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World War I casualties

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File:British wounded Bernafay Wood 19 July 1916.jpg
British and German wounded, Bernafay Wood, 19 July 1916. Photo by Ernest Brooks.

The total number of military and civilian casualties in World War I was about 40 million: estimates range from around 15 to 22 million deaths<ref name = Britannica>Template:Cite web</ref> and about 23 million wounded military personnel, ranking it among the deadliest conflicts in human history.

The total number of deaths includes from 9 to 11 million military personnel. The civilian death toll was about 6 to 13 million.<ref name = Britannica /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Triple Entente (also known as the Allies) lost about 6 million military personnel while the Central Powers lost about 4 million. At least 2 million died from diseases and 6 million went missing, presumed dead. This article lists the casualties of the belligerent powers based on official published sources.

About two-thirds of military deaths in World War I were in battle, unlike the conflicts that took place in the 19th century when the majority of deaths were due to disease. Nevertheless, disease, including the 1918 flu pandemic and deaths while held as prisoners of war, still caused about one third of total military deaths for all belligerents.

Classification of casualty statistics

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File:Douaumont ossuary3.jpg
Douaumont French Army cemetery seen from Douaumont ossuary, which contains remains of French and German soldiers who died during the Battle of Verdun in 1916

Casualty statistics for World War I vary to a great extent; estimates of total deaths range from 9 million to over 15 million.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Military casualties reported in official sources list deaths due to all causes, including an estimated 7 to 8 million combat related deaths (killed or died of wounds) and another two to three million military deaths caused by accidents, disease and deaths while prisoners of war. Official government reports listing casualty statistics were published by the United States and Great Britain.<ref>Military Casualties – World War – Estimated. Statistics Branch, GS, War Department, 25 February 1924</ref><ref>The War Office, Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920</ref> These secondary sources published during the 1920s, are the source of the statistics in reference works listing casualties in World War I.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="EPFW">The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia Spencer C. Tucker Garland Publishing, New York 1999 Template:ISBN</ref><ref name="Ellis 2001 269 70">John Ellis, The World War I Databook, Aurum Press, 2001, Template:ISBN pp. 269–70</ref><ref name="World War I 2010 p. 219">World War I: People, Politics, and Power, published by Britannica Educational Publishing (2010) p. 219</ref> This article summarizes the casualty statistics published in the official government reports of the United States and Great Britain as well as France, Italy, Belgium, Germany, Austria and Russia. More recently the research of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) has revised the military casualty statistics of the UK and its allies; they include in their listing of military war dead personnel outside of combat theaters and civilians recruited from Africa, the Middle East and China who provided logistical and service support in combat theaters.<ref name="CWGCAR">Template:Cite webFigures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="MOMBASA AFRICAN MEMORIAL">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="The Long, Long Trail is a personal website written by Chris Baker">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="skycitygallery.com">Template:Cite web</ref> The casualties of these support personnel recruited outside of Europe were previously not included with British war dead, however the casualties of the Labour Corps recruited from the British Isles were included in the rolls of British war dead published in 1921.<ref name="familysearch.org">Template:Cite web</ref> The methodology used by each nation to record and classify casualties was not uniform, a general caveat regarding casualty figures is that they cannot be considered comparable in all cases.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> First World War civilian deaths are "hazardous to estimate" according to Micheal Clodfelter who maintains that "the generally accepted figure of noncombatant deaths is 6.5 million."<ref name="Clodfelter, Micheal 2002 p. 479">Clodfelter, Micheal (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 2nd Ed.. Template:ISBN. p. 479</ref>

Casualties by borders of 1914

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Template:Center Template:Center

Nation Population (millions) Combat deaths and missing in action (included in total military deaths) Total military deaths (from all causes) Civilian deaths (military action and crimes against humanity) Increase in civilian deaths (malnutrition and disease excluding Influenza pandemic) Total deaths Deaths as % of population Military wounded
Allies and co-belligerents of World War I
Template:Flag Template:Ref 5.0 61,527<ref name="awm.gov.au">Template:Cite web</ref> 59,330<ref name="stats">Template:Cite web</ref>
to 62,149<ref name="CWGCAR" /> 		59,330
to 62,149 		1.2%
to 1.2% 		152,171<ref name="vlib.us">Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag Template:Ref 7.2 56,638<ref name="statcan.gc.ca">Template:Cite web</ref> 56,639<ref name="vlib.us" />
to 64,996<ref name="CWGCAR" />		 1,963<ref name="Halifax Explosion Remembrance Book">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 58,639
to 66,996 		{{#expr: 58639 / 7.2 / 10000 round 1}}%
to {{#expr: 66996 / 7.2 / 10000 round 1}}% 		149,732<ref name="vlib.us" />
Template:Flagcountry Template:Ref 315.1 64,449<ref name="vlib.us" /> 64,449<ref name="vlib.us" />
to 73,905<ref name="CWGCAR" /> 		64,449
to 73,905 		{{#expr: 66449 / 315.1 / 10000 round 3}}%
to {{#expr: 73895 / 315.1 / 10000 round 3}}% 		69,214<ref name="vlib.us" />
Template:Flagcountry Template:Ref 1.1 18,166<ref name="Auckland War Memorial Museum">Template:Cite web</ref> 16,711<ref name="vlib.us" />
to 18,060<ref name="CWGCAR" /> 		16,711
to 18,060 		{{#expr: 16711 / 1.1 / 10000 round 1}}%
to {{#expr: 18053 / 1.1 / 10000 round 1}}% 		41,317<ref name="vlib.us" />
Template:Flagcountry Template:Ref 0.2 1,204<ref name="vlib.us" /> 1,204<ref name="vlib.us" />
to 1,570<ref name="journals.hil.unb.ca">Template:Cite web</ref>(included with UK) 		1,204
to 1,570 		{{#expr: 1204 / 0.2 / 10000 round 1}}%
to {{#expr: 1570 / 0.2 / 10000 round 1}}% 		2,314<ref name="vlib.us" />
Template:Flagcountry Template:Ref 6.0 7,121<ref name="vlib.us" /> 7,121<ref name="vlib.us" />
to 9,726<ref name="CWGCAR" /> 		7,121
to 9,726 		{{#expr: 7121 / 6.0 / 10000 round 1}}%
to {{#expr: 9726 / 6.0 / 10000 round 1}}% 		12,029<ref name="vlib.us" />
Template:Flagcountry (and colonies) Template:Ref 45.4 744,000Template:Ref 887,858<ref name="CWGCAR" /> 16,829<ref name="vlib.us"/><ref name="Gilbert, Martin 1994">Gilbert, Martin (1994). Atlas of World War I. Oxford UP. Template:ISBN (908 civilians killed in naval attacks)</ref> 107,000<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 47">Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. pp. 47–61</ref> to 400,000<ref name=Kramer>Template:Cite book</ref> 867,829
to 1,011,687 		{{#expr: 867829 / 45.4 / 10000 round 1}}%
to {{#expr: 1011540/ 45.4 / 10000 round 1}}% 		1,675,000Template:Ref
Template:Ubl 380.0 953,104 949,454
to 1,118,264 		18,829 107,000 1,077,283
to 1,244,093 		{{#expr: 1077283/ 380.0 / 10000 round 1}}%
to {{#expr: 1244093 /380.0 / 10000 round 1}}%

