Editing Indonesian language (section)

== Vocabulary ==
{{see also|List of loanwords in Indonesian}}
{{Pie chart
|caption= Pie chart showing percentage of other languages contribute on loan words of Indonesian language
|value1=42.5
|label1=Dutch
|color1=#FCB514
|value2=20.9
|label2=English
|color2=#00247D
|value3=19
|label3=Arabic
|color3=#008000
|value4=9
|label4=Sanskrit and Hindi
|color4=#008080
|value5=3.6
|label5=Chinese
|color5=#BB133E
|value6=2
|label6=Portuguese
|color6=#8B008B
|value7=2
|label7=Tamil
|color7=#696969
|value8=1
|label8=Persian
|color8=#000000
}}

As a modern variety of Malay, Indonesian has been influenced by other languages, including [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[English language|English]], [[Greek language|Greek]] (where the name of the country, Indonesia, comes from), [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], and [[Persian language|Persian]]. The vast majority of Indonesian words, however, come from the root lexical stock of Austronesian (including Old Malay).<ref name="Paauw"/>

The study of Indonesian etymology and loan words reveals both its historical and social contexts. Examples are the early Sanskrit borrowings from the 7th century during the trading era, the borrowings from Arabic and Persian during the time of the establishment of Islam in particular, and those from Dutch during the colonial period. Linguistic history and cultural history are clearly linked.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aseasuk.org.uk/v2/aseasuknews/%252Fbookreviews/46/Grijns%20et%20al. |title=Loan-words in Indonesian and Malay |editor=C. D. Grijns |display-editors=etal |publisher=ASEASUK, Association of South-East Asian Studies in the United Kingdom |access-date=21 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112145030/http://aseasuk.org.uk/v2/aseasuknews/%252Fbookreviews/46/Grijns%20et%20al. |archive-date=12 November 2012  }}</ref>

List of loan words of Indonesian language published by the ''[[Language Development and Fostering Agency|Badan Pengembangan Bahasa dan Perbukuan]]'' (The Language Center) under the [[Ministry of Education (Indonesia)|Ministry of Education and Culture]]:<ref name="badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id">{{cite web|url=http://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/lamanbahasa/|title=Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa – Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|website=badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309064643/http://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/lamanbahasa/|archive-date=9 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Language origin
! Number of words
|-
| Dutch
| 3280
|-
| English
| 1610
|-
| Arabic
| 1495
|-
| Sanskrit
| 677
|-
| Chinese
| 290
|-
| Portuguese
| 131
|-
| Tamil
| 131 
|-
| Persian
| 63 
|-
| Hindi
| 7
|}

Note: This list only lists foreign languages, thus omitting numerous local languages of Indonesia that have also been major lexical donors, such as Javanese, Sundanese, Betawi, etc.

=== Loan words of Sanskrit origin ===
{{see also|List of Sanskrit loanwords in Indonesian}}
{{multiple image
| align             = 
| direction         = horizontal
| total_width       = 380
| image1            = Insignia of the Indonesian National Police.svg
| image2            = Insignia of the Indonesian Air Force.svg
| image3            = Insignia of the Indonesian Army.svg
| footer            = [[Indonesian National Police]], [[Indonesian Air Force]], [[Indonesian Army]] and [[Indonesian Navy]] mottos are ''Rastra Sewakottama'', ''Swa Bhuwana Paksa'', ''Kartika Eka Paksi'', ''Jalesveva Jayamahe'', all in the [[Sanskrit]] language.
| image4            = Insignia of the Indonesian Navy.svg
}}
The [[Sanskrit]] influence came from contacts with [[India]] since ancient times. The words were either borrowed directly from India or with the intermediary of the [[Old Javanese language]]. Although [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] are no longer the major religions of Indonesia, [[Sanskrit]], which was the language vehicle for these religions, is still held in high esteem and is comparable with the status of [[Latin]] in [[English language|English]] and other Western European languages. Sanskrit is also the main source for [[neologism]]s, which are usually formed from Sanskrit roots. The loanwords from Sanskrit cover many aspects of [[religion]], [[art]] and everyday life.

