Editing Computer security (section)

===Aviation===
The [[aviation]] industry is very reliant on a series of complex systems which could be attacked.<ref>{{cite conference |first=P. G. |last=Neumann |title=Computer Security in Aviation: Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Risks |conference=International Conference on Aviation Safety and Security in the 21st Century, White House Commission on Safety and Security |year=1997 |url=https://www.csl.sri.com/~neumann/air.html}}</ref> A simple power outage at one airport can cause repercussions worldwide,<ref>{{cite report | last=Dillingham | first=Gerald L. | title=Aviation security: terrorist acts demonstrate urgent need to improve security at the nation's airports | publisher=United States. General Accounting Office | date=20 September 2001 | url=https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/33937}}</ref> much of the system relies on radio transmissions which could be disrupted,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.securityweek.com/air-traffic-control-systems-vulnerabilities-could-make-unfriendly-skies-black-hat|title=Air Traffic Control Systems Vulnerabilities Could Make for Unfriendly Skies [Black Hat] – SecurityWeek.Com|date=27 July 2012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208070914/http://www.securityweek.com/air-traffic-control-systems-vulnerabilities-could-make-unfriendly-skies-black-hat|archive-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> and controlling aircraft over oceans is especially dangerous because radar surveillance only extends 175 to 225 miles offshore.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 August 2014 |title=Hacker Says He Can Break into Airplane Systems Using In-Flight Wi-Fi |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2014/08/04/337794061/hacker-says-he-can-break-into-airplane-systems-using-in-flight-wi-fi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208072554/http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2014/08/04/337794061/hacker-says-he-can-break-into-airplane-systems-using-in-flight-wi-fi |archive-date=8 February 2015 |access-date=2020-03-19 |work=NPR}}</ref> There is also potential for attack from within an aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jim |last=Finkle |date=4 August 2014 |title=Hacker says to show passenger jets at risk of cyber attack |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cybersecurity-hackers-airplanes-idUSKBN0G40WQ20140804 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013061705/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/04/us-cybersecurity-hackers-airplanes-idUSKBN0G40WQ20140804 |archive-date=13 October 2015}}</ref>

Implementing fixes in aerospace systems poses a unique challenge because efficient air transportation is heavily affected by weight and volume. Improving security by adding physical devices to airplanes could increase their unloaded weight, and could potentially reduce cargo or passenger capacity.<ref>{{cite magazine  | last = Cesar | first = Alan | title = Online course bolsters cybersecurity in aviation | magazine = Aerogram | date = 15 Dec 2023 | url =  https://engineering.purdue.edu/AAE/Aerogram/2023-2024/articles/41-cyber-course | publisher=Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics| access-date =2024-01-09 }}</ref>

In Europe, with the ([[Pan-European Network Service]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/pan-european-network-services-pens|title=Pan-European Network Services (PENS) – Eurocontrol.int|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212175606/https://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/pan-european-network-services-pens|archive-date=12 December 2016}}</ref> and NewPENS,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurocontrol.int/news/centralised-services-newpens-moves-forward|title=Centralised Services: NewPENS moves forward – Eurocontrol.int|work=Eurocontrol |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319025329/https://www.eurocontrol.int/news/centralised-services-newpens-moves-forward|archive-date=19 March 2017|date=17 January 2016}}</ref> and in the US with the NextGen program,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.faa.gov/nextgen/update/progress_and_plans/data_comm/|title=NextGen Data Communication|publisher=FAA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313110025/http://www.faa.gov/nextgen/update/progress_and_plans/data_comm/|archive-date=13 March 2015|access-date=15 June 2017}}</ref> [[air navigation service provider]]s are moving to create their own dedicated networks.

Many modern passports are now [[biometric passport]]s, containing an embedded [[Integrated circuit|microchip]] that stores a digitized photograph and personal information such as name, gender, and date of birth. In addition, more countries{{which|date=December 2012}} are introducing [[facial recognition technology]] to reduce [[identity fraud|identity-related fraud]]. The introduction of the ePassport has assisted border officials in verifying the identity of the passport holder, thus allowing for quick passenger processing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=e-Passports {{!}} Homeland Security |url=https://www.dhs.gov/e-passports |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=www.dhs.gov}}</ref> Plans are under way in the US, the [[UK]], and [[Australia]] to introduce SmartGate kiosks with both retina and [[fingerprint recognition]] technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/passports/|title=The Australian ePassport. Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade website|access-date=1 May 2023|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109033115/http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/passports/}}</ref> The airline industry is moving from the use of traditional paper tickets towards the use of [[electronic ticket]]s (e-tickets). These have been made possible by advances in online credit card transactions in partnership with the airlines. Long-distance bus companies{{which|date=December 2012}} are also switching over to e-ticketing transactions today.

The consequences of a successful attack range from loss of confidentiality to loss of system integrity, [[air traffic control]] outages, loss of aircraft, and even loss of life.