2,101,077

Template:Flag Template:Ref 7.4 38,170<ref name="stats"/> 38,170<ref name="ia800502.us.archive.org">Template:Cite web</ref>
to 58,637<ref name="extranet.arch.be">Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919. Bruxelles. 1922 p. 100 Template:Webarchive Per Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919 figure of 58,637 includes 2,620 colonial troops and 15,650 porters in Africa</ref> 		23,700<ref>Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919. Bruxelles. 1922 p. 100</ref> 62,000<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 59">Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. pp. 59–62</ref> 123,870
to 144,337 		{{#expr: 123870/ 7.4 / 10000 round 1}}%
to {{#expr: 144337/ 7.4 / 10000 round 1}}% 		44,686<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
Template:Flagcountry Template:Ref 39.6 1,150,000<ref>Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre. Paris. p. 420. The figure includes killed, missing in action and died of wounds excluding died of disease</ref><ref name="Australian Army Medical Services 1943 p. 870">Official History of the Australian Army Medical Services, 1914–1918 Volume III – Special Problems and Services (1st edition, 1943) p. 870</ref> 1,357,000<ref name="stats" />
to 1,397,800<ref name="Huber, Michel 1931 p. 414">Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre. Paris p. 414</ref> 		40,000<ref name="Clodfelter, Micheal 2002 p. 479" /><ref name="Ellis, John 1993 p. 269">Ellis, John (1993). World War I–Databook. Aurum Press. Template:ISBN, p. 269</ref><ref name="isbn1991">Randal Grey. Chronicle of World War I, Vol2 Facts on File 1991 Template:ISBN p. 292</ref> 300,000<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 59" /> to 600,000<ref name=Kramer/> 1,697,000
to 1,737,800 		{{#expr: 1697800 / 39.6 / 10000 round 1}}%
to {{#expr: 1737800 / 39.6 / 10000 round 1}}% 		4,266,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010">Military Casualties-World War-Estimated," Statistics Branch, GS, War Department, 25 February 1924; cited in World War I: People, Politics, and Power, published by Britannica Educational Publishing (2010) p. 219</ref>
Template:Flagcountry Template:Ref 4.8 5,000<ref name="stats"/> 5,000<ref name="stats" />
to 26,000<ref name="Urlanis, Boris 1971 p. 209">Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow p. 209</ref> 		150,000<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 80">Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. pp. 80–81</ref> 155,000
to 176,000 		{{#expr: 155000 /4.8 / 10000 round 1}}%
to {{#expr: 176000 /4.8 / 10000 round 1}}% 		21,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
Template:Flagcountry Template:Ref 35.6 460,000<ref name="ia800502.us.archive.org" /> 460,000<ref name="ia800502.us.archive.org" />
to 709,000<ref name="Mortara, G 1925 P 28">Mortara, G (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 28–29</ref><ref name="ITA, 14-18">Template:Cite web</ref> 		3,400<ref>Mortara, G (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 56–57</ref> 332,000<ref name=Kramer/> to 589,000<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 52">Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron – The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. pp. 52–59</ref> 1,052,400
to 1,301,400 		{{#expr: 1052400 / 35.6 / 10000 round 1}}%
to {{#expr: 1301400 / 35.6 / 10000 round 1}}% 		947,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /> to 1,050,000<ref name="ITA, 14-18"/>
Template:Flagcountry Template:Ref 53.6 300<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /> 300<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
to 4,661<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29">International Labour Office, Enquête sur la production. Rapport général. Paris [etc.] Berger-Levrault, 1923–25. Tom 4, II Les tués et les disparus p. 29 Template:OCLC</ref> 		300
to 4,661 		{{#expr: 300 / 53.6 / 10000 round 1}}%
to {{#expr: 4661 / 53.6 / 10000 round 1}}% 		907<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
Template:Flagcountry Template:Ref 0.5 3,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /> 3,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
to 13,325<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" /> 		3,000
to 13,325 		{{#expr: 3000 / 0.5 / 10000 round 1}}%
to {{#expr:13335 / 0.5 / 10000 round 1}}% 		10,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
Template:Flagcountry Template:Ref 6.0 7,222<ref name="ia800502.us.archive.org" /> 7,222<ref name="ia800502.us.archive.org" /> 13<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> 82,000<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 61">Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. pp. 61–64</ref> 89,235 {{#expr: 89222 / 6.0 / 10000 round 1}}% 13,751<ref name="ia800502.us.archive.org" />
Template:Flagcountry Template:Ref 7.5 335,706<ref name="stats" /> 250,000<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
to 335,706<ref name="stats" /> 		130,000<ref name="Erlikman, Vadim 2004 p. 51">Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 51 Template:ISBN.</ref> 200,000<ref name="Erlikman, Vadim 2004 p. 51" /> 580,000
to 665,706 		{{#expr: 580000/ 7.5 / 10000 round 1}}%
to {{#expr: 665706 / 7.5 / 10000 round 1}}% 		120,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
Template:Flagcountry Template:Ref 175.1 775,369 to 1,700,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /><ref name="stats"/> 1,700,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /> to
2,254,369<ref name="rus-sky.com">Template:Cite web</ref> 		410,000<ref name="Erlikman, Vadim 2004 p. 18">Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 18 Template:ISBN.(Civilians killed on Eastern Front)</ref> 730,000<ref name="Erlikman, Vadim 2004 p. 18" /> 2,840,000 to
3,394,369 		{{#expr: 2840000 / 175.1 / 10000 round 1}}% to {{#expr: 3394369 / 175.1 / 10000 round 1}}% 3,749,000<ref name="rus-sky.com" /> to
4,950,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
Template:Flagcountry Template:Ref 4.5 127,500<ref name="stats" /> 300,000<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 65">Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. pp. 65–76</ref>
to 450,000<ref name="Moal 1918, p. 231">Frédéric Le Moal, La Serbie du martyre à la Victoire 1914–1918, 2008, éditions 14–18 (2013) (Template:ISBN), p. 231</ref> 		450,000<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 65" />