From [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] came such words as स्वर्ग ''surga'' (heaven), भाषा ''bahasa'' (language), काच ''kaca'' (glass, mirror), राज- ''raja'' (king), मनुष्य ''manusia'' (mankind), चिन्ता ''cinta'' (love), भूमि ''bumi'' (earth), भुवन ''buana'' (world), आगम ''agama'' (religion), स्त्री ''Istri'' (wife/woman), जय ''Jaya'' (victory/victorious), पुर ''Pura'' (city/temple/place) राक्षस ''[[Raksasa]]'' (giant/monster), धर्म ''[[Dharma]]'' (rule/regulations), मन्त्र ''[[Mantra]]'' (words/poet/spiritual prayers), क्षत्रिय ''Satria'' (warrior/brave/soldier), विजय ''Wijaya'' (greatly victorious/great victory), etc. [[Sanskrit]] words and sentences are also used in names, titles, and mottos of the Indonesian National Police and Indonesian Armed Forces such as: ''[[Indonesian National Police|Bhayangkara]]'', ''[[Laksamana]]'', ''[[Jatayu]]'', ''[[Garuda]]'', ''Dharmakerta Marga Reksyaka'', ''[[Indonesian Navy|Jalesveva Jayamahe]]'', ''[[Indonesian Army|Kartika Eka Paksi]]'', ''[[Indonesian Air Force|Swa Bhuwana Paksa]]'', ''[[Indonesian National Police|Rastra Sewakottama]]'', ''Yudha Siaga'', etc.

Because [[Sanskrit]] has long been known in the [[Indonesian archipelago]], Sanskrit loanwords, unlike those from other languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign. Therefore, one could write a short story using mostly Sanskrit-derived words. The short story below consists of approximately 80 words in Indonesian that are all derived from Sanskrit, as well as a few native [[function words]] and affixes.

