Editing Latin conjugation (section)

=== First conjugation ===
The first conjugation is characterized by the [[vowel]] ''ā'' and can be recognized by the ''-āre'' ending of the present active infinitive form. The infectum tenses conjugate as follows (see also [[Latin tenses (semantics)|their meaning]]):
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 55em;"
|-
!
!
!colspan="3"|Indicative
!
!colspan="2"|Subjunctive
|-
!
||||'''Present'''||'''Future'''||'''Imperfect'''||||'''Present'''||'''Imperfect'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Active
||||''I love''||''I will love''||''I was loving'' || ||''I may love''||''I might love''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''{{lang|la|amō<br />amās<br />amat<br />amāmus<br />amātis<br />amant|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amābō<br />amābis<br />amābit<br />amābimus<br />amābitis<br />amābunt|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amābam<br />amābās<br />amābat<br />amābāmus<br />amābātis<br />amābant|italic=no}}'''
|
|'''{{lang|la|amem<br />amēs<br />amet<br />amēmus<br />amētis<br />ament|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amārem<br />amārēs<br />amāret<br />amārēmus<br />amārētis<br />amārent|italic=no}}'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Passive
||||''I am loved''||''I will be loved''||''I was being loved'' || || ''I may be loved''|| ''I might be loved''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''{{lang|la|amor<br />amāris<br />amātur<br />amāmur<br />amāminī<br />amantur|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amābor<br />amāberis/e*<br />amābitur<br />amābimur<br />amābiminī<br />amābuntur|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amābar<br />amābāris/e*<br />amābātur<br />amābāmur<br />amābāminī<br />amābantur|italic=no}}'''
|
|'''{{lang|la|amer<br />amēris/e*<br />amētur<br />amēmur<br />amēminī<br />amentur|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amārer<br />amārēris/e*<br />amārētur<br />amārēmur<br />amārēminī<br />amārentur|italic=no}}'''
|-
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The 2nd person singular passive '''{{lang|la|amāberis, amābāris, amēris, amārēris|italic=no}}''' can be shortened to '''{{lang|la|amābere, amābāre, amēre, amārēre|italic=no}}'''. ''-re'' was the regular form in early Latin and (except in the present indicative) in Cicero; ''-ris'' was preferred later.<ref name=":0">Gildersleeve & Lodge (1895), p. 89.</ref>

In early Latin ([[Plautus]]), the 3rd singular endings ''-at'' and ''-et'' were pronounced ''-āt'' and ''-ēt'' with a long vowel.<ref name=":0"/>

Other forms:

*Infinitive: '''{{lang|la|amāre|italic=no}}''' "to love"
*Passive infinitive: '''{{lang|la|amārī|italic=no}}''' "to be loved" (in early Latin often '''{{lang|la|amārier|italic=no}}''')<ref name=":0"/>
*Imperative: '''{{lang|la|amā!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amāte!|italic=no}}''') "love!"
*Future imperative: '''{{lang|la|amātō!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amātōte!|italic=no}}''') "love! (at a future time)"
*Indirect imperative: '''{{lang|la|amātō!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amantō!|italic=no}}''') "let him love!"
*Passive imperative: '''{{lang|la|amāre!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amāminī!|italic=no}}''') "be loved!" (usually only found in deponent verbs)
*Passive future imperative: '''{{lang|la|amātor!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amātōminī!|italic=no}}''') "be loved! (at a future time)"
*Passive indirect imperative: '''{{lang|la|amātor!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amantor!|italic=no}}''') "let him be loved!"
*Present participle: '''{{lang|la|amāns|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amantēs|italic=no}}''') "loving"
*Future participle: '''{{lang|la|amātūrus|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amātūrī|italic=no}}''') "going to love"
*Gerundive: '''{{lang|la|amandus|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amandī|italic=no}}''') "needing to be loved"
*Gerund: '''{{lang|la|amandī|italic=no}}''' "of loving", '''{{lang|la|amandō|italic=no}}''' "by/for loving", '''{{lang|la|ad amandum|italic=no}}''' "in order to love"
 
The principal parts usually adhere to one of the following patterns:
* The perfect has the suffix ''-āvī''. The majority of first-conjugation verbs follow this pattern, which is considered to be "regular", for example:
** {{lang|la|amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum}}, "to love";
** {{lang|la|imperō, imperāre, imperāvī, imperātum}}, "to order";
** {{lang|la|laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum}}, "to praise";
** {{lang|la|negō, negāre, negāvī, negātum}}, "to deny";
** {{lang|la|nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātum}}, "to announce, report";
** {{lang|la|ōrō, ōrāre, ōrāvī, ōrātum}}, "to beg, pray";
** {{lang|la|parō, parāre, parāvī, parātum}}, "to prepare";
** {{lang|la|portō, portāre, portāvī, portātum}}, "to carry";
** {{lang|la|pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātum}}, "to fight";
** {{lang|la|putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum}}, "to think";
** {{lang|la|rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātum}}, "to ask";
** {{lang|la|servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum}}, "to save";
** {{lang|la|vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum}}, "to call";

* The perfect has the suffix ''-uī'', for example:
** {{lang|la|fricō, fricāre, fricuī, frictum}}, "to rub";
** {{lang|la|secō, secāre, secuī, sectum}}, "to cut, to divide";
** {{lang|la|vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitum}}, "to forbid, to prohibit";

* The perfect has the suffix ''-ī'' and vowel lengthening in the stem, for example:
** {{lang|la|iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī, iūtum}}, "to help, to assist";
** {{lang|la|lavō, lavāre, lāvī, lautum}}, "to wash, to bathe";

* The perfect is reduplicated, for example:
** {{lang|la|dō, dare, dedī, datum}}, "to give"
** {{lang|la|stō, stāre, stetī, statum}}, "to stand";

The verb '''{{lang|la|dō|italic=no}}''' "I give" is irregular in that except in the 2nd singular '''{{lang|la|dās|italic=no}}''' and imperative '''{{lang|la|dā|italic=no}}''', the ''a'' is short, e.g. '''{{lang|la|dabō|italic=no}}''' "I will give".