to 800,000<ref name="Moal 1918, p. 231" /> 		750,000
to 1,250,000 		{{#expr: 750000 / 4.5 / 10000 round 1}}%
to {{#expr: 1250000 / 4.5 / 10000 round 1}}% 		133,148<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
Template:Flag Template:Ref 92.0 53,402<ref name="va.gov">U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, va.gov</ref> 116,708<ref name="fas.org">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="uscg.mil">Template:Cite web</ref> 757<ref name="usmm.org">Template:Cite web</ref> 117,466 {{#expr: 117465 / 92.0 / 10000 round 1}}% 204,002<ref name="fas.org" />
Template:Ubl 806.6 4,833,404 5,186,854
to 6,433,692 		626,699 3,420,000
to 3,770,000 		9,235,553
to 10,080,391 		{{#expr: 8485540 / 806.6 / 10000 round 1}}%
to {{#expr: 10080391/ 806.6 / 10000 round 1}}% 		11,611,271
to 12,812,271
Central Powers
Template:Flagcountry Template:Ref 51.4 1,016,200<ref>Ellis, John (1993). World War I Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants. London: Aurum Press. Template:ISBN. p. 269</ref><ref name="Herreswesen 1938">Österreichisches Bundesministerium für Herreswesen (1938). Österreich-Ungarns letzer Krieg, 1914–1918 Vol. 7. Vienna. VII, Beilage 37</ref> 1,200,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
to 1,494,200<ref name="Herreswesen 1938" /> 		120,000<ref>.Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 49 Template:ISBN.(Civilians killed in the fighting on the Eastern Front)</ref> 467,000<ref name="Grebler, Leo 1940 p. 147">Grebler, Leo (1940). The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria-Hungary. Yale University Press. p. 147</ref> 1,787,000
to 2,081,200 		{{#expr: 1787000 / 51.4 / 10000 round 1}}%
to {{#expr: 2081200 / 51.4 / 10000 round 1}}% 		3,620,000<ref name="vlib.us"/>
Template:Flagcountry Template:Ref 4.5 87,500<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /> 87,500<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /><ref name="stats"/> 100,000<ref name="Urlanis, Boris 1971 p. 268">Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow p. 268</ref> 187,500 {{#expr: 187500 / 5.5 / 10000 round 1}}% 152,390<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /><ref name="stats" />
Template:Flagcountry Template:Ref 64.9 1,800,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /><ref>The War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920. Reprinted by Naval & Military Press p. 355. Template:ISBN.</ref><ref>Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow p. 85, The demographer Boris Urlanis put total German war dead at 2,037,000, he estimated that the figure included 1,796,000 men killed, dead from wounds and gas poisoning.</ref> 2,037,000<ref name="Reichskriegsministeriums 1934 p. 12">Heeres-Sanitaetsinspektion im Reichskriegsministeriums (1934) (in German). Sanitaetsbericht über das deutsche Heer, (deutsches Feld- und Besatzungsheer), im Weltkriege 1914–1918. Volume 3, Sec 1. Berlin. pp. 12–14</ref><ref name="John Ellis p. 269" /> 720<ref>The War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920. Reprinted by Naval & Military Press. p. 678. Template:ISBN.(Civilians killed by Allied bombing)</ref> 300,000<ref name=Kramer/> to 763,000<ref name="Vincent, C. Paul 1985">Vincent, C. Paul (1985). The Politics of Hunger: The Allied Blockade of Germany, 1915–1919. Athens (Ohio) and London: Ohio University Press.</ref><ref name="nationalarchives.gov.uk">Template:Cite web</ref> 2,198,420
to 2,800,720 		{{#expr: 2198420/ 64.9 / 10000 round 1}}% to
{{#expr: 2800720 / 64.9 / 10000 round 1}}% 		4,215,662<ref name="Reichskriegsministeriums 1934 p. 12" />
Template:Flagcountry Template:Ref 21.3 305,085<ref name="ordertodie">Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Edward J. Erickson. p. 211.</ref> 325,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
to 771,844<ref name="Erickson, Edward J. 2001. p. 211">Erickson, Edward J., Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood 2001. Template:ISBN p. 211</ref> 		1,500,000<ref name="Totten, Samuel 2008, p. 19">Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 19. Template:ISBN.</ref> 1,000,000<ref>Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. Template:ISBN. pp. 61, 65, 73, 77–78 (In current borders Turkey 500,000; Syria 160,000; Lebanon 110,000; Iraq 150,000; Israel/Palestine 35,000 and Jordan 20,000)</ref> 2,825,000
to 3,271,844 		{{#expr: 2825000 / 21.3 / 10000 round 1}}%
to {{#expr: 3271844 / 21.3 / 10000 round 1}}% 		400,000<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
to 763,753<ref name="Erickson, Edward J. 2001. p. 211" />
Template:Ubl 142.1 3,208,785 3,386,200
to 4,390,544 		1,620,720 1,991,000
to 2,330,000 		6,997,920
to 8,341,264 		{{#expr: 6997920 / 142.1 / 10000 round 1}}%
to {{#expr: 8334264/ 142.1 / 10000 round 1}}% 		8,388,052
to 8,751,805
Neutral nations
Template:Flag Template:Ref 2.8 See footnote re: Danes in German military 700<ref name="Byarkivet i Horsens">Template:Cite web</ref> 700 {{#expr: 722 / 2.7 / 10000 round 1}}% —
Template:Flag Template:Ref 0.3 2,800 See footnote
Template:Flag Template:Ref 2.4 1,180<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" /> 1,180 {{#expr: 1892 / 2.4 / 10000 round 1}}% —
Template:Flagcountry Template:Ref 10.5<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> 2,000,000<ref name=StevenWard>Template:Cite book</ref> 2,000,000 {{#expr: 2000000 / 10.5 / 10000 round 1}}% —
Template:Flag Template:Ref 5.6 800<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" /> 800 {{#expr: 877 / 5.6 / 10000 round 1}}% —
Template:Flag Template:Ref 0.7 to 0.8<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> 70,000<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> 8.75% to 10% —
Template:FlagTemplate:Ref 0.0087<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 4<ref name=":15">Template:Cite web</ref> 4 0.05% —
Grand total 959.7 8,042,189 8,573,058
to 10,824,240 		2,250,099 5,411,000
to 8,100,000 		15,000,000 to 22,000,000<ref name = Britannica /> {{#expr: 16236153 / 959.7 / 10000 round 1}}%
to {{#expr: 22000000/ 959.7 / 10000 round 1}}% 		22,101,100
to 23,665,873

The source of population data is: Haythornthwaite, Philip J., The World War One Source Book pp. 382–383<ref name="auto">Haythornthwaite, Philip J., The World War One Source Book Arms and Armour, London, 1993, Template:ISBN.</ref>

Casualties by post-war (1924) borders

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File:Europe 1914 and 1924.png
Europe 1914 and 1924