:'''''[[wikt:karena|Karena]]''' '''[[wikt:semua|semua]]''' di'''[[wikt:biaya|biaya]]'''i meng'''[[wikt:guna|guna]]'''kan '''[[wikt:dana|dana]]''' '''[[wikt:negara|negara]]''' '''[[wikt:juta|juta]]'''an '''[[wikt:rupiah|rupiah]]''', '''[[wikt:baginda|baginda]] [[wikt:maharaja|maharaja]] [[wikt:bijaksa|bijaksana]]''', sang '''[[wikt:mahaguru|mahaguru]]''' '''[[wikt:sastra|sastra]] [[wikt:bahasa|bahasa]] [[wikt:Kawi|Kawi]]''', '''[[wikt:mahasiswa|mahasiswa]]-[[wikt:mahasiswi|mahasiswi]]''' per'''[[wikt:guru|guru]]'''an '''[[wikt:swasta|swasta]]''', '''[[wikt:duta|duta]]-[[wikt:duta|duta]] [[wikt:negeri|negeri]] [[wikt:mitra|mitra]]''' dan '''[[wikt:suami|suami]]/[[wikt:istri|istri]]nya, [[wikt:Menteri|Menteri]]''' Ke'''[[wikt:budaya|budaya]]'''an dan '''[[wikt:Pariwisata|Pariwisata]]''', '''[[wikt:karyawan|karyawan]]-[[wikt:karyawati|karyawati]]''' per'''[[wikt:usaha|usaha]]'''an ke'''[[wikt:tenaga|tenaga]][[wikt:kerja|kerja]]'''an, '''[[wikt:bupati|bupati]] [[wikt:budiman|budiman]]''', be'''[[wikt:serta|serta]] [[wikt:anggota|anggota]] [[wikt:lembaga|lembaga]] [[wikt:nirlaba|nirlaba]]''' ke'''[[wikt:wanita|wanita]]'''an  '''[[wikt:segera|segera]]''' ber'''[[wikt:darmawisata|darmawisata]]''' ke ka'''[[wikt:kawasan|wasa]]'''n pe'''[[wikt:desa|desa]]'''an di '''[[wikt:utara|utara]] [[wikt:kota|kota]]''' ka'''[[wikt:bupati|bupate]]'''n '''[[wikt:Probolinggo|Probolinggo]] [[wikt:antara|antara]] [[wikt:candi|candi]]-[[wikt:candi|candi]] [[wikt:purba|purba]]''' ber'''[[wikt:arca|arca]]''' dan ber'''[[wikt:prasasti|prasasti]]''', ber'''[[wikt:wahana|wahana]] [[wikt:pedati|pedati]] [[wikt:kuda|kuda]]''' dan '''[[wikt:keledai|keledai]]''' di '''[[wikt:kala|kala]] [[wikt:senja|senja]]''', lalu ber'''[[wikt:sama|sama]] [[wikt:kepala|kepala]]''', '''[[wikt:bendahara|bendahara]]''' dan '''[[wikt:kerani|kerani]] [[wikt:desa|desa]]''' me'''[[wikt:saksi|nyaksi]]'''kan '''[[wikt:para|para]]''' pe'''[[wikt:petani|tani]]''' dan '''[[wikt:gembala|gembala]]''' yang ber'''[[wikt:jiwa|jiwa]]''' ber'''[[wikt:sahaja|sahaja]] [[wikt:serta|serta]]''' ber'''[[wikt:budi|budi]] [[wikt:nirmala|nirmala]]''' se'''[[wikt:cara|cara]] [[wikt:sukacita|sukacita]]''' dan ber'''[[wikt:bahagia|bahagia]]''' ber'''[[wikt:upacara|upacara]], [[wikt:seraya|seraya]]''' me'''[[wikt:merdu|merdu]]'''kan '''[[wikt:suara|suara]]''' '''[[wikt:gita|gita]]-[[wikt:gita|gita]] [[wikt:mantra|mantra]]''', yang me'''[[wikt:rupa|rupa]]'''kan '''[[wikt:sarana|sarana]] [[wikt:puji|puji]]'''an mereka me'''[[wikt:puja|muja]] [[wikt:nama|nama]] [[wikt:suci|suci]] [[wikt:Dewi|Dewi]] [[wikt:Pertiwi|Pertiwi]]''', atas '''[[wikt:kuasa|kuasa]]'''nya ber'''[[wikt:sedia|sedia]]''' meng'''[[wikt:anugerah|anugerah]]'''i mereka '''[[wikt:karunia|karunia]]''' dan '''[[wikt:restu|restu]]''', '''[[wikt:cita|cita]]''' dan '''[[wikt:cinta|cinta]]''', '''[[wikt:sejahtera|sejahtera]]''' dan '''[[wikt:sentosa|sentosa]]''', men'''[[wikt:jaga|jaga]] [[wikt:jiwa raga|jiwa raga]]''' dan '''[[wikt:harta|harta]]''' dari '''[[wikt:segala|segala]] [[wikt:bahaya|bahaya]]''', '''[[wikt:mala|mala]] [[wikt:petaka|petaka]]''' dan '''[[wikt:bencana|bencana]]''', '''[[wikt:seperti|seperti]] [[wikt:banjir|banjir]]''' dan '''[[wikt:gempa bumi|gempa bumi]]'''''.

=== Loan words of Chinese origin ===
{{see also|List of Chinese loanwords in Indonesian}}
The relationship with China has been going since the 7th century when Chinese merchants traded in some areas of the archipelago such as [[Riau]], [[West Borneo]], [[East Kalimantan]], and [[North Maluku]]. As the kingdom of Srivijaya appeared and flourished, China opened diplomatic relations with the kingdom in order to secure trade and seafaring. In 922, Chinese travelers visited [[Kahuripan]] in [[East Java]]. Since the 11th century, hundreds of thousands of Chinese migrants left [[Mainland China]] and settled in many parts of Nusantara (now called Indonesia).

