Action Plan Species Found in the Peak District"/> bullhead, brook lamprey and grayling.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A possibly unique population of "wild" rainbow trout survives on the Derbyshire Wye,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> following their introduction at the turn of the 20th century.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Butterflies in the region include the dingy skipper, brown argus, small blue and white-letter hairstreak. Moths include the anomalous, broom moth, dot moth, garden dart, mouse moth and white ermine. Other invertebrates include the bilberry bumblebee, broad groove-head spider, mole cricket, northern yellow splinter, shining guest ant, violet oil beetle and white-clawed crayfish.<ref name="Biodiversity Action Plan Species Found in the Peak District"/>
National Park
[edit]The Peak District National Park was the first national park to be designated in the United Kingdom, on 17 April 1951 (following the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act of 1949 and a resulting public enquiry to establish its boundary).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was one of ten parks created in the 1950s in the wake of the 1945 Dower Report and 1947 Hobhouse Report, which recommended the creation of national parks in England and Wales.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The park has an area of Template:Convert and receives approximately 13 million visitors each year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 90% of the national park is privately owned, with the largest single owner being the National Trust (12%).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The national park is governed by the Peak District National Park Authority, which was established under the 1995 Environment Act, replacing the Peak Park Planning Board.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The authority has 30 members, 14 appointed by the Secretary of State for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs and 16 appointed by the local authorities covered by the park. The local authorities and the number of members they appoint are as follows:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
| Local authority | Members |
|---|---|
| Cheshire East Council | 1 |
| Derbyshire County Council | 4 |
| Staffordshire County Council | 1 |
| Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council | 1 |
| Derbyshire Dales District Council | 2 |
| High Peak Borough Council | 2 |
| Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council | 1 |
| North East Derbyshire District Council | 1 |
| Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council | 1 |
| Sheffield City Council | 1 |
| Staffordshire Moorlands District Council | 1 |
History
[edit]
The Peak has been inhabited from the earliest periods of human activity, as shown by finds of Mesolithic flint artefacts and palaeo-environmental evidence from caves in Dovedale and elsewhere. Signs of Neolithic activity include monumental earthworks or barrows such as the one at Margery Hill.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Bronze Age saw the area well populated and farmed. Evidence remains in henges such as Arbor Low near Youlgreave and the Nine Ladies stone circle at Stanton Moor.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Page needed In the same period and into the Iron Age, hill forts such as Mam Tor's were created. The Romans drew on the area's rich mineral veins, exporting lead from the Buxton area along well-used routes. Buxton was a Roman settlement known as "Aquae Arnemetiae" for its spring.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Pecsaetan or peaklanders, an Anglo-Saxon tribe, inhabited the central and northern parts of the area from the 6th century CE, when it belonged to the Anglian kingdom of Mercia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref>Template:Page needed Barrows from the Anglo-Saxon period are present, including Benty Grange, where the eponymous helmet was found.<ref>Template:NHLE</ref>
Mining and quarrying
[edit]Template:See also In medieval and early modern times, the area was mainly agricultural, with sheep farming, rather than arable the main activity in upland holdings. From the 16th century, the mineral and geological wealth became increasingly significant. Not only lead, but coal, fluorite, copper from Ecton Mines, zinc, iron, manganese and silver have been mined.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref>Template:Page needed Celia Fiennes, describing a journey through the Peak in 1697, wrote of: Template:Blockquote
Coal measures occur on the Peak's western and eastern fringes. Evidence of past workings can be found from Glossop to The Roaches, and from Stocksbridge to Baslow. The coal measures in the east are at the western edge of the South Yorkshire Coalfield.<ref name="The Yorkshire Coalfield">Template:Cite web</ref> Those in the west are part of the Cheshire section of the Lancashire Coalfield.<ref name="Manchester and Its Region">Template:Cite web</ref> Mining started in medieval times, was at its most productive in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and continued into the early 20th century. The earliest mining took place around outcrops, where miners followed the seams deeper into the hillsides. At Goyt's Moss and Axe Edge, deep seams were worked and steam engines raised the coal and dewatered the mines.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Coal from the east was used in lead smelting and from the west for lime burning.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Lead mining peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries; high concentrations were found in the area from this period, along with peat on Kinder Scout, suggesting that lead smelting occurred.<ref name="Mining">Template:Cite web</ref> Lead mining declined from the mid-19th century, with the last major mine closing in 1939. Lead is a by-product of fluorite, baryte and calcite mining.<ref name="Lead"/> Bell pits were sunk to access ore that lay close to the surface.<ref name="Mining"/>