The war involved multi-ethnic empires such as Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary and Turkey. Many ethnic groups in these territories were conscripted for military service. The casualties listed by modern borders are also included in the above table of figures for the countries that existed in 1914. The casualty figures by 1924 post war borders are rough estimates by Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century, the sources of his figures were published in the Soviet era and in post-Soviet Russia.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. Template:ISBN.</ref>

According to the 1914–1918 Online Encyclopedia "In addition to losses suffered by African military personnel and the laborers supporting their operations, very large, but unknown numbers of African civilians perished during the war." They made an estimate of civilian losses in Africa of 750,000 based on the study by the Vadim Erlikman. They noted that Erlikman's figures are based on the work of the Russian demographer Boris Urlanis, noting that these estimates were "imprecise" and "could be used to provide a frame of reference for further inquiry".<ref name="War Losses Africa">Template:Cite web</ref> The Oxford History of World War One notes that "In east and central Africa the harshness of the war resulted in acute shortages of food with famine in some areas, a weakening of populations, and epidemic diseases which killed hundreds of thousands of people and also cattle."<ref name="Strachan, Hew 1999 p. 100">Strachan, Hew (1999). World War I: A History. Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN p. 100</ref>

The following estimates of Austrian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 175,000: including military losses 120,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 30,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 25,000.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 36 Template:ISBN.</ref>

The following estimates of Belarusian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 130,000: including military losses 70,000 with the Russian forces. Civilian dead were 60,000.<ref name = Erlikman>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 25 Template:ISBN.</ref>

The following estimates of Ukrainian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 590,000: including military losses 450,000,(Erlikman did not break out military losses between Austro-Hungarian and Russian armed forces). Civilian dead were 140,000.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 34 Template:ISBN.</ref>

The Belgian Congo was part of the Kingdom of Belgium during the war. A Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia estimated a total of 155,000 deaths in the Belgian Congo during the war.<ref name="narodonaseleniia2004" />

Czechoslovakia was part of Austro-Hungary during the war. The estimates of Czechoslovak deaths within 1991 borders were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 185,000: including military losses 110,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 45,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 30,000.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 54 Template:ISBN.</ref> The Czechoslovak Legions fought with the armies of the Allies during the war.

File:Obermillstatt 16 2006.JPG
Austrian memorial commemorating soldiers from the village of Obermillstatt who died in World War I

Estonia was part of the Russian Empire during the war and about 100,000 Estonians served in the Russian Army. Of them about 10,000 were killed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

From 1809 Finland was an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire until the end of 1917. Finland's autonomous status meant that Finns were exempt from conscription into the Russian Army. Approximately 800 Finns voluntarily served during World War I.<ref>Haapala, Pertti (2014). “The Expected and Non-Expected Roots of Chaos: Preconditions of the Finnish Civil War,” in The Finnish Civil War 1918: History, Memory, Legacy, ed. Tuomas Tepora and Aapo Roselius (Leiden ; Boston: Brill Academic Pub, 2014), 36–37 Template:ISBN.</ref> According to data regarding Finnish war casualties, 317 Finns were killed between 1914 and 1917.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The following estimates of deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Erlikman's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia.<ref name="Erlikman, Vadim 2004 p. 59">Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. pp. 59, 83–99 Template:ISBN.</ref> These numbers only include military deaths, total civilian deaths in Africa could amount up to 750,000.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:DZA (1914 known as French Algeria): 26,000
Template:VNM (1914 known as French Indochina): 12,000
Template:MLI (1914 part of French West Africa): 10,000
Template:MAR (1914 known as the French protectorate of Morocco): 8,000
Template:SEN (1914 part of French West Africa): 6,000
Template:GIN (1914 part of French West Africa): 2,500
Template:MDG: 2,500 military
Template:BEN (1914 part of French West Africa): 2,000
Template:BFA (1914 part of French West Africa): 2,000
Template:COG (1914 part of French Equatorial Africa): 2,000
Template:CIV (1914 part of French West Africa): 2,000
Template:TUN (1914 known as French Tunisia): 2,000
Template:TCD (1914 part of French Equatorial Africa): 1,500
Template:CAF (1914 known as French Oubangui-Chari): 1,000
Template:NER (1914 part of French West Africa): 1,000
Template:GAB (1914 part of French Equatorial Africa): 500
Template:Flag (French Establishments in India): 195


Total: 82,000

The following estimates of Georgian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Georgia was part of the Russian Empire during the war and about 150,000 Georgians served in the Russian Army. Of them about 10,000 were killed.<ref name = Erlikman />

The following estimates of deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Erlikman's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. pp. 83–99 Template:ISBN.</ref> These numbers only include military deaths, total civilian deaths in Africa could amount up to 750,000.<ref name=":0" />

File:Willy Jaeckel, Ohne Titel - Sans titre.jpg
Dying Soldier in a Trench (1915) by Willy Jaeckel
Template:TZA (1914 part of German East Africa): 20,000
Template:NAM (1914 known as German South-West Africa): 1,000
Template:CMR (1914 known as Kamerun): 5,000 military and 50,000 civilian
Template:Flag (1914 known as German Togoland): 2,000
Template:RWA (1914 part of German East Africa): 15,000


Total: 48,000

The following estimates of Hungarian deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 385,000: including military losses 270,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 70,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 45,000.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 41 Template:ISBN</ref>

Ireland was a part of the United Kingdom during World War I. Five-sixths of the island left to form the Irish Free State, now the Republic of Ireland, in 1922. A total of 206,000 Irishmen served in the British forces during the war.<ref>Fergus Campbell, Land and Revolution, Nationalist Politics in the West of Ireland 1891–1921, p. 196</ref> The number of Irish deaths in the British Army recorded by the registrar general was 27,405.<ref name="David Fitzpatrick 1922, p392">David Fitzpatrick, Militarism in Ireland, 1900–1922, in Tom Bartlet, Keith Jeffreys ed's, p. 392</ref> A significant number of these casualties were from what, in 1920, became Northern Ireland. While 49,400 soldiers died serving in Irish divisions (the 10th, 16th and 36th), although not all of the men serving in these divisions were natives of Ireland and many Irish who died in non-Irish regiments are not listed.<ref>Dúchas The Heritage Service, Visitors Guide to the Gardens</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> For example, 29% of the casualties in the 16th Division were not natives of Ireland.<ref name="David Fitzpatrick 1922, p392" /> Neither does it include Irish emigrants in Britain who enlisted there and are not categorised as Irish. Australia lists 4,731 of its first World War soldiers as having been born in Ireland and more than 19,000 Irish-born soldiers served in the Canadian Corps. According to research done by John Horne of Trinity College Dublin, there are at least 30,986 soldiers who were born in Ireland that died; however, that's considered a "conservative" estimate and is very likely to rise.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The losses of Portuguese Mozambique were estimated by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Erlikman's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia.<ref name="Erlikman, Vadim 2004 p. 59" /> 52,000

