Editing Enochian (section)

== Phonology and writing system ==
The language was recorded primarily in [[Latin script]]. However, individual words written in Enochian script "appear sporadically throughout the manuscripts".{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=28}} There are 21 letters in the script; one letter appears with or without a diacritic dot. Dee mapped these letters of the "Adamical alphabet" onto 22 of the letters of the English alphabet, treating U and V as positional variants (as was common at the time) and omitting the English letters J, K, and W.{{efn|name=alphabet|Dee's table in ''Loagaeth'' (MS Sloane 3189) as reproduced in {{harvp|Magickal Review|2005}}.}} The Enochian script is written from right to left in John Dee's diary.{{sfnp|Dee|1582}} Different documents have slightly different forms of the script. The alphabet also shares many graphical similarities to a script, also attributed to the prophet Enoch, that appeared in the ''Voarchadumia Contra Alchimiam'' of Johannes Pantheus,{{sfnp|Pantheus|1550|p=15v-16r}} a copy of which Dee is known to have owned.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=28}}

The phonology of Enochian is "thoroughly English", apart from difficult [[Consonant cluster|sequences]] such as ''bdrios'', ''excolphabmartbh'', ''longamphlg'', ''lapch'', etc.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=33, 41}} Similarly, Enochian orthography closely follows [[Early Modern English|Early Modern]] [[English orthography]], for example in having soft and hard {{angbr|c}} and {{angbr|g}}, and in using digraphs {{angbr|ch}}, {{angbr|ph}}, {{angbr|sh}}, and {{angbr|th}} for the sounds {{IPA|/tʃ ~ k/}}, {{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/θ/}}.{{sfnp|Leitch|2010b|p=23-24}} Laycock mapped Enochian orthography to its sound system and says, "the resulting pronunciation makes it sound much more like English than it looks at first sight".{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=46}}{{efn|{{harvp|Laycock|2001|p=45}}: "As the texts dictated in Enochian consist of a series of 'Calls', or [[invocation]]s of supernatural beings, it was clearly necessary for Dee and Kelley to know how the words should be uttered; in most magical systems, a slight error in the text of a spell or invocation is regarded as potentially leading to disastrous consequences. Accordingly, Dee was in the habit of writing the pronunciation of the Enochian words alongside the text. … his intention is usually quite clear. He writes ''dg'' when he means 'soft ''g''' (as in ''gem''); and ''s'' for 'soft ''c'''; and he indicates in some places that ''ch'' is to be pronounced as ''k''. He marks the stressed vowels in most words. … In more difficult cases, he gives examples from English, thus, ''zorge'' is said to be pronounced to rhyme with 'George'. … With all of these instructions, we can get a fairly good idea of how Enochian sounded to Dee and Kelley. We have to make allowances, of course, for the fact that the two men spoke English of more than four centuries ago … Fortunately, linguists are in the possession of sufficient evidence … to establish the pronunciation of most forms of Elizabethan English with a high degree of accuracy."}} However, the difficult strings of consonants and vowels in words such as ''ooaona'', ''paombd'', ''smnad'' and ''noncf'' are the kind of pattern one gets by joining letters from a text together in an arbitrary pattern. As Laycock notes, "The reader can test this by taking, for example, every tenth letter on this page, and dividing the string of letters into words. The 'text' created will tend to look rather like Enochian."{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=40-41}}

;Alphabet
The Enochian letters, with their letter names and English equivalents as given by Dee, and pronunciations as reconstructed by Laycock, are as follows.{{efn|name=alphabet}} Modern pronunciation conventions vary, depending on the affiliations of the practitioner.{{efn|{{harvp|DuQuette|2019|p=197}}: "[...] by and large, we modern magicians are left to our own devices as to how to push these awkwardly constructed words out of our mouths. [...] The Golden Dawn and Crowley use a pronunciation that they felt rolled more fluidly off the tongue. This method obliged the magician to insert a natural Hebrew vowel sound after every Enochian consonant. [...] The most obvious alternative to the GD pronunciation is simply sounding out the words as they are written [...] This is what I have done, and what I recommend to students who are learning Enochian magick."}}