Fluorite or fluorspar is called Blue John locally, its name possibly from the French bleu et jaune describing its colour. Blue John is scarce and now only a few hundred kilograms are mined each year for ornamental and lapidary use. The Blue John Cavern in Castleton is a show cave. Small-scale mining takes place in Treak Cliff Cavern.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Industrial limestone quarrying to make soda ash started around Buxton in 1874. In 1926 the operation of the Buxton lime industry became part of ICI.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Large-scale limestone and gritstone quarrying flourished as lead mining declined, and is an important if contentious industry. Of the twelve large limestone quarries in operation, Tunstead is one of the largest in Europe.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Total limestone output was substantial: at the 1990 peak, 8.5 million tonnes was produced.<ref name="Mineral_factsheet"/>
Textiles
[edit]Textiles have been exported for hundreds of years. In the 14th century, the area traded in unprocessed wool.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There were several skilled hand spinners and weavers in the area. By the 1780s, Richard Arkwright had developed machinery to produce textiles faster and to a higher standard. The early Arkwright mills were of light construction, narrow, about Template:Convert wide and low, the ceiling height being only Template:Convert and lit by daylight. The new machines were powered by water wheels.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The Peak was the ideal location, with its rivers and humid atmosphere. The local pool of labour was quickly exhausted and Litton Mill and Cressbrook Mill in Millers Dale brought in children as young as four from the workhouses of London as apprentices.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
As technology advanced, narrow valleys proved unsuited to larger steam-driven mills, but Derbyshire mills remained to trade in finishing and niche products. Glossop benefited from the textile industry. Its economy was tied to a spinning and weaving tradition that evolved from developments in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. Until the First World War, Glossop was the headquarters of the largest textile printworks in the world, but after the Wall Street crash its product lines became vulnerable and the industry declined.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Modern history
[edit]The Kinder Trespass in 1932 was a landmark in the campaign for open access to moorland in Britain and eventually led to the formation of Britain's national parks. Before the trespass, open moorland was closed to all. Moorland estates were the private property of landed gentry who used them for only 12 days a year and were guarded by their gamekeepers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Peak District National Park became the United Kingdom's first national park on 17 April 1951.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Campaigner Ethel Haythornthwaite played an important part in the development of the national park.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The first long-distance footpath in the United Kingdom was the Pennine Way, which opened in 1965 and starts at the Nags Head Inn, in Grindsbook Booth, part of Edale village.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Peak & Northern Footpaths Society (PNFS) was formed in 1894 to monitor, protect, and improve the footpath network of the Peak District and surrounding areas. The organisation is the oldest existing regional footpath society in the UK.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Saddleworth Moor and Wessenden, above Meltham, gained notoriety after the Moors murders in the 1960s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Economy
[edit]
Agriculture remains a significant sector for the park. A Park District report stated that in 2019, over 87% of the Peak District was being farmed.<ref name="State of Park Report">Template:Cite web</ref> Another report, updated in 2023, added this information: "Farming is also one of the largest contributors to the park's economy employing over 3500 people, which makes up 18.5% of total employment in the national park.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> That is understandable, since as of 2019, over 87% of the Peak District was being farmed.<ref name="State of Park Report"/> A State of the Park report indicated that in 2019, "at least 1 in 3 businesses in the Peak District [were] in the agricultural, forestry and fishing industries".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Tourism in the park and Derbyshire was negatively affected by the pandemic.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, according to a September 2022 report, this sector is a major industry in the "Peak District and Derbyshire, attracting 45 million visitors annually, generating an output of £2.5 billion into the economy and supporting 31,000 jobs.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (Data are not available for the park area only.)