Poland was territory of Germany, Austria-Hungary and partially annexed by Russia, from 1795 to 1918. By late 1915, Germany had complete control over modern-day Poland. A 2005 Polish study estimated 3,376,800 Poles were conscripted into the armed forces of these countries during World War I, an additional 300,000 were conscripted for forced labor by the Germans. The Russians and Austrians forcibly resettled 1.6 to 1.8 million persons from the war zone in Poland.<ref>Andrzej Gawryszewski (2005). Ludnosc Polski w XX wieku. Warsaw. pp. 411–412</ref> According to Micheal Clodfelter, Polish war dead were 1,080,000, whilst 200,000 Polish civilians were killed in the fighting on the Eastern Front; 870,000 men served in the German, Austrian and Russian armies.<ref name="Clodfelter, Micheal 2002 p. 479" /> Another estimate made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century, put total Polish war dead at 640,000, including military losses of 270,000 Poles conscripted, civilian losses of 120,000 due to military operations and 250,000 caused by famine and disease.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 49 Template:ISBN.</ref> The ethnic Polish Blue Army served with the French Army. The ethnic Polish Legions fought as part of the Austro-Hungarian Army on the Eastern Front.

The territory of Transylvania was part of Austria-Hungary during World War I. The following estimates of Romanian deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead: 748,000, including military losses of 220,000 with the Romanian forces, 150,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 48,000. Civilian dead were as follows due to famine and disease: 200,000, killed in military operations 120,000 and 10,000 dead in Austrian prisons. <ref name="Erlikman, Vadim 2004 p. 51" />

Britain recruited Indian, Chinese, native South African, Egyptian and other overseas labour to provide logistical support in the combat theatres.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Included with British casualties in East Africa are the deaths of 44,911 recruited labourers.<ref name="casualties1931">Mitchell, T.J. (1931). Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War. London: Reprinted by Battery Press (1997). p. 12 Template:ISBN</ref> The CWGC reports that nearly 2,000 workers from the Chinese Labour Corps are buried with British war dead in France.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The following estimates of British Empire colonial military deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian Vadim Erlikman in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Erlikman's estimates are based on sources published in the Soviet Union and Russia.<ref name=erlikman2004pp8399>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. pp. 83–99 Template:ISBN.</ref>

Template:GHA (1914 known as the Gold Coast): 1,200
Template:KEN (1914 known as British East Africa): 2,000
Template:MWI (1914 known as Nyasaland): 3,000
Template:NGA (1914 part of British West Africa): 5,000
Template:SLE (1914 part of British West Africa): 1,000
Template:UGA (1914 known as the Uganda Protectorate): 1,500
Template:ZMB (1914 known as Northern Rhodesia): 3,000
Template:ZWE (1914 known as Southern Rhodesia): 5,716 persons of European origin served in the war, of whom about 700 were killed, or died of wounds or other causes. In explicitly Rhodesian units, 127 were killed, 24 died of wounds, 101 died of disease or other causes and 294 were wounded. Of the territory's black African servicemen, 31 were killed in action, 142 died of other causes and 116 were wounded.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>


Total: 18,000

The following estimates are for Yugoslavia within the 1991 borders.

Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Vojvodina (Now part of Serbia) were part of Austria-Hungary during World War I. Serbia, which included Macedonia, and Montenegro was an independent nation. The Yugoslav historian Vladimir Dedijer put the total losses of the Yugoslav lands at 1.9 million, of which 43% were from Serbia.<ref>Vladimir Dedijer, History of Yugoslavia McGraw-Hill Inc., US, 1975 Template:ISBN p. 501</ref> The following estimates of Yugoslav deaths, within 1991 borders, during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead: 996,000 including military losses, 260,000 with the Serbian forces, 80,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces, 13,000 with Montenegrin forces and POW deaths in captivity of 93,000. Civilian dead were as follows due to famine and disease: 400,000, killed in military operations: 120,000 and 30,000 dead in Austrian prisons or executed.<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 55 Template:ISBN.</ref>

During World War I, the Nepalese army was expanded and six new regiments, totaling more than 20,000 troops—all volunteers—were sent to India, most of them to the North-West Frontier Province, to release British and Indian troops for service overseas. Simultaneously, the Nepalese government agreed to maintain recruitment at a level that would sustain the existing British Gurkha units and allow the establishment of additional ones. The battalions were increased to thirty-three with the addition of 55,000 new recruits and Gurkha units were placed at the disposal of the British high command for service on all fronts. Many volunteers were assigned to non-combat units, such as the Army Bearer Corps and the labour battalions but they also were in combat in France, Turkey, Palestine and Mesopotamia. The Rana prime ministers urged Nepalese males to fight in the war. Of the more than 200,000 Nepalese who served in the British army, there were some 20,000 Gurkha casualties included above with the British Indian Army.<ref>US Library of Congress A Country Study: Nepal</ref>

Footnotes

[edit]
File:WorldWarI-DeathsByAlliance-Piechart.svg
Deaths by alliance and military/civilian. Most of the civilian deaths were due to war-related famine.
File:WorldWarI-MilitaryDeaths-EntentePowers-Piechart.png
Deaths of the Allied powers
File:WorldWarI-MilitaryDeaths-CentralPowers-Piechart.svg
Deaths of the Central powers

Template:Note East and Central Africa

  • The conflict in East Africa caused enormous civilian casualties. The Oxford History of World War One notes that "In east and central Africa the harshness of the war resulted in acute shortages of food with famine in some areas, a weakening of populations, and epidemic diseases which killed hundreds of thousands of people and also cattle."<ref name="Strachan, Hew 1999 p. 100" /> According to the 1914–1918 Online Encyclopedia "In addition to losses suffered by African military personnel and the laborers supporting their operations, very large, but unknown numbers of African civilians perished during the war." They made an estimate of civilian losses in Africa of 750,000<ref name="War Losses Africa" /> The following estimates of civilian deaths in East Africa during World War I were made by a Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century: Kenya 30,000; Tanzania 100,000; Mozambique 50,000; Rwanda 15,000; Burundi 20,000 and the Belgian Congo 150,000.<ref name="narodonaseleniia2004">Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. p. 88 Template:ISBN.</ref>
  • The military casualties of the UK, France, Germany, Belgium and Portugal include Africans who served with their armed forces, the details are noted above in the list of the various colonies.
File:Massengrab Fromelles retuschiert.jpg
Fallen British and Australian soldiers in a mass grave, dug by German soldiers, 1916 or 1917