The ''a'' is also short in the supine '''{{lang|la|statum|italic=no}}''' and its derivatives, but the other parts of '''{{lang|la|stō|italic=no}}''' "I stand" are regular.

Deponent verbs in this conjugation all follow the pattern below, which is the passive of the first type above:<ref>Gildersleeve & Lodge, Latin Grammar (1895), §163.</ref>
:*{{lang|la|arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum}} "to think"
:*{{lang|la|cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum}} "to try"
:*{{lang|la|cūnctor, cūnctārī, cūnctātus sum}} "to hesitate"
:*{{lang|la|hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum}} "to exhort"
:*{{lang|la|mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum}} "to be surprised, to be amazed at"
:*{{lang|la|moror, morārī, morātus sum}} "to delay, stay"

====Perfect tenses====
The three {{lang|la|perfectum}} tenses of the 1st conjugation go as in the following table:

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 55em;"
|-
!
!
!colspan="3"|Indicative
!
!colspan="2"|Subjunctive
|-
!
||||'''Perfect'''||'''Future perfect'''||'''Pluperfect'''||||'''Perfect'''||'''Pluperfect'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Active
||||''I loved''||''I will have loved''||''I had loved'' || ||''I loved''||''I had loved''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''{{lang|la|amāvī<br />amāvistī<br />amāvit<br />amāvimus<br />amāvistis<br />amāvērunt/-ēre|italic=no}}*'''
|'''{{lang|la|amāverō<br />amāverīs/is<br />amāverit<br />amāverīmus/-imus<br />amāverītis/-itis<br />amāverint|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amāveram<br />amāverās<br />amāverat<br />amāverāmus<br />amāverātis<br />amāverant|italic=no}}'''
|
|'''{{lang|la|amāverim<br />amāverīs<br />amāverit<br />amāverīmus<br />amāverītis<br />amāverint|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amā(vi)ssem*<br />amāvissēs<br />amāvisset<br />amāvissēmus<br />amāvissētis<br />amāvissent|italic=no}}'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Passive
||||''I was loved''||''I will have been loved''||''I had been loved'' || || ''I was loved''|| ''I had been loved''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''{{lang|la|amātus sum<br />amātus es<br />amātus est<br />amātī sumus<br />amātī estis<br />amātī sunt|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amātus erō<br />amātus eris<br />amātus erit<br />amātī erimus<br />amātī eritis<br />amātī erunt|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amātus eram<br />amātus erās<br />amātus erat<br />amātī erāmus<br />amātī erātis<br />amātī erant|italic=no}}'''
|
|'''{{lang|la|amātus sim<br />amātus sīs<br />amātus sit<br />amātī sīmus<br />amātī sītis<br />amātī sint|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amātus essem<br />amātus essēs<br />amātus esset<br />amātī essēmus<br />amātī essētis<br />amātī essent|italic=no}}'''
|-
|}

In poetry (and also sometimes in prose, e.g. [[Livy]]), the 3rd person plural of the perfect indicative is often '''{{lang|la|amāvēre|italic=no}}''' instead of '''{{lang|la|amāvērunt|italic=no}}'''. Occasionally the form '''{{lang|la|amāverunt|italic=no}}''' is also found.<ref>Gildersleeve & Lodge (1895), p. 91.</ref>

In early Latin, the future perfect indicative had a short ''i'' in '''{{lang|la|amāveris, amāverimus, amāveritis|italic=no}}''', but by the time of Cicero these forms were usually pronounced with a long ''i'', in the same way as in the perfect subjunctive.<ref>C.J. Fordyce (1961), ''Catullus'', note on Catullus 5.10.</ref> Virgil has a short ''i'' for both tenses; Horace uses both forms for both tenses; Ovid uses both forms for the future perfect, but a long ''i'' in the perfect subjunctive.<ref>Wackernagel (2009) ''Lectures on Syntax'', p. 305, note 7.</ref>

The ''-v-'' of the perfect active tenses sometimes drops out, especially in the pluperfect subjunctive: '''{{lang|la|amāssem|italic=no}}''' for '''{{lang|la|amāvissem|italic=no}}'''. Forms such as '''{{lang|la|amārat|italic=no}}''' and '''{{lang|la|amāstī|italic=no}}''' are also found.

The passive tenses also have feminine and neuter forms, e.g. '''{{lang|la|amāta est|italic=no}}''' "she was loved", '''{{lang|la|nūntiātum est|italic=no}}''' "it was announced".

Forms made with {{lang|la|fuī}} instead of {{lang|la|sum}} and {{lang|la|forem}} instead of {{lang|la|essem}} are also found, for example {{lang|la|'''amātus fuī''', '''amātus fuerō''', '''amātus forem'''|italic=no}} and so on, but these are not common in classical Latin. See [[Latin tenses]].

For other meanings of the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive, see [[Latin tenses#Jussive subjunctive]].

Other forms:

*Perfect infinitive active: '''{{lang|la|amāvisse|italic=no}}''' ('''{{lang|la|amāsse|italic=no}}''') "to have loved"
*Perfect infinitive passive: '''{{lang|la|amātus esse|italic=no}}''' ('''{{lang|la|amātum esse|italic=no}}''') "to have been loved"
*Perfect participle passive: '''{{lang|la|amātus, -a, -um|italic=no}}''' "loved (by someone)"