Other sources of employment for park residents according to a 2009 report: Manufacturing (19%) and quarrying (12%) are also important.<ref name="Place_called_home">Template:Cite web</ref> The cement works at Hope is the largest single employer in the park.<ref name="Mineral_factsheet">Template:Cite web</ref> Limestone is the most important mineral quarried, mainly for roads and cement; shale is extracted for cement at Hope, and several gritstone quarries are worked for building stone.<ref name="Mineral_factsheet"/> Lead mining is no longer economic, but fluorite, baryte and calcite are extracted from lead veins and small-scale Blue John mining occurs at Castleton.
The springs at Buxton and Ashbourne are exploited for bottled mineral water and many plantations are managed for timber. Other manufacturing includes David Mellor's cutlery factory in Hathersage, Ferodo brake linings in Chapel-en-le-Frith and electronic equipment in Castleton.
Tourism
[edit]De Mirabilibus Pecci or The Seven Wonders of the Peak by Thomas Hobbes was an early touring description published in 1636.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Much scorn was poured on the seven wonders by visitors, including Daniel Defoe, who called the moors by Chatsworth "a waste and houling wilderness" and scorned particularly Peak Cavern near Castleton, known as the "Devil's Arse".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Visitor numbers did not rise until the Victorian era, when railways provided access and cultural appreciation of the Picturesque and Romantic developed. John Mawe's Mineralogy of Derbyshire (1802)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and William Adam's Gem of the Peak (1843)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> raised interest in the area's unique geology.
A tradition of public access and outdoor recreation grew up in what is a natural hinterland and rural escape for the people of industrial Manchester and Sheffield, and remains a valuable resource in a largely post-industrial economy. In a 2005 survey of visitors, 85 per cent of respondents cited "scenery and landscape" as a draw.<ref>"Landscape Character" Template:Webarchive Peak District National Park, retrieved 20 August 2015</ref>
Buxton
[edit]
Buxton became a spa through its geothermal spring, which rises at a constant temperature of 28 °C. It was settled by the Romans around 78 CE, then known as Aquae Arnemetiae – the spa of the goddess of the grove. Bess of Hardwick and her husband the Earl of Shrewsbury "took the waters" in 1569, bringing Mary, Queen of Scots there in 1573.<ref name="Buxton06">Template:Cite web</ref> The town largely grew in importance in the late 18th century when it was developed by the 5th Duke of Devonshire in style of the spa of Bath.
A resurgence in the 18th century attracted Dr Erasmus Darwin and Josiah Wedgwood,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> who were drawn by the reputed healing properties of the waters. The railway reached Buxton in 1863.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Page needed</ref>Template:Page needed Buxton's notable buildings are The Crescent (1780–1784), modelled by John Carr on Bath's Royal Crescent, the Devonshire (1780–1789), the Natural Baths, and the Pump Room by Henry Currey. The Pavilion Gardens opened in 1871.<ref name="Buxton06"/> Buxton Opera House was designed by Frank Matcham in 1903.
Historic buildings
[edit]Historic buildings in the park include Chatsworth House, seat of the Dukes of Devonshire and among Britain's finest stately homes; the medieval Haddon Hall, seat of the Dukes of Rutland; and Lyme Park, an Elizabethan manor house transformed by an Italianate front. Other historic buildings in the park include Eyam Hall, Ilam Hall and Tissington Hall.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Many villages and towns have fine parish churches, including the 14th-century Church of St John the Baptist at Tideswell, sometimes dubbed the "Cathedral of the Peak", and the 12th-century Church of St Nicholas at High Bradfield. 'Little John's Grave' is in the churchyard at Hathersage. Peveril Castle, overlooking Castleton, was built by the Normans.<ref name="Peak District Attractions">Template:Cite web</ref>
Museums and attractions
[edit]Inside the park, Eyam Museum has displays on the village's history during the Black Death.<ref name="Eyam Museum and Plague Village">Template:Cite web</ref> Castleton has four show caves; Peak Cavern, Blue John, Treak Cliff and Speedwell. In the outer fringes, the area's industrial heritage is represented by the mining museum at Matlock Bath, with the Temple Lead Mine, the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site and Brindley Water Mill at Leek. Preserved railways such as the Peak Rail, Ecclesbourne Valley<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Churnet Valley lines,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the National Tramway Museum at Crich and the Cromford Canal chart the area's transport history. Matlock Bath also has the show caves and mines of the Heights of Abraham, which can be reached by cable car, and the Gulliver's Kingdom theme park.<ref name="Peak District Attractions"/> Buxton has an opera house and theatre, museum and art gallery and Poole's Cavern show cave.<ref name="Visit Buxton"/> Other attractions in the fringes include the Alton Towers theme park<ref name="Peak District Attractions"/> and the Peak Wildlife Park.
