Editing World War I casualties (section)

== Casualties by post-war (1924) borders ==

[[File:Europe 1914 and 1924.png|thumb|Europe 1914 and 1924]]
The war involved multi-ethnic empires such as Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary and Turkey. Many ethnic groups in these territories were conscripted for military service. The casualties listed by modern borders are also included in the above table of figures for the countries that existed in 1914. The casualty figures by 1924 post war borders are rough estimates by Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century, the sources of his figures were published in the Soviet era and in post-Soviet Russia.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref>

According to the 1914–1918 Online Encyclopedia "In addition to losses suffered by African military personnel and the laborers supporting their operations, very large, but unknown numbers of African civilians perished during the war."  They made an estimate of civilian losses in Africa of 750,000 based on the study by the Vadim Erlikman. They noted that Erlikman's figures are based on the work of the Russian demographer Boris Urlanis, noting that these estimates were "imprecise" and "could be used to provide a frame of reference for further inquiry".<ref name="War Losses Africa">{{cite web |title=War Losses (Africa) |url=http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses_africa |website=1914–1918 Online Encyclopedia |access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref> The ''Oxford History of World War One'' notes that "In east and central Africa the harshness of the war resulted in acute shortages of food with famine in some areas, a weakening of populations, and epidemic diseases which killed hundreds of thousands of people and also cattle."<ref name="Strachan, Hew 1999 p. 100">Strachan, Hew (1999). World War I: A History. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-820614-9}} p. 100</ref>
* {{flag|Austria}}
The following estimates of Austrian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 175,000: including military losses 120,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 30,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 25,000.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 36 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref>
* {{flag|Belarus}}
The following estimates of Belarusian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 130,000: including military losses 70,000 with the Russian forces. Civilian dead were 60,000.<ref name = Erlikman>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 25 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref>
* {{flag|Ukraine}}
The following estimates of Ukrainian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 590,000: including military losses 450,000,(Erlikman did not break out military losses between Austro-Hungarian and Russian armed forces). Civilian dead were 140,000.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 34 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref>
* {{COD}}
The [[Belgian Congo]] was part of the Kingdom of Belgium during the war. A Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia estimated a total of 155,000 deaths in the Belgian Congo during the war.<ref name="narodonaseleniia2004" />
* {{flag|Czechoslovakia}}
Czechoslovakia was part of Austro-Hungary during the war. The estimates of Czechoslovak deaths within 1991 borders were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 185,000: including military losses 110,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 45,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 30,000.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 54 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref> The [[Czechoslovak Legion in France|Czechoslovak Legions]] fought with the armies of the Allies during the war.
[[File:Obermillstatt 16 2006.JPG|thumb|Austrian memorial commemorating soldiers from the village of [[Obermillstatt]] who died in World War I]]
* {{flag|Estonia}}
Estonia was part of the Russian Empire during the war and about 100,000 Estonians served in the Russian Army. Of them about 10,000 were killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esm.ee/11419/?id=11419&album_id=11403The |title=Estonian War Museum – General Laidoner Museum |website=esm.ee |access-date=14 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121164512/http://www.esm.ee/11419/?id=11419&album_id=11403The |archive-date=21 January 2012 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>
* {{flag|Finland}}
From 1809 Finland was an autonomous [[Grand Duchy of Finland|Grand Duchy]] in the [[Russian Empire]] until the end of 1917. Finland's autonomous status meant that Finns were exempt from conscription into the Russian Army. Approximately 800 Finns voluntarily served during World War I.<ref>Haapala, Pertti (2014). “The Expected and Non-Expected Roots of Chaos: Preconditions of the Finnish Civil War,” in The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy, ed. Tuomas Tepora and Aapo Roselius (Leiden ; Boston: Brill Academic Pub, 2014), 36–37 {{ISBN|978-90-04-24366-8}}.</ref> According to data regarding Finnish war casualties, 317 Finns were killed between 1914 and 1917.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vesta.narc.fi/cgi-bin/db2www/sotasurmaetusivu/stat |title=The registry of names of the war dead between 1914-1922 |website=vesta.narc.fi |access-date=14 February 2022 |archive-date=9 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709072135/http://vesta.narc.fi/cgi-bin/db2www/sotasurmaetusivu/stat |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[French colonial empire|French colonies]]

