Gonad

A gonad, sex gland, or reproductive gland<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> is a mixed gland and sex organ that produces the gametes and sex hormones of an organism. Female reproductive cells are egg cells, and male reproductive cells are sperm.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The male gonad, the testicle, produces sperm in the form of spermatozoa. The female gonad, the ovary, produces egg cells. Both of these gametes are haploid cells. Some hermaphroditic animals (and some humansTemplate:Px2Template:MdashTemplate:Hspsee Ovotesticular syndrome) have a type of gonad called an ovotestis.

Evolution

Template:Main It is hard to find a common origin for gonads, but gonads most likely evolved independently several times.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Regulation

The gonads are controlled by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), produced and secreted by gonadotropes or gonadotrophins in the anterior pituitary gland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This secretion is regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) produced in the hypothalamus.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=Marieb>Template:Cite book</ref>

Development

The gonads develop from three sources; the mesothelium, underlying mesenchyme and the primordial germ cells. Gonads start developing as a common primordium (an organ in the earliest stage of development), in the form of genital ridges,<ref name="Larsen1">Template:Cite book</ref> at the sixth week, which are only later differentiated to male or female sex organs (except when they are not differentiated). The presence of the SRY gene,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> located on the short arm of the Y chromosome and encoding the testis determining factor, usually determines male sexual differentiation. In the absence of the SRY gene from the Y chromosome, usually the female sex (ovaries instead of testes) will develop. The development of the gonads is a part of the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.Template:Cn

Disease

The gonads are subject to many diseases, such as hypergonadism, hypogonadism, agonadism, tumors, and cancer, among others.Template:Citation needed

Aging

Ovarian aging

A delay in having children is common in the developed world and this delay is often associated with ovarian female infertility and subfertility. Ovarian aging is characterized by progressive decline of the quality and number of oocytes.<ref name = Park2021>Template:Cite journal</ref> This decline is likely due, in part, to reduced expression of genes that encode proteins necessary for DNA repair and meiosis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Such reduced expression can lead to increased DNA damage and errors in meiotic recombination.<ref name = Park2021/>

Testicular aging

The testes of older men often have sperm abnormalities that can ultimately lead to male infertility.<ref name = Dong2022/> These abnormalities include accumulation of DNA damage and decreased DNA repair ability.<ref name = Dong2022>Template:Cite journal</ref> During spermatogenesis in the testis, spontaneous new mutations arise and tend to accumulate with age.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

See also

• Gonadosomatic Index
• Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis