Editing Indonesian language (section)

== Writing system ==
{{main|Indonesian alphabet|Indonesian Spelling System}}

Indonesian is written with the [[Latin script]]. It was originally based on the [[Dutch spelling]] and still bears some similarities to it. Consonants are represented in a way similar to [[Italian language#Writing system|Italian]], although {{angle bracket|c}} is always {{IPA|/tʃ/}} (like English {{angle bracket|ch}}), {{angle bracket|g}} is always {{IPA|/ɡ/}} ("hard") and {{angle bracket|j}} represents {{IPA|/dʒ/}} as it does in English. In addition, {{angle bracket|ny}} represents the [[palatal nasal]] {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, {{angle bracket|ng}} is used for the [[velar nasal]] {{IPA|/ŋ/}} (which can occur word-initially), {{angle bracket|sy}} for {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (English {{angle bracket|sh}}) and {{angle bracket|kh}} for the [[voiceless velar fricative]] {{IPA|/x/}}. Both {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}} are represented with {{angle bracket|e}}.

Spelling changes in the language that have occurred since Indonesian independence include:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Phoneme!!Obsolete<br />spelling!!Modern<br />spelling
|- style="text-align:center;"
|{{IPAslink|u}}||oe||u
|- style="text-align:center;"
|{{IPAslink|tʃ}}||tj||c
|- style="text-align:center;"
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}}||dj||j
|- style="text-align:center;"
|{{IPAslink|j}}||j||y
|- style="text-align:center;"
|{{IPAslink|ɲ}}||nj||ny
|- style="text-align:center;"
|{{IPAslink|ʃ}}||sj||sy
|- style="text-align:center;"
|{{IPAslink|x}}||ch||kh
|}

Introduced in 1901, the [[van Ophuijsen Spelling System|''van Ophuijsen'' system]] (named from the advisor of the system, Charles Adriaan van Ophuijsen) was the first standardization of romanized spelling. It was most influenced by the then current [[Dutch orthography|Dutch spelling system]] and based on the dialect of Malay spoken in Johor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sneddon |first=James |title=The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society |year=2003 |location=Sydney |pages=92}}</ref> In 1947, the spelling was changed into ''[[Republican Spelling System|Republican Spelling]]'' or ''Soewandi Spelling'' (named by at the time Minister of Education, Soewandi). This spelling changed formerly spelled ''oe'' into ''u'' (however, the spelling influenced other aspects in orthography, for example writing reduplicated words). All of the other changes were a part of the [[Perfected Spelling System]], an officially mandated [[spelling reform]] in 1972. Some of the old spellings (which were derived from [[Dutch orthography]]) do survive in proper names; for example, the name of a former president of Indonesia is still sometimes written ''[[Suharto|Soeharto]]'', and the central Java city of [[Yogyakarta (city)|Yogyakarta]] is sometimes written ''Jogjakarta''. In time, the spelling system is further updated and the latest update of Indonesian spelling system issued on 16 August 2022 by Head of Language Development and Fostering Agency decree No 0424/I/BS.00.01/2022.<ref name="EYDV"/>

=== Letter names and pronunciations ===
The [[Malay alphabet|Indonesian alphabet]] is exactly the same as in ISO basic Latin alphabet.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|style="background:#efefef;" colspan="26"| '''[[Capital letters|Majuscule Forms]]'''
|-
| style="width:3%;"|[[A]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[B]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[C]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[D]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[E]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[F]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[G]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[H]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[I]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[J]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[K]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[L]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[M]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[N]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[O]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[P]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[Q]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[R]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[S]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[T]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[U]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[V]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[W]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[X]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[Y]]|| style="width:3%;"|[[Z]]
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="26"| '''[[Lower case|Minuscule Forms]]'''
|-
||a|| b|| c|| d|| e|| f|| g|| h|| i|| j|| k|| l|| m|| n|| o|| p|| q|| r|| s|| t|| u|| v|| w|| x|| y|| z
|}