The following estimates of deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Erlikman's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia.<ref name="Erlikman, Vadim 2004 p. 59">Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. pp. 59, 83–99 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref> These numbers only include military deaths, total civilian deaths in Africa could amount up to 750,000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=War Losses (Africa) {{!}} International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)|url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/war_losses_africa|access-date=2021-03-24|website=encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net}}</ref>

:{{DZA}}'' (1914 known as [[French Algeria]])'': 26,000
:{{VNM}} ''(1914 known as [[French Indochina]])'': 12,000
:{{MLI}} ''(1914 part of [[French West Africa]])'': 10,000
:{{MAR}} ''(1914 known as the [[French protectorate of Morocco]])'': 8,000
:{{SEN}} ''(1914 part of [[French West Africa]])'': 6,000
:{{GIN}} ''(1914 part of [[French West Africa]])'': 2,500
:{{MDG}}: 2,500 military
:{{BEN}} ''(1914 part of [[French West Africa]])'': 2,000
:{{BFA}} ''(1914 part of [[French West Africa]])'': 2,000
:{{COG}} ''(1914 part of [[French Equatorial Africa]])'': 2,000
:{{CIV}} ''(1914 part of [[French West Africa]])'': 2,000
:{{TUN}} ''(1914 known as [[French occupation of Tunisia|French Tunisia]])'': 2,000
:{{TCD}} ''(1914 part of [[French Equatorial Africa]])'': 1,500
:{{CAF}} ''(1914 known as French [[Ubangi-Shari|Oubangui-Chari]])'': 1,000
:{{NER}} ''(1914 part of [[French West Africa]])'': 1,000
:{{GAB}} ''(1914 part of [[French Equatorial Africa]])'': 500
:{{flag|India}} ''([[French India|French Establishments in India]])'': 195
<br /> Total: 82,000
* {{flag|Georgia}}
The following estimates of Georgian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Georgia was part of the Russian Empire during the war and about 150,000 Georgians served in the Russian Army. Of them about 10,000 were killed.<ref name = Erlikman />
* {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[German colonial empire|German colonies]]
The following estimates of deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Erlikman's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. pp.&nbsp;83–99 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref> These numbers only include military deaths, total civilian deaths in Africa could amount up to 750,000.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Willy Jaeckel, Ohne Titel - Sans titre.jpg|thumb|''Dying Soldier in a Trench'' (1915) by [[Willy Jaeckel]]]]
:{{TZA}} ''(1914 part of [[German East Africa]])'': 20,000
:{{NAM}} ''(1914 known as [[German South-West Africa]])'': 1,000
:{{CMR}} ''(1914 known as [[Kamerun]])'': 5,000 military and 50,000 civilian
:{{flag|Togo}} ''(1914 known as [[Togoland|German Togoland]])'': 2,000
:{{RWA}} ''(1914 part of [[German East Africa]])'': 15,000
<br /> Total: 48,000
* {{flag|Hungary}}
The following estimates of Hungarian deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 385,000: including military losses 270,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 70,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 45,000.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 41 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}</ref>
* {{flag|Ireland}}
Ireland was a part of the United Kingdom during World War I. Five-sixths of the island left to form the [[Irish Free State]], now the [[Republic of Ireland]], in 1922. A total of 206,000 Irishmen served in the British forces during the war.<ref>Fergus Campbell, Land and Revolution, Nationalist Politics in the West of Ireland 1891–1921, p. 196</ref> The number of Irish deaths in the British Army recorded by the registrar general was 27,405.<ref name="David Fitzpatrick 1922, p392">David Fitzpatrick, Militarism in Ireland, 1900–1922, in Tom Bartlet, Keith Jeffreys ed's, p. 392</ref> A significant number of these casualties were from what, in 1920, became [[Northern Ireland]]. While 49,400 soldiers died serving in Irish divisions (the 10th, 16th and [[36th (Ulster) Division|36th]]), although not all of the men serving in these divisions were natives of Ireland and many Irish who died in non-Irish regiments are not listed.<ref>Dúchas The Heritage Service, Visitors Guide to the Gardens</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/irish-soldiers-in-the-first-world-war-who-where-and-how-many-1.1884022 |title=Irish soldiers in the first World War: who, where and how many? |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=14 April 2018}}</ref> For example, 29% of the casualties in the 16th Division were not natives of Ireland.