The [[Chinese language|Chinese]] loanwords are usually concerned with cuisine, trade or often just things exclusively Chinese. Words of Chinese origin (presented here with accompanying [[Hokkien]]/ Mandarin pronunciation derivatives as well as [[Traditional characters|traditional]] and [[simplified characters]]) include ''loteng'', (樓/層 = lóu/céng&nbsp;– [upper] floor/ level), ''mie'' (麵 > 面 Hokkien mī&nbsp;– noodles), ''[[lumpia]]'' (潤餅 (Hokkien = lūn-piáⁿ)&nbsp;– springroll), ''cawan'' (茶碗 cháwǎn&nbsp;– teacup), ''teko'' (茶壺 > 茶壶 = cháhú [Mandarin], teh-ko [Hokkien] = teapot), 苦力 kuli (= 苦 khu (hard) and 力 li (energy) – coolie) and even the widely used slang terms ''gua'' and ''lu'' (from the Hokkien 'goa' 我 and 'lu/li' 汝&nbsp;– meaning 'I/ me' and 'you').

=== Loan words of Arabic origin ===
[[File:Jakarta Indonesia Istiqlal-Mosque-03.jpg|thumb|The word ''masjid'' (mosque) in Indonesian derived from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word ''{{Transliteration|ar|Wehr|masjid}}'' ({{lang|ar|مسجد|rtl=yes}}).]]
Many Arabic words were brought and spread by merchants from [[Arab Peninsula]] like [[Arabian people|Arabian]], [[Persian people|Persian]], and from the western part of India, [[Gujarat]] where many Muslims lived.<ref name="catdir.loc.gov">{{Cite book |url=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam032/98020577.pdf |title=Shifting Languages: Interaction and Identity in Javanese Indonesia |chapter=Introduction |first=J. Joseph |last=Errington |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1998 |access-date=14 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315041651/http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam032/98020577.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, many Indonesian words come from the Arabic language. Especially since the late 12th century, Old Malay was heavily influenced by the language and produced many great literary works such as [[Syair]], [[Babad]], [[Hikayat]], and Suluk. This century is known as ''The Golden Age of Indonesian Literature''.<ref name="catdir.loc.gov"/>

Many loanwords from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] are mainly concerned with religion, in particular with [[Islam]], and by extension, with greetings such as the word, "selamat" (from {{langx|ar|سلامة}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Wehr|salāma}}'' = health, soundness)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asalkata.com/?q=selamat |title=Etymology of "selamat" in ''Asalkata.com'' |access-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024205854/http://asalkata.com/?q=selamat |archive-date=24 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> means "safe" or "lucky". Words of [[Arabic language|Arabic]] origin include ''dunia'' (from {{langx|ar|دنيا}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Wehr|dunyā}}'' = the present world), names of days (except ''Minggu''), such as ''Sabtu'' (from {{langx|ar|سبت}} ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|sabt-u}}'' = Saturday), ''iklan'' ({{lang|ar|آعلان|rtl=yes}} ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|iʻlan}}'' = advertisement), ''kabar'' ({{lang|ar|خبر|rtl=yes}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Wehr|khabar}}'' = news), ''Kursi'' ({{lang|ar|كرسي|rtl=yes}} ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|kursī}}'' = a chair), ''ijazah'' ({{lang|ar|إجازة|rtl=yes}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Wehr|ijāza}}'' = 'permission', certificate of authority, e.g. a school diploma certificate), ''kitab'' ({{lang|ar|كتاب|rtl=yes}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Wehr|kitāb}}'' = book), ''tertib'' ({{lang|ar|ترتيب|rtl=yes}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Wehr|tartīb}}'' = order/arrangement) and ''kamus'' ({{lang|ar|قاموس|rtl=yes}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Wehr|qāmūs}}'' = dictionary). [[Allah]] ({{langx|ar|الله}}), as is mostly the case for [[varieties of Arabic|Arabic]] speakers, this is the word for [[God]] even in [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Bible]] translations. Many early Bible translators, when they came across some unusual [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] words or proper names, used the Arabic cognates. In the newer translations this practice is discontinued. They now turn to [[Greek language|Greek]] names or use the original Hebrew Word. For example, the name [[Jesus]] was initially translated as [[Jesus in Islam|'''Isa'']] ({{langx|ar|عيسى}}), but is now spelt as ''Yesus''. Several ecclesiastical terms derived from Arabic still exist in Indonesian language. Indonesian word for ''[[bishop]]'' is ''uskup'' (from {{langx|ar|أسقف}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Wehr|usquf}}'' = bishop). This in turn makes the Indonesian term for [[archbishop]] ''uskup agung'' ({{lit|great bishop}}), which is combining the Arabic word with an Old Javanese word. The term ''imam'' (from {{langx|ar|إمام}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Wehr|imām}}'' = leader, prayer leader) is used to translate a Catholic [[priest]], beside its more common association with an Islamic prayer leader. Some Protestant denominations refer to their congregation ''jemaat'' (from {{langx|ar|جماعة}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Wehr|jamāʻa}}'' = group, a community). Even the name of the [[Bible]] in Indonesian translation is ''Alkitab'' (from {{langx|ar|الكتاب}} ''{{transliteration|ar|Wehr|al-kitāb}}'' = the book), which literally means "the Book".

