Editing Christopher Nolan (section)

=== 2014–2019: ''Interstellar'', ''Dunkirk'' and other activities ===
[[File:Jonathan Nolan by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Nolan and his younger brother, [[Jonathan Nolan|Jonathan]] (''pictured'' in 2017), wrote several screenplays together, including that of ''Interstellar''.|alt=Jonathan Nolan looking to his left]]

Nolan next directed, wrote and produced the science-fiction film ''[[Interstellar (film)|Interstellar]]'' (2014). The first drafts of the script were written by Jonathan Nolan, and it was originally to be directed by [[Steven Spielberg]].{{sfn|Nathan|2022|pp=160–161}} Based on the scientific theories of [[theoretical physicist]] [[Kip Thorne]], the film follows a group of [[astronaut]]s who travel through a [[wormhole]] in search of a new home for humanity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jagernauth|first=Kevin |date=10 January 2013 |title=Christopher Nolan's Merging an Original Idea with Jonah Nolan's Old Screenplay for ''Interstellar'' |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/christopher-nolans-merging-an-original-idea-with-jonah-nolans-old-screenplay-for-interstellar-20130110 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112010928/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/christopher-nolans-merging-an-original-idea-with-jonah-nolans-old-screenplay-for-interstellar-20130110 |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=13 January 2013 |publisher=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref> In a 2014 discussion of the film's physics, Nolan expressed his admiration for [[scientific objectivity]], wishing it were applied "in every aspect of our civilisation".<ref name="ThorneNolan">{{Cite magazine |last=Kluger|first=Jeffery|title=Watch Christopher Nolan and Kip Thorne Discuss the Physics of ''Interstellar'' |url=https://time.com/3602525/christopher-nolan-physics-interstellar-kip-thorne/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214175028/http://time.com/3602525/christopher-nolan-physics-interstellar-kip-thorne/ |archive-date=14 February 2016 |access-date=15 August 2017|date=24 November 2014}}</ref> ''Interstellar'' – starring [[Matthew McConaughey]], [[Anne Hathaway]] and [[Jessica Chastain]] – was released to positive reviews and grossed $773{{nbsp}}million worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Interstellar'' Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/interstellar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804225550/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/interstellar |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=13 November 2014 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Interstellar'' (2014) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0816692/?ref_=bo_rl_ti |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316082328/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=interstellar.htm |archive-date=16 March 2015 |access-date=12 January 2015 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> Observing its "visual dazzle, thematic ambition", ''The New York Times''{{'s}} [[A. O. Scott]] wrote that ''Interstellar'' is a "sweeping, futuristic adventure driven by grief, dread and regret".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Off to the Stars, with Grief, Dread and Regret |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 November 2014 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/05/movies/interstellar-christopher-nolans-search-for-a-new-planet.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828121417/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/05/movies/interstellar-christopher-nolans-search-for-a-new-planet.html |archive-date=28 August 2016|last1=Scott |first1=A. O. |author-link=A. O. Scott|url-access=limited}}</ref> Documentary filmmaker [[Toni Myers]] called the film "a real work of art" and praised it for exploring a story spanning multiple generations.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Richard |last=Trenholm|title=Space station film school: How astronauts shot this glorious IMAX movie |url=https://www.cnet.com/science/space-station-film-school-how-astronauts-shot-this-glorious-imax-documentary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610145325/http://www.cnet.com/news/space-station-film-school-how-astronauts-shot-this-glorious-imax-documentary/ |date=10 June 2016|archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |publisher=[[CNET]]}}</ref> ''Interstellar'' was particularly praised for its scientific accuracy, which led to the publication of two [[scientific papers|academic papers]].{{sfn|James et al.|2015a}}{{sfn|James et al.|2015b}} The ''[[American Journal of Physics]]'' called for it to be shown in school science lessons.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Pallab |date=23 June 2015 |title=''Interstellar'' 'should be shown in school lessons' |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33173197 |url-status=live |access-date=23 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624075813/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-33173197 |archive-date=24 June 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|James et al.