Well dressing ceremonies are held in many villages in the spring and summer months, a tradition said to date from pagan times.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other local customs include Castleton Garland Day and Ashbourne's Royal Shrovetide Football, played annually since the 12th century. Buxton hosts two opera festivals, the Buxton Festival and the International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival, and the Buxton Festival Fringe, and the Peak Literary Festival is held at various locations twice a year. Peak District food specialities include the dessert Bakewell pudding, very different from the nationally available Bakewell tart, and the famous cheese Stilton and other local cheeses are produced in the village of Hartington.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Activities
[edit]
An extensive network of public footpaths and long-distance trails of over Template:Convert in total<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and large open-access areas are available for hillwalking and hiking. The Pennine Way traverses the Dark Peak from Edale to the park's northern boundary just south of Standedge. Bridleways are used by mountain bikers, as well as horse riders. The Tissington Trail and High Peak Trail, which reuse former railway lines, are well used by walkers, horse riders and cyclists.<ref name="Tissington_Trail"/> The Peak District Boundary Walk is a circular Template:Convert walking trail around the national park.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Several old rail routes were converted into multi-purpose cycle trails. After the Woodhead Line closed between Hadfield and Penistone, some of the trackbed was used for the Longdendale Trail section of the Trans Pennine Trail between Hadfield and Woodhead.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway between Rowsley and Buxton contributed to the Monsal Trail.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The trackbed of the Cromford and High Peak Railway is open as the High Peak Trail.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Tissington Trail uses another disused rail line between Buxton and Ashbourne,<ref name="Tissington_Trail">Template:Cite web</ref> while the Manifold Way follows the old line of the Leek and Manifold Valley Light Railway between Waterhouses and Hulme End.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Local authorities run cycle hire centres at Ashbourne, Parsley Hay, Middleton Top, the Upper Derwent Valley and Hulme End.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Wheelchair access is possible at several places on the ex-railway trails, and cycle hire centres offer vehicles adapted to wheelchair users.<ref name="Tissington_Trail"/> A project to make footpaths more accessible to less-agile walkers has replaced stiles with gates.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Gritstone outcrops at Stanage Edge and The Roaches, are recognised as some of the finest rock climbing sites in the world.<ref name="Trekking">Template:Cite web</ref> Limestone is more unstable but provides many testing climbs. Thor's Cave was explored in the early 1950s by Joe Brown and others. Eleven limestone routes there are listed by the BMC, ranging in grade from Very Severe to E7, and several more have been claimed since the guidebook's publication; a few routes are bolted.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Caving takes place in the natural caves, potholes and old mine workings found in the limestone of the White Peak. Peak Cavern, the largest and most important cave system, is even linked to the Speedwell system at Winnats. The largest potholes are Eldon Hole and Nettle Pot. Many old mine workings were often extensions of natural cave systems. They can be found at Castleton, Winnats, Matlock, Stoney Middleton, Eyam, Monyash and Buxton.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Reservoirs such as Torside Reservoir, Damflask Reservoir, Carsington Water and Rudyard Lake are centres for water sports, including sailing, fishing and canoeing. Other activities include air sports such as hang gliding and paragliding, birdwatching, fell running, off-roading, and orienteering.<ref name="Trekking"/>
Transport
[edit]
Roads
[edit]The first roads constructed by the Romans may have followed existing tracks. The Roman network linked the settlements and forts of Aquae Arnemetiae (Buxton), Chesterfield, Ardotalia (Glossop), Navio (Brough and Shatton) and beyond.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Parts of the modern A515 and A53 roads, south of Buxton, are believed to follow the routes of Roman roads.