=== Loan words of Portuguese origin ===
[[File:Front gate Ganjuran.jpg|thumb|Indonesian word "''[[wikt:gereja|Gereja]]''" (Church) is derived from Portuguese "''[[wikt:igreja|Igreja]]''". The sign reads: [[Ganjuran Church|"''Gereja & Candi Hati Kudus Tuhan Yesus Ganjuran Keuskupan Agung Semarang''"]] (The Church and [[Temple]] of the [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]] Ganjuran [[Archdiocese of Semarang]]).]]
Alongside [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] was the ''[[lingua franca]]'' for trade throughout the archipelago from the sixteenth century through to the early nineteenth century. The Portuguese were among the first westerners to sail eastwards to the "[[Maluku Islands|Spice Islands]]". Loanwords from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] were mainly connected with articles that the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia. Indonesian words derived from Portuguese include {{lang|id|meja}} (from {{lang|pt|mesa}} = table), {{lang|id|bangku}} (from {{lang|pt|banco}} = bench), {{lang|id|lemari/almari}} (from {{lang|pt|armário}} = closet), {{lang|id|boneka}} (from {{lang|pt|boneca}} = doll), {{lang|id|jendela}} (from {{lang|pt|janela}} = window), {{lang|id|gereja}} (from {{lang|pt|igreja}} = church), {{lang|id|misa}} (from {{lang|pt|missa}} = mass), {{lang|id|Natal}} (from {{lang|pt|Natal}} = Christmas), {{lang|id|Paskah}} (from {{lang|pt|Páscoa}} = Easter), {{lang|id|pesta}} (from {{lang|pt|festa}} = party), {{lang|id|dansa}} (from {{lang|pt|dança}} = dance), {{lang|id|pesiar}} (from {{lang|pt|passear}} = cruise), {{lang|id|bendera}} (from {{lang|pt|bandeira}} = flag), {{lang|id|sepatu}} (from {{lang|pt|sapato}} = shoes), {{lang|id|garpu}} (from {{lang|pt|garfo}} = fork), {{lang|id|kemeja}} (from {{lang|pt|camisa}} = shirt), {{lang|id|kereta}} (from {{lang|pt|carreta}} = chariot), {{lang|id|pompa}} (from {{lang|pt|bomba hidráulica}} = pump), {{lang|id|pigura}} (from {{lang|pt|figura}} = picture), {{lang|id|roda}} (from {{lang|pt|roda}} = wheel), {{lang|id|nona}} (from {{lang|pt|dona}} = young woman), {{lang|id|sekolah}} (from {{lang|pt|escola}} = school), {{lang|id|lentera}} (from {{lang|pt|lanterna}} = lantern), {{lang|id|paderi}} (from {{lang|pt|padre}} = priest), {{lang|id|Santo, Santa}} (from {{lang|pt|Santo, Santa}} = Saint), {{lang|id|puisi}} (from {{lang|pt|poesia}} = poetry), {{lang|id|keju}} (from {{lang|pt|queijo}} = cheese), {{lang|id|mentega}} (from {{lang|pt|manteiga}} = butter), {{lang|id|serdadu}} (from {{lang|pt|soldado}} = soldier), {{lang|id|meski}} (from {{lang|pt|mas que}} = although), {{lang|id|kamar}} (from {{lang|pt|câmara}} = room), {{lang|id|laguna}} (from {{lang|pt|laguna}} = lagoon), {{lang|id|lelang}} (from {{lang|pt|leilão}} = auction), {{lang|id|persero}} (from {{lang|pt|parceiro}} = company), {{lang|id|markisa}} (from {{lang|pt|maracujá}} = passion fruit), {{lang|id|limau}} (from {{lang|pt|limão}} = lemon), {{lang|id|kartu}} (from {{lang|pt|cartão}} = card), {{lang|id|Inggris}} (from {{lang|pt|inglês}} = English), {{lang|id|Sabtu}} (from {{lang|pt|sábado}} = Saturday), {{lang|id|Minggu}} (from {{lang|pt|domingo}} = Sunday), etc.<ref name="RICKLEFSp24">{{Cite book | last =Ricklefs  | first =M.C.  | title =A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 |edition=2nd | publisher =MacMillan  | year =1991  | location =London  | page =26  | isbn = 978-0-333-57689-2 }}</ref>

