Editing Gonad (section)

==Aging==
===Ovarian aging===
A delay in having children is common in the developed world and this delay is often associated with ovarian [[female infertility]] and subfertility. Ovarian aging is characterized by progressive decline of the quality and number of [[oocyte]]s.<ref name = Park2021>{{cite journal |vauthors=Park SU, Walsh L, Berkowitz KM |title=Mechanisms of ovarian aging |journal=Reproduction |volume=162 |issue=2 |pages=R19–R33 |date=July 2021 |pmid=33999842 |pmc=9354567 |doi=10.1530/REP-21-0022 }}</ref> This decline is likely due, in part, to reduced expression of genes that encode proteins necessary for [[DNA repair]] and [[meiosis]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Yang Q, Mumusoglu S, Qin Y, Sun Y, Hsueh AJ |title=A kaleidoscopic view of ovarian genes associated with premature ovarian insufficiency and senescence |journal=FASEB J |volume=35 |issue=8 |pages=e21753 |date=August 2021 |pmid=34233068 |doi=10.1096/fj.202100756R |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Turan V, Oktay K |title=BRCA-related ATM-mediated DNA double-strand break repair and ovarian aging |journal=Hum Reprod Update |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=43–57 |date=January 2020 |pmid=31822904 |pmc=6935693 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dmz043 }}</ref> Such reduced expression can lead to increased [[DNA damage (naturally occurring)|DNA damage]] and errors in meiotic [[homologous recombination|recombination]].<ref name = Park2021/>

===Testicular aging===
The testes of older men often have [[sperm]] abnormalities that can ultimately lead to [[male infertility]].<ref name = Dong2022/>  These abnormalities include accumulation of DNA damage and decreased DNA repair ability.<ref name = Dong2022>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dong S, Chen C, Zhang J, Gao Y, Zeng X, Zhang X |title=Testicular aging, male fertility and beyond |journal=Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) |volume=13 |issue= |pages=1012119 |date=2022 |pmid=36313743 |pmc=9606211 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2022.1012119 |doi-access=free}}</ref>  During spermatogenesis in the testis, spontaneous new mutations arise and tend to accumulate with age.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Cioppi F, Casamonti E, Krausz C |title=Genetic Damage in Human Spermatozoa |chapter=Age-Dependent De Novo Mutations During Spermatogenesis and Their Consequences |series=Adv Exp Med Biol |volume=1166 |pages=29–46 |date=2019 |pmid=31301044 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-21664-1_2 |isbn=978-3-030-21663-4 }}</ref>