Template:NoteAustralia

  • The Australian War Memorial puts their war dead at 61,513.<ref name="awm.gov.au" />
  • The Australian War Memorial maintains a database listing the names of war dead.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Commonwealth War Graves Commission figure for Australian war dead is 62,149.<ref name="CWGCAR" />
  • The report of the UK War Office listed 59,330 Army war dead, 152,171 wounded and 4,084 taken prisoner.<ref name="vlib.us" />
  • In 1924, the Australian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported 412,953 men mobilized and 59,337 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
  • The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total military deaths are 54,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971">Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow p. 85</ref>

Template:Note Belgium

  • Belgian government figures for military losses in Europe were 40,367 (26,338 killed, died of wounds or accidents and 14,029 died of disease or missing). In Africa: 2,620 soldiers were killed and 15,650 porters died. The combined total for Europe and Africa is 58,637.<ref name="extranet.arch.be" />
  • United States War Dept. figures for Belgium are: Total mobilized force 267,000; total casualties 93,061 including killed and died 13,716; wounded 44,686; Prisoners and missing 34,659.<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
  • The report of the UK War Office listed 93,061 casualties up until 11 November 1918 including 13,716 killed and died; 24,456 missing; 44,686 wounded and 10,208 POW. "These figures are approximate only, the records being incomplete."<ref name="stats" />
  • In 1924, the Belgian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported 365,000 men mobilized and 40,936 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
  • The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Belgian military deaths are 35,000 killed and died of wounds<ref name="population1971" />
  • Civilian deaths according to Belgian government statistics were 23,700 (6,000 killed in the 1914 German massacres and 17,700 victims in prisons, deportations and by military tribunals).<ref name="extranet.arch.be" /> According to a demographic study, there were 92,000 indirect deaths in Belgium (62,000 deaths due to wartime privations and 30,000 in the Spanish flu pandemic).<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 59" /> John Horne estimated that 6,500 Belgian and French civilians were killed in German reprisals.<ref>Horne, John and Kramer, Alan, German Atrocities, 1914 Template:ISBN</ref>

Template:NoteCanada

  • According to the Canadian War Museum Close to 61,000 Canadians were killed during the war, and another 172,000 were wounded. The small Dominion of Newfoundland suffered 1,305 killed and several thousand wounded. The Canadian Expeditionary Force lost 59,544 in the war, including 51,748 due to enemy action; the Royal Canadian Navy reported 150 deaths from all causes and 1,388 Canadians died while serving with the British Flying Services.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Commonwealth War Graves Commission figure for Canadian war dead is 64,996.<ref name="CWGCAR" />
  • The report of the UK War Office listed 56,639 Canadian war dead, 149,732 wounded and 3,729 taken prisoner.<ref name="vlib.us" />
  • In 1924, the Canadian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported 628,964 men mobilized and 51,674 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
  • The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Canadian military deaths are 53,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
  • The Canadian Virtual War Memorial contains a registry of information about the graves and memorials of Canadians and Newfoundlanders who served valiantly and gave their lives for their country.<ref>Canadian Virtual War Memorial</ref>
  • The 2,000 civilian deaths were due to the Halifax Explosion.<ref name="Halifax Explosion Remembrance Book" />

Template:NoteFrance

  • French casualty figures up until 1 June 1919 were listed in a French government report of 1 August 1919 presented to the French Chamber of Deputies.<ref name="Ref-1" /> Total Army dead and missing up until 11 November 1918 were 1,357,800; in addition there were 28,600 deaths after 11 November 1918 of those wounded and 11,400 Navy dead which brings total dead and missing to 1,397,800. These figures include 35,200 French Colonial Forces, 35,900 "north Africans" and 4,600 French Foreign Legion personnel.<ref name="Huber, Michel 1931 p. 414" />
  • According to the French Army official report "La Statistique médicale de l'armée" Total dead were 1,325,000 (675,000 killed in action, 225,000 missing and prisoners killed, 250,000 died of wounds and 175,000 died of disease.)<ref>Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre. Paris. p. 420</ref>
  • A breakdown of French casualties published in the Official History of the Australian Army Medical Services, 1914–1918 lists 674,700 killed in action, 250,000 died of wounds, 225,300 missing and presumed dead and 175,000 dead from disease and injury. Wounded amounted to 2,300,000.<ref name="Australian Army Medical Services 1943 p. 870" />
  • United States War Dept. figures for French casualties are: Total mobilized force 8,410,000; total casualties 6,160,800 including killed and died: 1,357,800, wounded: 4,266,000, prisoners and missing: 537,000.<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
  • The UK War Office put French dead, killed and missing at 1,385,300 dead and missing, including 58,000 colonial soldiers up until 1 November 1918. They noted that a government report of 1 August 1919, listed the number of killed and died at 1,357,000. There were no figures available of the wounded.<ref name="stats" />
  • In 1924, the French government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported 7,935,000 men mobilized and 1,400,000 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
  • The names of the soldiers who died for France during World War I are listed on-line by the French government.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total French military deaths are 1,126,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
  • According to the French encyclopedia Quid 30–40,000 foreign volunteers from about 40 nationalities served in the French army, including 12,000 with the Czechoslovak Legion and the ethnic Polish Blue Army; 5,000 Italians served in a "Legion" commanded by Colonel Garibaldi. There were also 1,000 Spaniards and 1,500 Swiss in French service, 200 American volunteers served with the French from 1914 to 1916, including the Lafayette Escadrille.<ref>Quid 2007 Robert Laffont, 2006 Template:ISBN p. 1083</ref> Luxembourg was occupied by Germany during the war. According to the Mobile Reference travel Guide 3,700 Luxembourg citizens served in the French armed forces, 2,800 gave their lives in the war. They are commemorated at the Gëlle Fra in Luxembourg.<ref name="ReferenceC">Travel Luxembourg (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg)</ref> The French Armenian Legion served as part of the French armed forces during the war. French colonies, such as Algeria and Vietnam, also sent troops to fight and serve on the battlefront. American military historian Douglas Porch reported of the French Foreign Legion, in which most non-French nationals served, that some estimates put Legion casualties during the war as high as 31,000 of the 44,150 men who served in the Legion, a 70 per cent casualty rate.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • According to a demographic study, there were 500,000 indirect deaths in France (300,000 deaths due to wartime privations and 200,000 in the Spanish flu pandemic).<ref>Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron – The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. pp. 30–47</ref> Another estimate of the demographic loss of the civilian population in the France during the war, put total excess deaths at 264,000 to 284,000, not including an additional 100,000 to 120,000 Spanish flu deaths.<ref>Dumas, Samuel (1923). Losses of Life Caused by War. Oxford. p. 157</ref> Civilian dead include 1,509 merchant sailors and 3,357 killed in air attacks and long range artillery bombardments<ref>Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre. Paris pp. 312–313</ref> Kramer quotes Huber as estimating 600,000 excess deaths, though it's unclear what proportion are due to influenza.<ref name=Kramer/>
  • Tertiary sources put French civilian war dead at 40,000.<ref name="Clodfelter, Micheal 2002 p. 479" /><ref name="Ellis, John 1993 p. 269" /><ref name="isbn1991" />