|2015b|p=486}} At the [[87th Academy Awards]], the film won Best Visual Effects and received four other nominations.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=D'Addario|first=Daniel|date=15 January 2015 |title=Oscars 2015: See the Full List of Nominees |url=https://time.com/3668006/oscars-2015-nominations/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115180510/http://time.com/3668006/oscars-2015-nominations/ |archive-date=15 January 2015 |access-date=16 January 2015}}</ref> Also in 2014, Nolan and Emma Thomas served as executive producers on ''[[Transcendence (2014 film)|Transcendence]]'', the directorial debut of his longtime cinematographer [[Wally Pfister]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=13 June 2012 |title=Christopher Nolan to Exec Produce Wally Pfister's Directorial Debut |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/christopher-nolan-wally-pfister-dark-knight-rises-337015 |url-status=live |access-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922192453/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/christopher-nolan-wally-pfister-dark-knight-rises-337015 |archive-date=22 September 2012}}</ref>

In the mid-2010s, Nolan took part in several ventures for film preservation and distribution of the work of lesser-known filmmakers. His production company, Syncopy, formed a joint venture with [[Zeitgeist Films]] to release [[Blu-ray]] editions of Zeitgeist's films.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=19 February 2015 |title=Christopher Nolan's Syncopy Teaming With Zeitgeist on Blu-ray Releases (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/christopher-nolans-syncopy-teaming-with-zeitgeist-on-blu-ray-releases-exclusive-1201437195/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224023820/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/christopher-nolans-syncopy-teaming-with-zeitgeist-on-blu-ray-releases-exclusive-1201437195/ |archive-date=24 February 2015 |access-date=23 February 2015}}</ref> As a part of the Blu-ray release of the animation films of the [[Brothers Quay]], Nolan directed the documentary short ''[[Quay (film)|Quay]]'' (2015). He initiated a theatrical tour, showcasing the Quays' ''[[In Absentia (film)|In Absentia]]'', ''The Comb'' and ''[[Street of Crocodiles]]''. [[IndieWire]] wrote that the brothers "will undoubtedly have hundreds, if not thousands more fans because of Nolan, and for that ''The Quay Brothers in 35mm'' will always be one of [the] latter's most important contributions to cinema".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharf |first=Zack |date=20 August 2015 |title=Why 'The Quay Brothers in 35mm' Is One of Christopher Nolan's Greatest Accomplishments |publisher=[[IndieWire]] |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2015/08/why-the-quay-brothers-in-35mm-is-one-of-christopher-nolans-greatest-accomplishments-59077/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821010112/http://www.indiewire.com/article/why-the-quay-brothers-in-35mm-is-one-of-christopher-nolans-greatest-accomplishments-20150820 |archive-date=21 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Labrecque |first=Jeff |date=27 July 2015 |title=Christopher Nolan's next movie is a documentary short |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/07/27/christopher-nolan-short-film-quay? |url-status=live |access-date=28 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729031620/http://www.ew.com/article/2015/07/27/christopher-nolan-short-film-quay |archive-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> An advocate for the survival of the analogue medium, Nolan and visual artist [[Tacita Dean]] invited representatives from leading American film archives, laboratories and presenting institutions to participate in an informal summit entitled ''Reframing the Future of Film'' at the [[Getty Museum]] in March 2015.<ref name="filmvsdigital 2">{{Cite news |last=Foundas |first=Scott |date=11 March 2015 |title=Christopher Nolan Rallies the Troops to Save Celluloid Film |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/columns/christopher-nolan-rallies-the-troops-to-save-celluloid-film-1201450536/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313152211/http://variety.com/2015/film/columns/christopher-nolan-rallies-the-troops-to-save-celluloid-film-1201450536/ |archive-date=13 March 2015 |access-date=12 March 2015 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Ben|last=Child |date=31 July 2014 |title=Tarantino and Nolan share a Kodak moment as studios fund film processing |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/jul/31/quentin-tarantino-christopher-nolan-kodak-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227150531/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/jul/31/quentin-tarantino-christopher-nolan-kodak-film |archive-date=27 February 2017 |access-date=27 February 2017 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Subsequent events were held at [[Tate Modern]] in London, [[Museo Rufino Tamayo, Mexico City|Museo Tamayo]] in Mexico City and [[Tata Theatre]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sahani |first1=Alaka |title=On Christopher Nolan's upcoming visit to India, celluloid in digital era and preservation of film heritage |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/celluloid-dreams-4/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=29 March 2018 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213172609/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/celluloid-dreams-4/ |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> In April 2015, Nolan joined the board of directors of [[The Film Foundation]], a non-profitable organisation dedicated to [[film preservation]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=22 April 2015 |title=Christopher Nolan Joins Film Foundation Board |url=https://deadline.com/2015/04/christopher-nolan-joins-film-foundation-board-1201414195/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424184303/http://deadline.com/2015/04/christopher-nolan-joins-film-foundation-board-1201414195/ |archive-date=24 April 2015 |access-date=22 April 2015}}</ref> and was appointed, along with Martin Scorsese, by the [[Library of Congress]] to serve on the [[National Film Preservation Board]] as DGA representatives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2015 |title=DGA Congratulates Martin Scorsese and Christopher Nolan on Appointments to National Film Preservation Board |url=http://www.dga.org/News/PressReleases/2015/150507-DGA-Congratulates-Martin-Scorsese-and-Christopher-Nolan-for-NFPB-appointments.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521043452/http://www.dga.org/News/PressReleases/2015/150507-DGA-Congratulates-Martin-Scorsese-and-Christopher-Nolan-for-NFPB-appointments.aspx |archive-date=21 May 2015 |access-date=19 May 2015 |publisher=[[The Directors Guild of America]]}}</ref> Nolan serves on the [[Motion Picture & Television Fund]] Board of Governors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://mptf.com/about-us/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209111559/https://mptf.com/about-us/ |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=4 February 2021 |publisher=[[Motion Picture & Television Fund]]}}</ref>

After serving as an executive producer on Zack Snyder's ''[[Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice]]'' (2016) and ''[[Justice League (film)|Justice League]]'' (2017),{{sfn|Nathan|2022|p=246}}{{sfn|Nathan|2022|p=247}} Nolan returned to directing with ''[[Dunkirk (2017 film)|Dunkirk]]'' (2017). Based on his own original screenplay and co-produced with Thomas, the film is set amid World War II in 1940 and the [[Dunkirk evacuation|evacuation]] of [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] soldiers from the beaches of [[Dunkirk]], France. Describing the film as a survival tale with a [[triptych]] structure, Nolan wanted to make a "sensory, almost experimental movie" with minimal dialogue.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Golhen |first=Gaël |date=28 February 2017 |title=Exclu: Christopher Nolan et ses collaborateurs révèlent 7 infos sur ''Dunkerque'' |url=http://www.premiere.fr/Cinema/News-Cinema/EXCLU-Christopher-Nolan-et-ses-collaborateurs-revelent-7-infos-sur-Dunkerque|trans-title=Exclusive: Christopher Nolan and his collaborators reveal 7 facts about ''Dunkirk'' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228144316/http://www.premiere.fr/Cinema/News-Cinema/EXCLU-Christopher-Nolan-et-ses-collaborateurs-revelent-7-infos-sur-Dunkerque/ |archive-date=28 February 2017 |access-date=28 February 2017 |work=[[Première (magazine)|Première]]|language=fr}}</ref> He said he waited to make ''Dunkirk'' until he had earned the trust of a major studio to let him make it as a British film but with an American budget.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nolan |first=Christopher |date=8 July 2017 |title=Spitfires, flotillas of boats, rough seas and 1,000 extras: Christopher Nolan on the making of ''Dunkirk'', his most challenging film to date |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2017/07/08/spitfires-flotillas-boats-rough-seas-1000-extras-christopher/ |url-status=live |access-date=8 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170710035754/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/2017/07/08/spitfires-flotillas-boats-rough-seas-1000-extras-christopher/ |archive-date=10 July 2017|url-access=subscription}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Before filming, Nolan sought advice from Spielberg, who later said in an interview with ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', "knowing and respecting that Chris [Nolan] is one of the world's most imaginative filmmakers, my advice to him was to leave his imagination, as I did on ''[[Saving Private Ryan|Ryan]]'', in second position to the research he was doing to authentically acquit this historical drama".<ref name="LangVariety">{{Cite news |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=8 November 2017 |title=Christopher Nolan Gets Candid on the State of Movies, Rise of TV and Spielberg's Influence |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/christopher-nolan-dunkirk-oscars-movies-tv-spielberg-1202607836/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108202018/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/christopher-nolan-dunkirk-oscars-movies-tv-spielberg-1202607836/ |archive-date=8 November 2017 |access-date=9 November 2017 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Starring an ensemble cast,<ref>{{Cite news |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=11 March 2016 |title=Harry Styles, Fionn Whitehead to Star in Christopher Nolan WW2 Action-Thriller ''Dunkirk'' |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/harry-styles-one-direction-christopher-nolan-dunkirk-1201728153 |url-status=live |access-date=7 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504152927/http://variety.com/2016/film/news/harry-styles-one-direction-christopher-nolan-dunkirk-1201728153/ |archive-date=4 May 2016}}</ref> ''Dunkirk'' was released to widespread critical acclaim and strong box office results.