Editing Computer security (section)

===Financial systems===
The computer systems of financial regulators and financial institutions like the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]], SWIFT, investment banks, and commercial banks are prominent hacking targets for [[Cybercrime|cybercriminals]] interested in manipulating markets and making illicit gains.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The New Market Manipulation|first=Tom C. W.|last=Lin|date=3 July 2017|ssrn=2996896|journal= Emory Law Journal |volume=66|page=1253 }}</ref> Websites and apps that accept or store [[credit card number]]s, brokerage accounts, and [[bank account]] information are also prominent hacking targets, because of the potential for immediate financial gain from transferring money, making purchases, or selling the information on the [[black market]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Financial Weapons of War |journal=Minnesota Law Review|year= 2016|ssrn=2765010|last1=Lin|first1=Tom C. W.}}</ref> In-store payment systems and [[Automated teller machine|ATMs]] have also been tampered with in order to gather customer account data and [[Personal identification number|PINs]].

The [[UCLA]] Internet Report: Surveying the Digital Future (2000) found that the privacy of personal data created barriers to online sales and that more than nine out of 10 internet users were somewhat or very concerned about [[credit card]] security.<ref>{{cite report|last1=Cole|first1=Jeffrey I.|first2=Michael|last2=Suman|first3=Phoebe|last3=Schramm|first4=Daniel|last4=van Bel|first5=B.|last5=Lunn|first6=Phyllisane|last6=Maguire|first7=Koran|last7=Hanson|first8=Rajesh|last8=Singh|first9=Jedrix-Sean|last9=Aquino|first10=Harlan|last10=Lebo|title=The UCLA Internet report: Surveying the digital future|website=ccp.ucla.edu|year=2000|url=http://ccp.ucla.edu/UCLA-Internet-Report-2000.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030423221926/http://ccp.ucla.edu/UCLA-Internet-Report-2000.pdf|archive-date=23 April 2003|access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref>

The most common web technologies for improving security between browsers and websites are named SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), and its successor TLS ([[Transport Layer Security]]), [[identity management]] and [[authentication]] services, and [[domain name]] services allow companies and consumers to engage in secure communications and commerce. Several versions of SSL and TLS are commonly used today in applications such as web browsing, e-mail, internet faxing, [[instant messaging]], and [[VoIP]] (voice-over-IP). There are various [[Interoperability|interoperable]] implementations of these technologies, including at least one implementation that is [[open source]]. Open source allows anyone to view the application's [[source code]], and look for and report vulnerabilities.

The credit card companies [[Visa Debit|Visa]] and [[MasterCard]] cooperated to develop the secure [[EMV]] chip which is embedded in credit cards. Further developments include the [[Chip Authentication Program]] where banks give customers hand-held card readers to perform online secure transactions. Other developments in this arena include the development of technology such as Instant Issuance which has enabled shopping [[mall kiosk]]s acting on behalf of banks to issue on-the-spot credit cards to interested customers.