Editing Latino (demonym) (section)

=== Contrast with ''Hispanic'' ===
{{Hispanic and Latino Americans|right}}
{{Further|Hispanic and Latino (ethnic categories)}}
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Whereas ''Latino'' designates someone with roots in Latin America, the term ''Hispanic'' in contrast is a [[demonym]] that includes Spaniards and other speakers of the Spanish language.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object-groups/mexican-america?ogmt_page=mexican-america-glossary |title=Defining 'Hispanic' as meaning those with Spanish-speaking roots in the Americas and 'Latino' as meaning those with both Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking roots in Latin America |website=Americanhistory.si.edu |access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/uselectionroadtrip/2008/oct/18/uselections2008-race-newmexico |location=London |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |first=Kevin |last=Anderson |title=US elections 2008 (News), New Mexico (News), US politics |date=2008-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Herald Style Guide |access-date=6 April 2012 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/heraldstyleguide/ |website=Sites.google.com}}</ref>{{better source needed |reason=None of these three sources adequately defines 'Hispanic' as generally excluding Brazilians and French speaking parts of Latin America, but including Spaniards, and 'latino' as generally including Brazilians, Haitians and excluding Spaniards. |date=August 2019}}

The term ''Latino'' was officially adopted in 1997 by the [[United States Government]] in the ethnonym ''[[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Hispanic or Latino]]'', which replaced the single term ''Hispanic'': "Because regional usage of the terms differs – Hispanic is commonly used in the eastern portion of the United States, whereas Latino is commonly used in the western portion."<ref name=omb/>

U.S. official use of the term ''Hispanic'' has its origins in the [[1970 United States census|1970 census]]. The [[United States Census Bureau|Census Bureau]] attempted to identify all Hispanics by use of the following criteria in sampled sets:<ref name="historical census">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056.html |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |author=Gibson, Campbell |author2=Jung, Kay |access-date=2006-12-07 |date=September 2002 |work=Working Paper Series No. 56}}</ref>
:* Spanish speakers and persons belonging to a household where [[Spanish language|Spanish]] was spoken
:* Persons with [[Spanish people|Spanish]] heritage by birth location
:* Persons who self-identify with Latin America, excluding Brazil, Haiti and French Guiana

Neither ''Hispanic'' nor ''Latino'' refers to a [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|race]], as a person of Latino or Hispanic ethnicity can be of any race.<ref name="overview">{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-1.pdf |title=Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin |access-date=2007-07-15 |author=United States Census Bureau |date=March 2001 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212034359/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-context=dt&-reg=DEC_2000_SF2_U_PCT007:001 |archive-date=2020-02-12}}</ref><ref name="compraceho">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/compraceho.html |title=U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data |access-date=2007-03-18 |author=U.S. Census Bureau |quote=Race and Hispanic origin are two separate concepts in the federal statistical system. People who are Hispanic may be of any race. People in each race group may be either Hispanic or Not Hispanic. Each person has two attributes, their race (or races) and whether or not they are Hispanic.}}</ref> Like non-Latinos, a Latino can be of any race or combination of races: [[White people|White]], [[Black people|Black]] or [[African American]], [[Asian American]], [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] or [[Alaskan Native]], [[Native Hawaiian]] or other [[Pacific Islander American]], or [[Multiracial American|two or more ethnicities]]. While Brazilian Americans are not included with Hispanics and Latinos in the government's census population reports, any Brazilian American can report as being Hispanic or Latino since Hispanic or Latino origin is, like race or ethnicity, a matter of self-identification.<ref name=overview/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=B03001. Hispanic or Latino Origin by Spedific Origin |access-date=2008-01-20 |work=2006 American Community Survey |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref>

Other federal and local government agencies and non-profit organizations include Brazilians and Portuguese in their definition of ''Hispanic''. The [[United States Department of Transportation|U.S. Department of Transportation]] defines "Hispanic Americans" as: "persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, Central or South American, or other Spanish or Portuguese culture or origin, regardless of race".<ref>[https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/download/module5.pdf#page=359 U.S. Department of Transportation], "Disadvantaged Business Enterprise Program Administration Reference Manual For Division Office Civil Rights Personnel", Fhwa.dot.gov</ref> This definition has been adopted by the [[Small Business Administration]] as well as by many federal, state, and municipal agencies for the purposes of awarding government contracts to minority owned businesses. 
The [[Congressional Hispanic Caucus]] and the [[Congressional Hispanic Conference]] include representatives of Spanish and Portuguese descent. The [[Hispanic Society of America]] is dedicated to the study of the arts and cultures of [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], and [[Latin America]]. Each year since 1997 the International Latino Book Award is conferred to the best achievements in Spanish or Portuguese literature at [[BookExpo America]], the largest publishing trade show in the United States. The [[Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities]], which proclaims itself the champion of Hispanic success in higher education, has member institutions in the U.S., Puerto Rico, Latin America, Spain, and Portugal.

The ''[[American Heritage Dictionary]]'' maintains a distinction between the terms ''Hispanic'' and ''Latino'':

<blockquote>Though often used interchangeably in American English, ''Hispanic'' and ''Latino'' are not identical terms, and in certain contexts the choice between them can be significant. ''Hispanic'', from the Latin word for "Spain," has the broader reference, potentially encompassing all Spanish-speaking peoples in both hemispheres and emphasizing the common denominator of language among communities that sometimes have little else in common. ''Latino''—which in Spanish and Portuguese means "Latin" but which as an English word is probably a shortening of the Spanish word ''latinoamericano''—refers more exclusively to persons or communities of Latin American origin. Of the two, only ''Hispanic'' can be used in referring to Spain and its history and culture; a native of Spain residing in the United States is a ''Hispanic'', not a ''Latino'', and one cannot substitute ''Latino'' in the phrase ''the Hispanic influence on native Mexican cultures'' without garbling the meaning. In practice, however, this distinction is of little significance when referring to residents of the United States, most of whom are of Latin American origin and can theoretically be called by either word.<ref name= "AmerHer" >{{cite web |url=https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?id=H5224500 |title=His·pan·ic |work=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |edition=5th |publisher=HarperCollins |access-date=2022-09-28}}</ref>
</blockquote>

The ''[[AP Stylebook]]'' also distinguishes between the terms ''Hispanic'' and ''Latino''. The Stylebook limits the term ''Hispanic'' to people "from – or whose ancestors were from – a Spanish-speaking land or culture". It provides a more expansive definition, however, of the term ''Latino''. The Stylebook definition of Latino includes not only people of Spanish-speaking ancestry, but also more generally includes persons "from – or whose ancestors were from – . . . Latin America". The Stylebook specifically lists "Brazilian" as an example of a group which can be considered Latino.

There were 28 categories tabulated in the [[2000 United States census]]: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, Central American: Costa Rican, Guatemalan, Honduran, Nicaraguan, Panamanian, Salvadoran, Other Central American; South American: Argentinian, Bolivian, Chilean, Colombian, Ecuadorian, Paraguayan, Peruvian, Uruguayan, Venezuelan, Other South American; Other Hispanic or Latino: Spaniard, Spanish, Spanish American, All other Hispanic or Latino.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/glossary_s.html#spanish_hispanic_latino |title=American FactFinder Help; Spanish/Hispanic/Latino |access-date=2009-03-02 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20010306000043/http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/glossary_s.html#spanish_hispanic_latino |archive-date=March 6, 2001}}</ref>