Packhorse routes crossed the Peak in the Middle Ages and some paved causeways, such as the Long Causeway along Stanage Edge, date from that period. No highways appear on Christopher Saxton's 1579 map of Derbyshire.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Bridge-building improved the transport network.
Journey times fell with the introduction of turnpike roads from 1731,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but the ride from Sheffield to Manchester in 1800 still took 16 hours, prompting Samuel Taylor Coleridge to remark that "a tortoise could outgallop us!"<ref name="Stainforth">Template:Cite book</ref> From about 1815, better quality turnpike roads were built. The Snake Pass, part of the A57, was built under the direction of Thomas Telford between 1819 and 1821.<ref name="Stainforth"/>
The main roads in the Peak District are:
- The A57 between Sheffield and Manchester;
- The A628, Woodhead Pass, between Barnsley and Manchester, via Longdendale;
- The A6 from Derby to Manchester via Buxton;
- The Cat and Fiddle Road from Macclesfield to Buxton; and
- In the north, the A635 from Manchester to Barnsley.
Roads and lanes are often congested and parking is problematic in towns and villages, especially in summer. A congestion charge was proposed in 2005, but was rejected.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
Waterways
[edit]Cromford Canal opened in 1794 to carry coal, lead and iron ore to the Erewash Canal.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It closed in 1944. The canals and turnpike roads had to compete with the railways after 1825.<ref name="Stainforth"/>
Railways
[edit]
The first railway, the Cromford and High Peak Railway from High Peak Junction to Whaley Bridge, was an industrial line. Passenger services followed, including the Woodhead Line (Sheffield to Manchester, via Longdendale) and the Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway. Several railways succumbed to the Beeching Axe in the 1960s, including passenger services on the Woodhead line. Freight services continued until the line was finally closed in 1981; much of the route has been converted to shared-use paths on the Trans Pennine Trail.
Passenger train services currently operate along the following lines:
- The Hope Valley line between Sheffield, New Mills Central and Manchester Piccadilly, stopping at stations including Hathersage, Hope and Edale;
- The Derwent Valley line between Derby and Matlock;
- The Buxton line between Manchester Piccadilly, Stockport and Buxton;
- The Glossop line, linking Glossop and Hadfield with Manchester Piccadilly, along the remaining stub of the Woodhead line;
- The Huddersfield line from Manchester to Huddersfield, via Marsden.<ref name="Public Transport – Peak District National Park Authority">Template:Cite web</ref>
Buses and coaches
[edit]Coach services provide access to Matlock, Bakewell and Buxton from Derby, Nottingham and Manchester through TransPeak and National Express.
There are regular buses from Sheffield, Glossop, Stoke, Leek and Chesterfield.
In rural areas, minibuses operate from towns to smaller villages.
