Editing Western Pennsylvania English (section)

==Grammar==
*''All'' to mean ''all gone'': When referring to consumable products, the word ''all'' has a secondary meaning: ''all gone''. For example, the phrase ''the butter's all'' would be understood as "the butter is all gone." This likely derives from German.<ref name="Metcalf2000">{{cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Allan |title=How We Talk: American Regional English Today|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618043637|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618043637/page/92 92]|access-date=26 October 2012|year=2000|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-618-04362-0}}</ref>
*"[[Positive anymore|Positive ''anymore'']]": In addition to the normal negative use of ''anymore'' it can also, as in the greater [[Midland American English|Midland U.S. dialect]], be used in a positive sense to mean "these days" or "nowadays".{{sfnp|Montgomery|1989}}{{sfnp|McElhinny|1999}}{{sfnp|Montgomery|1999}} An example is "I wear these shoes a lot anymore". While in Standard English ''anymore'' must be used as a negative polarity item (NPI), some speakers in Pittsburgh and throughout the Midland area do not have this restriction.<ref name="Marzec">{{cite book|author=Robert P. Marzec|title=The Mid-Atlantic Region|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsye_8Ewk0oC&pg=PA271|access-date=1 November 2012|date=30 December 2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32954-8|page=271}}</ref> This is somewhat common in both the Midland regions (Montgomery 1989) and in northern Maryland (Frederick, Hagerstown, and Westminster), likely of Scots-Irish origin.{{sfnp|Montgomery|1999}}
*Reversed usage of ''leave'' and ''let'':<ref name=johnstone2/><ref name=johnstone3/><ref name=Adams>{{cite journal|last=Adams|first=Michael|title=Lexical Doppelgängers|journal=Journal of English Linguistics|year=2003|volume=28|issue=3|pages=295–310|doi=10.1177/00754240022005054|s2cid=220752970}}</ref> Examples of this include "Leave him go outside" and "Let the book on the table". ''Leave'' is used in some contexts in which, in standard English, ''let'' would be used; and vice versa. Used in Southwestern Pennsylvania and elsewhere, this is either Pennsylvania Dutch or Scots-Irish.<ref name=Adams/>
*"''Need'', ''want'', or ''like'' + past participle":<ref name=johnstone2/><ref name=johnstone3/><ref>{{cite book|last=Still|first=Brian |title=Usability of Complex Information Systems: Evaluation of User Interaction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEbpKt_PaiAC&pg=PA57|access-date=1 November 2012|date=15 October 2010|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4398-2894-6|page=57}}</ref> Examples of this include "The car needs washed", "The cat wants petted", and "Babies like cuddled". More common constructions are "The grass needs cutting" or "The grass needs to be cut" or "Babies like cuddling" or "Babies like to be cuddled"; "The car needs washing" or "The car needs to be washed"; and "The cat wants petting" or "The cat wants to be petted." Found predominantly in the North Midland region, this is especially common in southwestern Pennsylvania.{{sfnp|Murray|Frazer|Simon|1996}}{{sfnp|Murray|Simon|1999}}{{sfnp|Murray|Simon|2002}} ''Need'' + past participle is the most common construction, followed by ''want'' + past participle, and then ''like'' + past participle. The forms are "implicationally related" to one another (Murray and Simon 2002). This means the existence of a less common construction from the list in a given location entails the existence of the more common ones there, but not vice versa. The constructions "''like'' + past participle" and "''need'' + past participle" are Scots-Irish.{{sfnp|Murray|Frazer|Simon|1996}}{{sfnp|Murray|Simon|1999}}{{sfnp|Montgomery|2001}}{{sfnp|Murray|Simon|2002}} While Adams argues that "''want'' + past participle" could be from Scots-Irish or German,<ref name=Adams/> it seems likely that this construction is Scots-Irish, as Murray and Simon claim.{{sfnp|Murray|Simon|1999}}{{sfnp|Murray|Simon|2002}} ''like'' and ''need'' + past participle are Scots-Irish, the distributions of all three constructions are implicationally related, the area where they are predominantly found is most heavily influenced by Scots-Irish, and a related construction, "''want'' + directional adverb", as in "The cat wants out", is Scots-Irish.<ref name=crozier/><ref name="Marzec" />
*"Punctual ''whenever''": "Whenever" is often used to mean "at the time that."{{sfnp|Montgomery|2001}} An example is "My mother, whenever she passed away, she had pneumonia." A ''punctual'' descriptor refers to the use of the word for "a onetime momentary event rather than in its two common uses for a recurrent event or a conditional one". This Scots-Irish usage is found in the Midlands and the South.