Template:NoteGreece

  • The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated total military dead of 26,000, including 15,000 deaths due to disease and 11,000 killed and died of wounds<ref name="Urlanis, Boris 1971 p. 209" /><ref>Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow p. 160</ref><ref name="population1971"/>
  • United States War Dept. figures for Greek casualties are: Total mobilized force 230,000; total casualties 27,000 (killed and died 5,000; wounded 21,000; prisoners and missing 1,000).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
  • The report of the UK War Office listed 27,000 casualties (5,000 killed or died of wounds; 21,000 wounded and 1,000 prisoners and missing).<ref name="stats" />
  • In 1924, the Greek government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported 355,000 men mobilized and no dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
  • Jean Bujac in a campaign history of the Greek Army in World War I, listed 8,365 combat related deaths and 3,255 missing.<ref>Bujac, Jean, Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique, 1918–1922, Paris, 1930 p. 339</ref>
  • According to a demographic study there were 150,000 indirect deaths in Greece due to wartime privations.<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 80" />

Template:NoteIndia (British)

  • The Commonwealth War Graves Commission figure for Indian war dead is 73,905.<ref name="CWGCAR" />
  • The report of the UK War Office listed 64,449 Army war dead, 69,214 wounded and 11,264 taken prisoner, these figures include British serving in the Indian Army (2,393 dead, 2,325 wounded and 194 taken prisoner).<ref name="vlib.us" />
  • The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Indian military deaths are 27,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />

Template:NoteItaly

  • The Italian government put military war deaths at 651,000 (killed in action or died of wounds 378,000; died of disease 186,000 plus an additional 87,000 deaths of invalids from 12 November 1918 until 30 April 1920, due to war related injuries.) These official figures were published in an Italian study of war losses by G. Mortara, however he estimated actual losses until the war's end in Nov. 1918, at 600,000 (400,000 killed or died of wounds and 200,000 deaths due to disease).<ref name="Mortara, G 1925 P 28" /> A brief summary of data from this study can be found online.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • United States War Dept. figures for Italian casualties are: Total mobilized force 5,615,000; total casualties 2,197,000 (killed and died 650,000; wounded 947,000; prisoners and missing 600,000).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
  • The report of the UK War Office listed 1,937,000 casualties up until 11 November 1918 (460,000 dead; 947,000 wounded and 530,000 prisoners).<ref name="stats" />
  • In 1924, the Italian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported 5,615,000 men mobilized and 750,000 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
  • The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Italian military deaths are 433,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
  • According to a demographic study there were 1,021,000 indirect deaths in Italy (589,000 deaths due to wartime privations and 432,000 in the Spanish flu pandemic).<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 52" /> Another estimate of the demographic loss of the civilian population in the Italy during the war, put total excess deaths at 324,000 not including an additional 300,000 Spanish flu deaths.<ref>Dumas, Samuel (1923). Losses of Life Caused by War. Oxford. p. 165</ref> Civilian deaths due to military action were 3,400 (including 2,293 by attacks on shipping, 965 during air raids and 142 by sea bombardment).<ref>Mortara, G (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra. New Haven: Yale University Press pp. 57–66</ref> Kramer cites Mario Isnenghi and Giorgio Rochat, La Grande Guerra, 1914–1918 (Florence: Scandicci, 2000), pp. 301–2. They give excess war-related civilian mortality for the period 1915–18 of 606,407, of which influenza accounts for 274,041.<ref name=Kramer/>
  • A relatively recent initiative to render easily accessible  data concerning all Italian war dead, is the “ISTORECO  PROJECT” (see: ISTORECO Reggio Emilia (Italy). The project, launched in 2008 and continuously expanded and updated  (2025), involved the creation and development of a comprehensive Database containing all the data from the " Roll of Honour of the Military Fallen in the National War 1915–1918” (an editorial initiative of the Italian fascist Government, by the Royal Decree of November 22, 1925, No. 2130, and published in Rome in 28 volumes). The database has been made available online by ISTORECO through a publicly accessible website: “Roll of the Italian Fallen in the Great War” (Albo caduti militari della Guerra 1915-18), under the patronage of the Italian Ministry of Defence and other institutions. The digital Roll provides a permanent tool for free and easy access to the data of more than 531,000 fallen soldiers. The information collected is continuously corrected, updated, and supplemented thanks to ongoing researches or access to new sources by the editorial team of the website. Among the project’s most commendable goals is the effort to identify the exact burial place of every fallen soldier recorded.

Template:Note Japan

  • In 1924, the Japanese government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported 800,000 men mobilized and 4,661 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
  • The Yasukuni Shrine lists 4,850 dead in World War I.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • United States War Dept. figures for Japanese casualties are: total mobilized force 800,000; total casualties 1,210 (including Killed and died 300; wounded 907; Prisoners and missing 3).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
File:NLS Haig - Smashed up German trench on Messines Ridge with dead.jpg
German trench destroyed by a mine explosion, 1917

Template:Note Montenegro

  • In 1924, the Yugoslav government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported Montenegro mobilized 50,000 men and 13,325 were dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
  • United States War Dept. figures for Montenegrin casualties are: total mobilized force 50,000; total casualties 20,000 including killed and died 3,000; wounded 10,000; prisoners and missing 7,000.<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />

Template:Note New Zealand

  • The Auckland War Memorial Museum commemorates the 18,060 New Zealand World War I dead.<ref name="Auckland War Memorial Museum" />
  • The Auckland War Memorial Museum maintains a database listing the names of the New Zealand war dead.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Commonwealth War Graves Commission figure for New Zealand war dead is 18,060.<ref name="CWGCAR" />
  • The report of the UK War Office listed 16,711 army war dead, 41,317 wounded and 498 taken prisoner.<ref name="vlib.us" />
  • The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total New Zealand military deaths are 14,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />

Template:Note Newfoundland

  • The Dominion of Newfoundland was not part of Canada during World War I. The report of the UK War Office listed 1,204 Army war dead, 2,314 wounded and 150 taken prisoner.<ref name="vlib.us" />
  • An academic journal published in Newfoundland has given the details of Newfoundland's military casualties. Fatalities totaled 1,570 The Royal Newfoundland Regiment suffered 1,297 dead; there were an additional 171 dead in the Royal Navy and 101 in the Merchant Navy.<ref name="journals.hil.unb.ca" />