Air
[edit]The nearest airports are Manchester and East Midlands.<ref name="Public Transport – Peak District National Park Authority"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Cycling
[edit]Cycle England invested £1.25 million in building and improving cycle routes in the national park for leisure and commuting.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Conservation issues
[edit]
The proximity of the Peak to conurbations and urban areas (some 20 million people live within an hour's drive) poses challenges for the area.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> The park authority, National Trust and other landowners try to keep the upland landscape accessible for recreation while protecting it from intensive farming, erosion and visitor pressures. Tension exists between the needs of conservation, of 38,000 residents,<ref name="Place_called_home"/> and of millions who visit.<ref name="Guardian">Template:Cite news</ref>
The uneven distribution of visits creates stresses. Dovedale alone receives about two million visitors a year.<ref name="South_Peak"/> Other much visited areas include Bakewell, Castleton and the Hope Valley, Chatsworth, Hartington and the reservoirs of the Upper Derwent Valley.<ref name="Tourism_factsheet">Template:Cite web</ref> Over 60 per cent of visits occur between May and September, with Sunday the busiest day.<ref name="Tourism_factsheet"/>
Footpath users in the more popular walking areas have contributed to serious erosion problems, particularly on the fragile peat moorlands. The use of some paths by mountain bikers is believed to have exacerbated the problem.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Measures to contain the damage include diversion of the official route of the Pennine Way out of Edale, which now goes via Jacob's Ladder rather than following the Grindsbrook, and surfacing moorland footpaths with expensive natural stone.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Some rights of way have been damaged by legal and illegal use by off-road vehicles such as 4×4s and trail bikes. Campaigners have sought to reduce their impact.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Large-scale limestone quarrying is contentious. Most mineral extraction licences were issued by national government for 90 years in the 1950s and remain legally binding. The park authority has a policy of considering applications for new quarries and licence renewal in the park in terms of the local and national need for the mineral and how unique the source is, in conjunction with the effects on traffic, residents and the environment.<ref name="Mineral_factsheet"/> Some licences have not been renewed; the RMC Aggregates quarry at Eldon Hill closed in 1999 and was landscaped.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Proposals from Stancliffe Stone Ltd to reopen dormant gritstone quarries at Stanton Moor in 1999 became a test case, contested by ecological protesters and residents on the grounds that this would threaten Bronze Age remains at the Nine Ladies Stone Circle and damage the natural landscape.<ref name="Guardian"/> In 2007, negotiations took place to relocate the development to Dale View quarry in a less sensitive area.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Starting in the 1990s, there has been an intensification in management of the upland moors for driven grouse shooting. This has involved an increase in the use of rotational burning and predator control. Both practices can be controversial and have led to calls for greater controls over the activities of moorland owners.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The Birds of Prey Initiative has worked to link conservation groups with landowners, to improve the prospects for predatory birds in the Peak District. This has led to improvement in the numbers of breeding birds of prey, but overall numbers remain low.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The RSPB withdrew support for the scheme in 2018, citing the continued and illegal persecution of raptors by commercial grouse shooting estates, represented within the Initiative by the Moorland Association and National Gamekeepers' Organisation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The grasslands of the White Peak plateau have been improved for intensive farm and food production. The result has been that most of this grassland is of little value to nature conservation, often with only one grass species present. The best areas that remain are the steep sides of limestone valleys. These have international importance, but are fragmented, which makes them vulnerable to loss.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Biodiversity within Britain's national parks has generally fared no better than that in the wider countryside, with similar rates of decline in species numbers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> One reason may be that their powers are directed primarily at preventing intrusive development to protect the aesthetic and historic appearance of the park, rather than at land management.
The upland moors of the south Pennines suffered some of the worst ecological degradation of any extensive habitat in the UK. This is due mainly to a history of industrial pollution from neighbouring towns during the industrial revolution, worsened by wild fires and erosion. Work to restore this habitat got underway in the 21st century. While progress has been made, there is more to do to make it a sustainable, functioning ecosystem.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The significance of the habitat degradation is compounded by its being a source of atmospheric carbon dioxide that contributes to climate change through global warming.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In literature and arts