=== Loan words of Dutch origin ===
{{see also|List of Dutch loanwords in Indonesian}}
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Glodok wijk te Djakarta TMnr 10014951.jpg|thumb|alt=Crowd at a busy street intersection. There are horse-drawn carriages in the foreground while a three-story building (with the sign "Kam Leng") and a single-story building (with the sign "Chunghua Bioscoop") stand in the background on adjacent corners of the intersection.|The Indonesian word of {{lang|id|bioskop}} is derived from [[Dutch language|Dutch]] {{lang|nl|bioscoop}} ([[movie theater]]).]]

The former colonial power, the [[Netherlands]], left a sizeable amount of vocabulary that can be seen in words such as {{lang|id|polisi}} (from {{lang|nl|politie}} = police), {{lang|id|kualitas}} (from {{lang|nl|kwaliteit}} = quality), {{lang|id|aktual}} (from {{lang|nl|actueel}} = current), {{lang|id|rokok}} (from {{lang|nl|roken}} = smoking cigarettes), {{lang|id|korupsi}} (from {{lang|nl|corruptie}} = corruption), {{lang|id|kantor}} (from {{lang|nl|kantoor}} = office), {{lang|id|resleting}} (from {{lang|nl|ritssluiting}} = zipper), {{lang|id|pelopor}} (from {{lang|nl|voorloper}} = frontrunner), {{lang|id|persneling}} (from {{lang|nl|versnelling}} = transmission gear), {{lang|id|setrum}} (from {{lang|nl|stroom}} = electricity current), {{lang|id|maskapai}} (from {{lang|nl|maatschappij}} = company), {{lang|id|apotek}} (from {{lang|nl|apotheek}} = pharmacy), {{lang|id|handuk}} (from {{lang|nl|handdoek}} = towel), {{lang|id|setrika}} (from {{lang|nl|strijkijzer}} = clothes iron), {{lang|id|bioskop}} (from {{lang|nl|bioscoop}} = [[movie theater]]), {{lang|id|spanduk}} (from {{lang|nl|spandoeken}} = banner), {{lang|id|korsleting}} (from {{lang|nl|kortsluiting}} = short circuit), {{lang|id|om}} (from {{lang|nl|oom}} = uncle), {{lang|id|tante}} (from {{lang|nl|tante}} = aunt), {{lang|id|traktir}} (from {{lang|nl|trakteer}} = treat) and {{lang|id|gratis}} (from {{lang|nl|gratis}} = free). These [[Dutch language|Dutch]] loanwords, and many other non-Ibero-Romance, European language loanwords that came via Dutch, cover all aspects of life. Some Dutch loanwords, having clusters of several consonants, pose difficulties to speakers of Indonesian. This problem is usually solved by insertion of the [[schwa]]. For example, Dutch {{lang|nl|schroef}} {{IPA|[ˈsxruf]}} > {{lang|id|sekrup}} {{IPA|[səˈkrup]}} (screw (n.)). One scholar argues that 25% of Indonesian words are inspired by the Dutch language.<ref name="mai">{{Cite journal|url=http://repositories.cdlib.org/ies/050208/|title=A Hidden Language – Dutch in Indonesia|author=Hendrik M. Maier|date=8 February 2005|journal=Institute of European Studies|page=17|access-date=26 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010002102/http://repositories.cdlib.org/ies/050208/|archive-date=10 October 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