Indonesian follows the letter names of the [[Dutch alphabet]]. Indonesian alphabet has a [[phonemic orthography]]; words are spelled the way they are pronounced, with few exceptions. The letters Q, V and X are rarely encountered, being chiefly used for writing [[loanword]]s.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Letter
!Name (in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]])
!Sound (in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]) 
!English equivalent
|-
|Aa 
|''a'' (/a/)
|{{IPA|/a/}} 
| '''a''' as in f'''a'''ther
|-
|Bb 
|''be'' (/be/) 
|{{IPA|/b/}} 
|'''b''' as in '''b'''ed
|-
|Cc 
|''ce'' (/t͡ʃe/) 
|{{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
|'''ch''' as in '''ch'''eck 
|-
|Dd
|''de'' (/de/)
|{{IPA|/d/}} 
|'''d''' as in '''d'''ay
|-
|Ee 
|''e'' (/e/) 
|{{IPA|/e/}} 
|'''e''' as in r'''e'''d
|-
|Ff 
|''ef'' (/ef/)
|{{IPA|/f/}} 
|'''f''' as in e'''f'''fort
|-
|Gg 
|''ge'' (/ge/) 
|{{IPA|/ɡ/}} 
|'''g''' as in '''g'''ain
|-
|Hh 
|''ha'' (/ha/) 
|{{IPA|/h/}} 
|'''h''' as in '''h'''arm
|-
|Ii 
|''i'' (/i/) 
|{{IPA|/i/}} 
|'''ee''' as in s'''ee'''
|-
|Jj
|''je'' (/d͡ʒe/) 
|{{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} 
|'''j''' as in '''j'''am 
|-
|Kk
|''ka'' (/ka/) 
|{{IPA|/k/}}
|'''k''' as in '''k'''arma
|-
|Ll
|''el'' (/el/) 
|{{IPA|/l/}} 
|'''l''' as in e'''l'''se
|-
|Mm
|''em'' (/em/) 
|{{IPA|/m/}} 
|'''m''' as in e'''m'''pty
|-
|Nn 
|''en'' (/en/) 
|{{IPA|/n/}} 
|'''n''' as in e'''n'''ergy
|-
|Oo 
|''o'' (/o/) 
|{{IPA | /o/}} 
|'''o''' as in '''o'''we
|-
|Pp 
|''pe'' (/pe/) 
|{{IPA | /p/}} 
|'''p''' as in '''p'''et
|-
|Qq 
|''qi or qiu'' (/ki/ or /kiu̯/)
|{{IPA | /k/}} 
|'''q''' as in '''q'''ueue
|-
|Rr
|''er'' (/er/) 
|{{IPA | /r/}} 
|Spanish '''rr''' as in pe'''rr'''o
|-
|Ss 
|''es'' (/es/) 
|{{IPA | /s/}} 
|'''s''' as in e'''s'''tablish
|-
|Tt 
|''te'' (/te/) 
|{{IPA | /t/}} 
|'''t''' as in '''t'''ext
|-
|Uu 
|''u'' (/u/) 
|{{IPA | /u/}} 
|'''oo''' as in p'''oo'''l
|-
|Vv 
|''ve'' (/fe/)
|{{IPA|/f/}}
|'''v''' as in '''v'''est
|-
|Ww
|'' we'' (/we/) 
|{{IPA | /w/}} 
|'''w''' as in '''w'''et
|-
|Xx 
|'' ex'' (/eks/) 
|{{IPA|/ks/ or /s/}}
|'''x''' as in e'''x'''
|-
|Yy 
|'' ye'' (/je/) 
|{{IPA | /j/}} 
|'''y''' as in '''y'''es
|-
|Zz 
|''zet'' (/zet/) 
|{{IPA | /z/}} 
|'''z''' as in '''z'''ebra
|}

In addition, there are [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] that are not considered separate letters of the alphabet:<ref name=Omniglot>{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm|title=Malay language, alphabets and pronunciation|website=www.omniglot.com|access-date=13 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626115200/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm|archive-date=26 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Digraph
! Sound
! English equivalent
|-
|ai 
|{{IPA|/aɪ/}} 
|'''uy''' as in b'''uy'''
|-
|au 
|{{IPA|/aʊ/}} 
|'''ou''' as in '''ou'''ch
|-
|oi 
|{{IPA|/oɪ/}} 
|'''oy''' as in b'''oy'''
|-
|ei
|{{IPA|/eɪ/}} 
|'''ey''' as in surv'''ey'''
|-
|gh 
|{{IPA|/ɣ/}} or {{IPA|/x/}} 
|similar to Dutch and German '''ch''', but voiced
|-
|kh 
|{{IPA|/x/}} 
|'''ch''' as in lo'''ch'''
|-
|ng 
|{{IPA|/ŋ/}} 
|'''ng''' as in si'''ng'''
|-
|ny 
|{{IPA|/ɲ/}} 
|Spanish '''ñ'''; similar to '''ny''' as in ca'''ny'''on with a nasal sound
|-
|sy 
|{{IPA|/ʃ/}} 
|'''sh''' as in '''sh'''oe
|}