[edit]The landscapes of the Peak have inspired writers for centuries. Various places have been identified by Ralph Elliott and others as locations in the 14th-century poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight; Lud's Church is thought to be the Green Chapel.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Key scenes in Jane Austen's 1813 novel Pride and Prejudice are set in the Peak.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Peveril of the Peak (1823) by Sir Walter Scott is a historical novel set at Peveril Castle, Castleton, in the reign of Charles II.<ref>Template:PastScape</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> William Wordsworth was a frequent visitor to Matlock; the Peak inspired several of his poems, including an 1830 sonnet to Chatsworth House.<ref name="Peak_Experience">Template:Cite web</ref> The village of Morton in Charlotte Brontë's 1847 novel Jane Eyre is based on Hathersage, where Brontë stayed in 1845; Thornfield Hall may have been inspired by nearby North Lees Hall.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Snowfield in George Eliot's novel Adam Bede (1859) is thought to be based on Wirksworth, where her uncle managed a mill; Ellastone (as Hayslope) and Ashbourne (as Oakbourne) also feature.<ref name="Peak_Experience"/>
Beatrix Potter, author of Peter Rabbit, visited her uncle Edmund Potter at his printworks in Dinting Vale. She copied cloth samples from his pattern book for her characters. Mrs Tiggywinkle's shawl, in The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle, is based on pattern number 222714.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Children's author Alison Uttley (1884–1976) was born at Cromford; her novel A Traveller in Time, set in Dethick, recounts the Babington Plot to free Mary, Queen of Scots, from imprisonment.<ref name="Peakland_Heritage">Template:Cite web</ref> Crichton Porteous (1901–1991) set several books in Peak locations; Toad Hole, Lucky Columbell and Broken River take place in the Derwent Valley.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Geraldine Brooks's first novel, Year of Wonders (2001), blends fact and fiction in the story of the plague village of Eyam.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Eyam also inspired Children of Winter by children's novelist Berlie Doherty, who has set several other works in the Peak, including Deep Secret, based on the drowning of the villages of Derwent and Ashopton by the Ladybower Reservoir, and Blue John, inspired by the cavern at Castleton.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Clear
Many works of crime and horror have been set in the Peak. The Terror of Blue John Gap by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) recounts terrible events at the Blue John mines.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Sherlock Holmes investigates the kidnapping of a child in The Adventure of the Priory School.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Many horror stories by local author Robert Murray Gilchrist feature Peak settings.<ref name="Peak_Experience"/> Stephen Booth has set a crime-fiction series in real and imagined Peak locations,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> while In Pursuit of the Proper Sinner, an Inspector Lynley mystery by Elizabeth George, is set on the fictional Calder Moor.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Another local author who sets crime novels there is Sarah Ward.<ref>Author site.</ref>
Other writers and poets who lived in or visited the Peak include Samuel Johnson, William Congreve, Anna Seward, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Lord Byron, Thomas Moore, Richard Furness, D. H. Lawrence, Vera Brittain, Richmal Crompton and Nat Gould.<ref name="Peak_Experience"/><ref name="Peakland_Heritage"/> The landscapes and historic houses are popular settings for film and television. The classic 1955 film The Dam Busters was filmed at the Upper Derwent Valley reservoirs, where practice flights for the bombing raids on the Ruhr dams had been made during the Second World War.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In adaptations of Pride and Prejudice, Longnor has featured as Lambton, and Lyme Park and Chatsworth House have stood in for Pemberley.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Haddon Hall doubled as Thornfield Hall in two adaptations of Jane Eyre and has appeared in several films, including Elizabeth, The Princess Bride and The Other Boleyn Girl.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The television medical drama Peak Practice set in the fictional village of Cardale was filmed in Crich, Matlock and other Peak locations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The world's longest-running sitcom, Last of the Summer Wine, was filmed in Holmfirth and the surrounding Holme Valley.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The psychological thriller Dead Man's Shoes was filmed in 2003 in and around Matlock, Bonsall, Darley Dale, Tansley and Riber, and featured Riber Castle.Template:Citation needed
See also
[edit]- Derbyshire moors
- Forest of High Peak, a royal hunting reserve in medieval times in the area
- List of hills in the Peak District
- Peak District-related lists
References
[edit]External links
[edit]Template:Commons category Template:Wikivoyage
- Official website of the Peak District National Park Authority Template:Webarchive
- Peak District Template:Webarchive at The National Trust
- Foundations of the Peak – geological information at British Geological Survey
- Visit Peak District & Derbyshire official tourist information
Template:National parks in the UK Template:Authority control
- Pages with broken file links
- Peak District
- Climbing areas of England
- Geography of Cheshire
- Geography of Derbyshire
- Geography of Greater Manchester
- Geology of Derbyshire
- Geography of Staffordshire
- Geography of South Yorkshire
- Geography of West Yorkshire
- National parks in England
- Natural regions of England
- Parks and open spaces in Derbyshire
- Protected areas established in 1951