<ref name="David Fitzpatrick 1922, p392" /> Neither does it include Irish emigrants in Britain who enlisted there and are not categorised as Irish. Australia lists 4,731 of its first World War soldiers as having been born in Ireland and more than 19,000 Irish-born soldiers served in the Canadian Corps. According to research done by John Horne of [[Trinity College Dublin]], there are at least 30,986 soldiers who were born in Ireland that died; however, that's considered a "conservative" estimate and is very likely to rise.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/irish-soldiers-in-the-first-world-war-who-where-and-how-many-1.1884022 |title=Irish soldiers in the first World War: who, where and how many? |last=McGreevy |first=Ronan |date=2 August 2014 |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=28 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414233936/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/irish-soldiers-in-the-first-world-war-who-where-and-how-many-1.1884022 |archive-date=14 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{MOZ}}
The losses of [[Portuguese Mozambique]] were estimated by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Erlikman's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia.<ref name="Erlikman, Vadim 2004 p. 59" /> 52,000
* {{flag|Poland}}
Poland was territory of Germany, Austria-Hungary and partially annexed by Russia, from 1795 to 1918. By late 1915, Germany had complete control over modern-day Poland. A 2005 Polish study estimated 3,376,800 Poles were conscripted into the armed forces of these countries during World War I, an additional 300,000 were conscripted for forced labor by the Germans. The Russians and Austrians forcibly resettled 1.6 to 1.8&nbsp;million persons from the war zone in Poland.<ref>Andrzej Gawryszewski (2005). Ludnosc Polski w XX wieku. Warsaw. pp. 411–412</ref> According to Micheal Clodfelter, Polish war dead were 1,080,000, whilst 200,000 Polish civilians were killed in the fighting on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]]; 870,000 men served in the German, Austrian and Russian armies.<ref name="Clodfelter, Micheal 2002 p. 479" /> Another estimate made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century, put total Polish war dead at 640,000, including military losses of 270,000 Poles conscripted, civilian losses of 120,000 due to military operations and 250,000 caused by famine and disease.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 49 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref> The ethnic Polish [[Blue Army (Poland)|Blue Army]] served with the French Army. The ethnic [[Polish Legions in World War I|Polish Legions]] fought as part of the Austro-Hungarian Army on the Eastern Front.
* {{flag|Romania}}
The territory of [[Transylvania]] was part of Austria-Hungary during World War I. The following estimates of Romanian deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead: 748,000, including military losses of 220,000 with the Romanian forces, 150,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 48,000. Civilian dead were as follows due to famine and disease: 200,000, killed in military operations 120,000 and 10,000 dead in Austrian prisons.
<ref name="Erlikman, Vadim 2004 p. 51" />
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[British Empire|British colonies]]
Britain recruited Indian, Chinese, native [[South Africa]]n, Egyptian and other overseas labour to provide logistical support in the combat theatres.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/|title=Welcome|website=Longlongtrail.co.uk|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> Included with British casualties in East Africa are the deaths of 44,911 recruited labourers.<ref name="casualties1931">Mitchell, T.J. (1931). Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War. London: Reprinted by Battery Press (1997). p. 12 {{ISBN|978-0-89839-263-0}}</ref> The CWGC reports that nearly 2,000 workers from the Chinese Labour Corps are buried with British war dead in France.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Chinese Labour Corps at the Western Front |url=http://www.cwgc.org/admin/files/cwgc_clc.pdf |via=cwgc.org |access-date=14 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219033940/http://www.cwgc.org/admin/files/cwgc_clc.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2008 |url-status=dead |publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission}}</ref>