Before the standardization of the language, many Indonesian words follow standard Dutch alphabet and pronunciation such as "oe" for vowel "u" or "dj" for consonant "j" [dʒ]. As a result, Malay words are written with that orthography such as: {{lang|ms|passer}} for the word {{lang|id|Pasar}} or {{lang|ms|djalan}} for the word {{lang|id|jalan}}, older Indonesian generation tend to have their name written in such order as well.

=== Loan words of English origin ===
Many English words were incorporated into Indonesian through [[globalization]]. Many Indonesians, however, mistake words already adopted from Dutch as words borrowed from English. Indonesian adopts English words with standardization.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://balaibahasajateng.kemdikbud.go.id/2010/07/imbuhan-asi-dan-itas-dalam-bahasa-indonesia/|title=Imbuhan -(a)si dan -(i)tas dalam Bahasa Indonesia|publisher=Balai Bahasa Jawa Tengah|date=2010-07-28|access-date=2022-12-13|language=id}}</ref> For example:  {{lang|id|a'''ks'''esor'''i'''}} from {{lang|en|a'''cc'''essor'''y'''}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ejaan.kemdikbud.go.id/eyd/unsur-serapan/umum/|title=A. Penulisan Unsur Serapan Umum|access-date=2022-12-13|website=Kemendikbud.go.id|language=id}}</ref><ref name="lib.ui.ac.id">{{cite web |url=http://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital%2F20316254-S42391-Kata%20serapan.pdf |title=Kata Serapan dan Kata Non-Serapan dalam Orang Asing dan Sang Pemberontak: Sebuah Kajian Semantis |trans-title=The Loanword and Non-Loanword in Orang Asing and Sang Pemberontak: A Semantic Study |publisher=University of Indonesia |date=2011 |author=Katarina Mellyna |access-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011113426/http://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital%2F20316254-S42391-Kata%20serapan.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, there are several words that directly borrowed without standardization that have same meanings in English such as: ''bus'', ''data'', ''domain'', ''detail'', ''internet'', ''film'', ''golf'', ''lift'', ''monitor'', ''radio'', ''radar'', ''unit'', ''safari'', ''sonar'', ''video'', and ''riil as real''.<ref name="lib.ui.ac.id"/>

=== Other loan words ===
Modern Indonesian draws many of its words from foreign sources; there are many [[synonym]]s. For example, Indonesian has three words for "book", i.e. {{lang|id|pustaka}} (from Sanskrit), {{lang|id|kitab}} (from Arabic) and {{lang|id|buku}} (from Dutch {{lang|nl|boek}}); however, each has a slightly different meaning. A {{lang|id|pustaka}} is often connected with ancient wisdom or sometimes with esoteric knowledge. A derived form, {{lang|id|perpustakaan}} means a library. A {{lang|id|kitab}} is usually a religious scripture or a book containing moral guidance. The Indonesian words for the [[Bible]] and [[Gospel]] are {{lang|id|Alkitab}} and {{lang|id|Injil}}, both directly derived from Arabic. The book containing the penal code is also called the {{lang|id|kitab}}. {{lang|id|Buku}} is the most common word for books.