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McMillan |first=Graeme |date=17 July 2017 |title=''Dunkirk'': What the Critics Are Saying |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dunkirk-review-roundup-what-critics-are-saying-1021889 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170720161842/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/dunkirk-review-roundup-what-critics-are-saying-1021889 |archive-date=20 July 2017 |access-date=19 July 2017 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Dunkirk'' Reviews |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/dunkirk/critic-reviews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722182106/http://www.metacritic.com/movie/dunkirk/critic-reviews |archive-date=22 July 2017 |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Keegan |first=Rebecca |date=24 July 2017 |title=How ''Dunkirk'', Summer's Boldest Box-Office Gamble, Paid Off |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/07/dunkirk-success-christopher-nolan |url-status=live |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727032810/http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/07/dunkirk-success-christopher-nolan |archive-date=27 July 2017 |access-date=1 August 2017}}</ref> It grossed over $526{{nbsp}}million worldwide, making it the highest-grossing World War{{nbsp}}II film of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mithaiwala|first=Mansoor|date=15 September 2017 |title=''Dunkirk'' Becomes Highest Grossing WWII Film at Global Box Office |url=https://screenrant.com/dunkirk-highest-grossing-world-war-2-movie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103140621/https://screenrant.com/dunkirk-highest-grossing-world-war-2-movie/ |archive-date=3 November 2019 |access-date=13 December 2019 |publisher=[[Screen Rant]]}}</ref> In his review, [[Mick LaSalle]] of the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' wrote: "It's one of the best [[war film]]s ever made, distinct in its look, in its approach and in the effect it has on viewers. There are movies—they are rare—that lift you out of your present circumstances and immerse you so fully in another experience that you watch in a state of jaw-dropped awe. ''Dunkirk'' is that kind of movie."<ref>{{Cite news |first=Mick |last=LaSalle|author-link=Mick LaSalle|title=Not a victory, but a triumph in ''Dunkirk'' |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |url=https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Dunkirk-is-Christopher-Nolan-s-masterpiece-11297495.php|date=18 July 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528083008/https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Dunkirk-is-Christopher-Nolan-s-masterpiece-11297495.php |archive-date=28 May 2019}}</ref> The film received [[List of accolades received by Dunkirk|many accolades]], including Nolan's first Oscar nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]].<ref name="Sharf-2020"/>

[[File:Cannes 2018 4.jpg|thumb|upright=1.13|right|Nolan (right) with [[Keir Dullea]], Katharina Kubrick, Ron Sanders and [[Jan Harlan]] at the [[2018 Cannes Film Festival]]|alt=A picture showing five people standing on a red carpet]]
In 2018, Nolan supervised a new [[70 mm film|70{{nbsp}}mm]] print of [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s ''2001: A Space Odyssey'' (1968), made from the [[original camera negative]]; he presented it at the [[2018 Cannes Film Festival]].{{sfn|Elsaesser|2020|p=43}} ''[[USA Today]]'' observed that festival-goers greeted Nolan "like a rock star with a standing ovation".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mandell |first=Andrea |date=13 May 2018 |title=Christopher Nolan inspires crazed Cannes crowd, talks ''Batman'' trilogy |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2018/05/13/cannes-festival-christopher-nolan-inspires-crazed-crowd-talks-batman/605699002/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513200908/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2018/05/13/cannes-festival-christopher-nolan-inspires-crazed-crowd-talks-batman/605699002/ |archive-date=13 May 2018}}</ref> A year later, Nolan and Thomas received executive producer credits on ''[[The Doll's Breath]]'' (2019), an animated short directed by the Quay brothers.<ref name="Quay-Doll">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2019 |title=''The Doll's Breath'' |url=https://www.illuminationsmedia.co.uk/the-dolls-breath/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906110213/https://www.illuminationsmedia.co.uk/the-dolls-breath/ |archive-date=6 September 2020 |access-date=11 September 2019 |publisher=Illuminations Media}}</ref>