The following estimates of [[British Empire]] colonial military deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Erlikman's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia.<ref name=erlikman2004pp8399>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. pp. 83–99 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref>
:{{GHA}} ''(1914 known as the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]])'': 1,200
:{{KEN}} ''(1914 known as [[British East Africa]])'': 2,000
:{{MWI}} ''(1914 known as [[Nyasaland]])'': 3,000
:{{NGA}} ''(1914 part of [[British West Africa]])'': 5,000
:{{SLE}} ''(1914 part of [[British West Africa]])'': 1,000
:{{UGA}} ''(1914 known as the [[Uganda Protectorate]])'': 1,500
:{{ZMB}} ''(1914 known as [[Company rule in Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]])'': 3,000
:{{ZWE}} ''(1914 known as [[Company rule in Rhodesia|Southern Rhodesia]])'': 5,716 persons of European origin [[Southern Rhodesia in World War I|served in the war]], of whom about 700 were killed, or died of wounds or other causes. In explicitly Rhodesian units, 127 were killed, 24 died of wounds, 101 died of disease or other causes and 294 were wounded. Of the territory's black African servicemen, 31 were killed in action, 142 died of other causes and 116 were wounded.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ragtime Soldiers: the Rhodesian Experience in the First World War |last=McLaughlin |first=Peter |author-link=Peter McLaughlin |publisher=Books of Zimbabwe |location=Bulawayo |year=1980 |isbn=0-86920-232-4 |page=140}}</ref>
<br /> Total: 18,000
* {{flag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}}

The following estimates are for Yugoslavia within the 1991 borders.

[[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia]] and [[Vojvodina]] (Now part of Serbia) were part of Austria-Hungary during [[World War I]]. [[Serbia]], which included [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], and [[Montenegro]] was an independent nation. The Yugoslav historian [[Vladimir Dedijer]] put the total losses of the Yugoslav lands at 1.9&nbsp;million, of which 43% were from Serbia.<ref>Vladimir Dedijer, History of Yugoslavia McGraw-Hill Inc., US, 1975 {{ISBN|0-07-016235-2}} p. 501</ref> The following estimates of Yugoslav deaths, within 1991 borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead: 996,000 including military losses, 260,000 with the Serbian forces, 80,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces, 13,000 with Montenegrin forces and POW deaths in captivity of 93,000. Civilian dead were as follows due to famine and disease: 400,000, killed in military operations: 120,000 and 30,000 dead in Austrian prisons or executed.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 55 {{ISBN|978-5-93165-107-1}}.</ref>
* {{flag|Nepal}}
During World War I, the Nepalese army was expanded and six new regiments, totaling more than 20,000 troops—all volunteers—were sent to India, most of them to the North-West Frontier Province, to release British and Indian troops for service overseas. Simultaneously, the Nepalese government agreed to maintain recruitment at a level that would sustain the existing British Gurkha units and allow the establishment of additional ones. The battalions were increased to thirty-three with the addition of 55,000 new recruits and Gurkha units were placed at the disposal of the British high command for service on all fronts. Many volunteers were assigned to non-combat units, such as the Army Bearer Corps and the labour battalions but they also were in combat in France, Turkey, Palestine and Mesopotamia. The Rana prime ministers urged Nepalese males to fight in the war. Of the more than 200,000 Nepalese who served in the British army, there were some 20,000 Gurkha casualties included above with the [[British Indian Army]].<ref>US Library of Congress ''A Country Study: Nepal''</ref>