There are direct borrowings from various other languages of the world, such as {{lang|id|karaoke}} (from {{lang|ja|カラオケ}}) from [[Japanese language|Japanese]], and {{lang|id|ebi}} (from {{lang|ja|えび}}) which means dried shrimp. Many words that originally are adopted through the Dutch language today however often are mistaken as English due to the similarity in the Germanic nature of both languages. In some cases the words are replaced by English language through globalization: although the word {{lang|id|arbei}} ({{langx|nl|aardbei}}) still literally means strawberry in Indonesian, today the usage of the word {{lang|id|stroberi}} is more common. [[Greek language|Greek]] words such as {{lang|id|demokrasi}} (from {{lang|el|δημοκρατία}} {{transliteration|el|dēmokratía}}), {{lang|id|filosofi}}, {{lang|id|filsafat}} (both from {{lang|el|φιλοσοφία}} {{transliteration|el|philosophia}}), {{lang|id|mitos}} (from {{lang|el|μῦθος}} {{transliteration|el|mythos}}) came through Dutch, Arabic and Portuguese respectively.

It is notable that some of the loanwords that exist in both Indonesian and Malaysian languages are different in spelling and pronunciation mainly due to how they derived their origins: Malaysian utilises words that reflect the [[English language|English]] usage (as used by its former colonial power, the [[United Kingdom|British]]), while Indonesian uses a [[Latin]]ate form (e.g. {{lang|zsm|aktiviti}} (Malaysian) vs. {{lang|id|aktivitas}} (Indonesian), {{lang|zsm|universiti}} (Malaysian) vs. {{lang|id|universitas}} (Indonesian)).

===Acronyms and portmanteau===
<!---We all love these blends, acronyms and backronyms, but please don't add unsourced stuff here--->
Since the time of the independence of Indonesia, Indonesian has seen a surge of [[neologism]]s which are formed as [[acronym]]s (less commonly also [[initialism]]s) or [[blend word]]s.

Common acronyms are {{lang|id|ABRI}} ({{IPA|id|ˈabri|pron}}, from {{lang|id|Angkatan Bersenjata Republik Indonesia}} '[[Indonesian National Armed Forces]]'), {{lang|id|SIM}} ({{IPA|id|sim|pron}}, from {{lang|id|surat izin mengemudi}} 'driving licence'), {{lang|id|SARA}} ({{IPA|id|ˈsara|pron}}, from {{lang|id|suku, agama, ras, antargolongan}} 'ethnic group, religion, race, inter-group [matters]', used when referring to the background of intercommunal conflicts), {{lang|id|HAM}} ({{IPA|id|ham|pron}}, from {{lang|id|hak asasi manusia}} 'human rights').

Blend words/portmanteau are very common in Indonesian, and have become a productive tool of word formation in both formal and colloquial Indonesian. Examples from official usage include departments and officeholders (e.g. {{lang|id|Menlu}} < {{lang|id|Mentri Luar Negeri}} 'Foreign Minister', {{lang|id|Kapolda}} < {{lang|id|Kepala kepolisian daerah}} 'Head of Regional Police') or names of provinces and districts ({{lang|id|Sulut}} < {{lang|id|Sulawesi Utara}} 'North Sulawesi', {{lang|id|Jabar}} < {{lang|id|Jawa Barat}} 'West Java'. Other commonly used portmanteau include {{lang|id|puskesmas}} < {{lang|id|pusat kesehatan masyarakat}} 'community health center', {{lang|id|sembako}} < {{lang|id|sembilan bahan pokok}} 'basic commodities' ({{lit|nine basic commodities}}).<ref>{{cite book|first=James|last=Sneddon|year=2003|title=The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society|location=Sydney|publisher=USNW Press|pages=145–149|isbn=9780868405988}}</ref>