{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: center;" | Letter
! style="text-align: center;" | Letter<br />name
! style="text-align: center;" | [[English alphabet|English]]<br />equivalent
! style="text-align: center;" | Enochian phonology{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|pp=46–47}}
! style="text-align: center;" | Golden Dawn<br />syllabic reading{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=60}}{{efn-lg|name=Golden Dawn}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Un.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Un
| style="text-align: center;" | A
| long {{IPA blink|ɑ|ɑː}} (stressed), short {{IPA blink|a}} (unstressed)
| {{IPA|[ɑː]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Pa.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Pa
| style="text-align: center;" | B
| {{IPA blink|b}}; silent after ''m'' when before another consonant or final
| {{IPA|[beɪ]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Veh.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Veh
| style="text-align: center;" | C
| {{IPA blink|k}} before a, o, u; {{IPA blink|s}} before ''e'', ''i'' and in consonant clusters, with many exceptions;<br /> {{angbr|ch}} as {{IPA blink|k}} in most positions but {{IPA blink|tʃ}} finally.
| ?
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Gal.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Gal
| style="text-align: center;" | D
| {{IPA blink|d}}
| {{IPA|[deɪ]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Graph.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Graph
| style="text-align: center;" | E
| {{IPA blink|e|eː}} (stressed), {{IPA blink|ɛ}} (unstressed)
| {{IPA|[eɪ]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Or.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Or
| style="text-align: center;" | F
| {{IPA blink|f}}
| {{IPA|[ɛf]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Ged.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Ged
| style="text-align: center;" | G
| {{IPA blink|ɡ}} before ''a'', ''o'', ''u''; {{IPA blink|dʒ}} before ''e'', ''i'', finally, after ''d'', and in consonant clusters.
| ?
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Na.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Na
| style="text-align: center;" | H
| {{IPA blink|h}} except in ⟨ch⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨sh⟩, ⟨th⟩; silent after a vowel<br />(in which case the vowel is "lengthened" – that is, has the sound it would have if stressed)
| {{IPA|[heɪ]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Gon.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" rowspan=2 | Gon
| style="text-align: center;" | I
| {{IPA blink|j}} word-initially before a vowel; as a vowel: {{IPA blink|i|iː}} (stressed), {{IPA blink|ɪ}} (unstressed),<br />plus diphthongs ''ai'' {{IPA|[aɪ]}}, ''ei'' {{IPA|[eɪ]}}, ''oi'' {{IPA|[oɪ]}}
| {{IPA|[iː]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Gon (with point).svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Y
| {{IPA blink|j}}
| (same as I)
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Ur.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Ur
| style="text-align: center;" | L
| {{IPA blink|l}}
| ?
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Tal.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Tal
| style="text-align: center;" | M
| {{IPA blink|m}}
| {{IPA|[ɛm]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Drux.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Drux
| style="text-align: center;" | N
| {{IPA blink|n}}
| {{IPA|[ɛn], [nuː]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Med.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Med
| style="text-align: center;" | O
| {{IPA blink|o|oː}} (stressed), {{IPA blink|ɒ}} (unstressed)
| {{IPA|[oʊ]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Mals.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Mals
| style="text-align: center;" | P
| {{IPA blink|p}} but for ⟨ph⟩, which is {{IPA blink|f}}
| {{IPA|[peɪ]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Ger.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Ger
| style="text-align: center;" | Q
| {{IPA|[kw]}}; the word ''q'' is {{IPA|[kwɑː]}}
| ?
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Don.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Don
| style="text-align: center;" | R
| {{IPA blink|r}}
| {{IPA|[ɑː(r)], [rɑː]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Fam.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Fam
| style="text-align: center;" | S
| {{IPA blink|s}} or {{IPA blink|z}} as would be natural in English, but for ⟨sh⟩, which is {{IPA blink|ʃ}}
| {{IPA|[ɛs]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Gisg.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Gisg
| style="text-align: center;" | T
| {{IPA blink|t}} but for ⟨th⟩, which is {{IPA blink|θ}}
| {{IPA|[teɪ]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Van.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Van
| style="text-align: center;" | U/V
| {{IPA blink|u|uː}} (stressed) or {{IPA blink|ʊ}} (unstressed); {{IPA|[juː]}} in initial position; {{IPA blink|v}} or {{IPA blink|w}} before another vowel and word-finally
| ?
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Pal.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Pal
| style="text-align: center;" | X
| {{IPA|[ks]}}
| {{IPA|[ɛks]}}
|-
| [[File:Enochian - Ceph.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.2]]
| style="text-align: center;" | Ceph
| style="text-align: center;" | Z
| {{IPA blink|z}}, rarely {{IPA|[zɒd]}}
| {{IPA|[zɒd]}}
|}

{{notelist-lg|refs=
{{efn-lg|name=Golden Dawn|According to [[Wynn Wescott]], each letter may be pronounced separately as its name in English or sometimes as the first consonant and vowel of its Hebrew name, e.g. N may be {{IPA|[ɛn]}} or {{IPA|[nu]}} (from ''[[nun]]''). However, consonants-vowel sequences may be optionally run together into single syllables. E.g. ''ta'' may be pronounced {{IPA|[teɪ ɑː]}} or {{IPA|[tɑː]}}; ''co'', {{IPA|[koʊ]}}; ''ar'', {{IPA|[ɑːr]}}; ''re'', {{IPA|[reɪ]}}.{{sfnp|Laycock|2001|p=60}}}}
}}

A number of fonts for the Enochian script are available. They use the [[ASCII]] range, with the letters assigned to the codepoints of their English equivalents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Enochian Materials |url=http://www.themagickalreview.org/enochian/ |publisher=The Magickal Review |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826140151/http://www.themagickalreview.org/enochian/ |archive-date=2007-08-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Gerald J. Schueler, Betty Jane Schueler|title=Download fonts|url=http://www.schuelers.com/enochian/fonts.htm|publisher=Schueler's Online|year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=James A. Eshelman|title=Enochian Elemental Tablets|url=http://www.aumha.org/arcane/enoch.htm|publisher=AumHa|year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Enochian Font |url=http://www.esotericgoldendawn.com/mysteries_enochian_font.htm |publisher=Esoteric Order of the Golden Dawn |year=2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927183854/http://www.esotericgoldendawn.com/mysteries_enochian_font.htm |archive-date=2011-09-27 }}</ref>