Editing Indonesian language (section)

=== Modern and colloquial Indonesian ===
{{further|Indonesian slang}}
[[File:Sukarno hatta airport - Terminal - Jakarta - Indonesia.jpg|thumb|right|Road signs in an [[airport terminal]]]]
[[File:Kuta Bali Indonesia Tol-Station-Nusa-Dua-01.jpg|thumb|Toll gate in [[Bali]]]]
[[File:Jakarta Indonesia Bus-stop-Monumen-Nasional-02.jpg|thumb|right|Indonesian language used on a [[Kopaja]] bus advertisement]]

Indonesian is spoken as a [[mother tongue]] and national language. Over 200 million people regularly make use of the national language, with varying degrees of proficiency. In a nation that is home to more than 700 native languages and a vast array of ethnic groups, it plays an important unifying and cross-archipelagic role for the country. Use of the national language is abundant in the media, [[government]] bodies, [[school]]s, [[University|universities]], [[workplace]]s, among members of the upper-class or nobility and also in formal situations, despite the 2010 census showing only 19.94% of over-five-year-olds speak mainly Indonesian at home.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/kewarganegaraan%20penduduk%20indonesia/index.html | title=Publication Name | access-date=4 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710134114/http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/kewarganegaraan%20penduduk%20indonesia/index.html | archive-date=10 July 2017 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Standard Indonesian is used in books and newspapers and on television/radio news broadcasts. The standard dialect, however, is rarely used in daily conversations, being confined mostly to formal settings. While this is a phenomenon common to most languages in the world (for example, spoken English does not always correspond to its written standards), the proximity of spoken Indonesian (in terms of grammar and vocabulary) to its normative form is noticeably low. This is mostly due to Indonesians combining aspects of their own local languages (e.g., [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]], and [[Balinese language|Balinese]]) with Indonesian. This results in various vernacular varieties of Indonesian, the very types that a foreigner is most likely to hear upon arriving in any Indonesian city or town.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20180703-why-no-one-speaks-indonesias-language Why no-one speaks Indonesia's language], BBC, by David Fettling, 4 July 2018</ref> This phenomenon is amplified by the use of [[Indonesian slang]], particularly in the cities. Unlike the relatively uniform standard variety, Vernacular Indonesian exhibits a high degree of geographical variation, though Colloquial Jakartan Indonesian functions as the ''de facto'' norm of informal language and is a popular source of influence throughout the archipelago.<ref name="Sneddon-2003" /> There is [[language shift]] of [[first language]] among Indonesian into Indonesian from other language in Indonesia caused by ethnic diversity than urbanicity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pepinsky |first1=Thomas B. |last2=Abtahian |first2=Maya Ravindranath |last3=Cohn |first3=Abigail C. |date=2022-03-24 |title=Urbanization, ethnic diversity, and language shift in Indonesia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01434632.2022.2055761 |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |volume=45 |issue=7 |language=en |pages=2503–2521 |doi=10.1080/01434632.2022.2055761 |issn=0143-4632}}</ref>

The most common and widely used colloquial Indonesian is heavily influenced by the [[Betawi language]], a [[Malay trade and creole languages|Malay-based creole]] of [[Jakarta]], amplified by its popularity in Indonesian popular culture in mass media and Jakarta's status as the national capital. In informal spoken Indonesian, various words are replaced with those of a less formal nature. For example, {{lang|id|tidak}} (no) is often replaced with the Betawi form {{lang|id|nggak}} or the even simpler {{lang|id|gak/ga}}, while {{lang|id|seperti}} (like, similar to) is often replaced with {{lang|jv-Latn|kayak}} {{IPA|ms|kajaʔ|}}. {{lang|id|Sangat}} or {{lang|id|amat}} (very), the term to express intensity, is often replaced with the Javanese-influenced {{lang|id|banget}}. As for pronunciation, the diphthongs ''ai'' and ''au'' on the end of base words are typically pronounced as {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}}. In informal writing, the spelling of words is modified to reflect the actual pronunciation in a way that can be produced with less effort. For example, {{lang|id|capai}} becomes {{lang|id|cape}} or {{lang|id|capek}}, {{lang|id|pakai}} becomes {{lang|id|pake}}, {{lang|id|kalau}} becomes {{lang|id|kalo}}. In verbs, the prefix ''me-'' is often dropped, although an initial nasal consonant is often retained, as when {{lang|id|mengangkat}} becomes {{lang|id|ngangkat}} (the basic word is {{lang|id|angkat}}). The suffixes ''-kan'' and ''-i'' are often replaced by ''-in''. For example, {{lang|id|mencarikan}} becomes {{lang|id|nyariin}}, {{lang|id|menuruti}} becomes {{lang|id|nurutin}}. The latter grammatical aspect is one often closely related to the Indonesian spoken in Jakarta and its surrounding areas.