Template:Note Portugal

  • United States War Dept. figures for Portuguese casualties are: total mobilized force 100,000; total casualties 33,291 (including killed and died 7,222; wounded 13,751; prisoners and missing 12,318).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
  • The report of the UK War Office listed 33,291 casualties: 7,222 dead (1,689 in Europe and 5,533 in Africa); 13,751 wounded (figure for Europe only) and 12,318 prisoners and missing (6,678 in Europe and "a large number of missing in Mozambique).<ref name="stats" />
  • In 1924, the Portuguese government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported 100,000 men mobilized and 4,000 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
  • The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Portuguese military deaths are 6,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
  • According to a demographic study there were 220,000 indirect deaths in Portugal (82,000 deaths due to wartime privations and 138,000 in the Spanish flu pandemic).<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 61" />
  • 13 Portuguese civilians that were killed during bombardment of Funchal, Madeira Island on 3 December 1916, and 12 December 1917, by German submarines.<ref>Martins, Ferreira (1934). Portugal na Grande Guerra. Lisboa: Empresa Editorial Ática.</ref>
File:Re-educating wounded. Blind French soldiers learning to make baskets. American Red Cross., 1917 - 1919 - NARA - 533674.jpg
Re-educating wounded. Blind French soldiers learning to make baskets, World War I.

Template:Note Romania

  • In 1924, the Romanian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported 1,000,000 men mobilized and 250,000 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
  • United States War Dept. figures for Romanian casualties are: total mobilized force 750,000; total casualties 535,706 (including killed and died 335,706; wounded 120,000; prisoners and missing 80,000).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
  • The report of the UK War Office listed military casualties of 335,706 killed or missing. In addition 265,000 civilians were killed or missing.<ref name="stats" />
  • The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Romanian military deaths are 177,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
  • According to a demographic study there were 430,000 indirect deaths in Romania due to wartime privations.<ref>Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron – The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. pp. 76–80</ref>
  • A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated 330,000 civilian dead (120,000 due to military activity, 10,000 as prisoners and 200,000 caused by famine and disease).<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. Template:ISBN. p. 51</ref>

Template:Note Russian Empire

  • According to the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis the sources for Russian casualties are difficult to ascertain. Casualty figures, compiled from the field reports during the war, were published in 1925 by the Soviet Central Statistical office<ref>Россия в мировой войне 1914–1918 гг. (в цифрах)., 1925, Russia and the World War 1914–1918 (in figures)</ref> They put Russia's total losses at 775,400 dead and missing, 348,500 disabled and 3,343,900 POW. Those evacuated to the rear area were 1,425,000 sick and 2,844,500 wounded. Included in these figures are battle casualties of 7,036,087. (626,440 killed in action, 17,174 died of wounds, 228,838 missing, 3,409,433 held as prisoners of war and 2,754,202 wounded in action).<ref>Россия в мировой войне 1914–1918 гг. (в цифрах)., 1925, Russia and the World War 1914–1918 (in figures) pp. 20, 30 and 31</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Urlanis believes that the figures for those killed were considerably underestimated, because a large part of the reports were lost in retreats. Urlanis estimated the actual total military war dead at 1,811,000 (killed 1,200,000, died of wounds 240,000, gassed 11,000, died from disease 155,000, POW deaths 190,000, deaths due to accidents and other causes 15,000).<ref name="population1971" />
  • A study by the Russian military historian G.F. Krivosheev estimated the total war dead at 2,254,369 (killed in action 1,200,000; missing and presumed dead 439,369; died of wounds 240,000, gassed 11,000, died from disease 155,000, POW deaths 190,000, deaths due to accidents and other causes 19,000). Wounded 3,749,000. POW 3,343,900. Total mobilized force 15,378,000.<ref name="rus-sky.com" />
  • United States War Dept. figures for Russian casualties are: Total mobilized force 12,000,000. Total casualties 9,150,000 (including Killed and died 1,700,000, wounded 4,950,000, prisoners and missing 2,500,000).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
  • The UK War Office Based on a telegram from Petrograd to Copenhagen in December 1918 listed military casualties of 9,150,000 (including 1,700,000 killed, 1,450,000 disabled, 3,500,000 wounded and 2,500,000 POW).<ref name="stats" />
  • In 1924, the Soviet government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported for Russia 15,070,000 men mobilized and 1,700,000 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
  • According to the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis there were 1,500,000 civilian deaths due to wartime privations up until the end of 1917.<ref>Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow pp. 266–268</ref>
  • A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated 1,140,000 war related Russian civilian deaths, from 1914 to 1917 in 1914 borders (410,000 due to military operations and 730,000 caused by famine and disease).<ref>Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. Template:ISBN. p. 18</ref>

Template:Note Serbia

  • Sources for total Serbian casualties range from 750,000 to 1,250,000.<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 65" /><ref name="Moal p. 231">Frédéric Le Moal, La Serbie du martyre à la Victoire 1914–1918, 2008, éditions 14–18 (2013) (Template:ISBN), p. 231.</ref>
  • A demographic study in 1927, put total the war dead for Serbia and Montenegro at 750,000 (300,000 military and 450,000 civilians). The overall population loss from 1912 to 1920, based on the pre-war level was 1,236,000 persons (including 750,000 in World War I; 150,000 killed in the Balkan Wars and a decline in the number of births of 336,000), in addition there were 47,000 war related deaths during 1914–1920, that are included with deaths by natural causes.<ref name="Hersch, L. 1927, p. 65" />
  • According to Frédéric Le Moal, Serbian historian Dušan T. Bataković puts their losses at 1,250,000 (450,000 military and 800,000 civilians). These losses are from 1912 to 1918 and include the Balkan Wars.<ref name="Moal p. 231" /> In July 2014, Serbian poet and academic Matija Bećković said "that 402,435 Serbian soldiers have been killed and 845,000 civilians hanged or exterminated in concentration camps during WWI.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At a September 2014 conference sponsored by the Serbian Ministry of Defense, Dr. Alexander Nedok put Serbian war dead at 1,247,435 persons.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • According to the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis regarding Serbia "it is particularly difficult to ascertain the number of killed". Based on a demographic analysis of the population, Urlanis estimated total Serbian and Montenegrin casualties of 728,000 including military dead: 278,000 (140,000 killed in action; 25,000 died of wounds; 50,000 disease; 60,000 POW and 3,000 from other causes) and total civilian dead of 450,000.<ref>Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow pp. 66, 79, 83, 85, 160, 171, 268.</ref>
  • In 1924, the Serbian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported 1,008,240 men mobilized and 365,164 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
  • United States War Dept. figures for Serbian casualties are: total mobilized force 707,343; total casualties 331,106 (including killed and died 45,000; wounded 133,148; prisoners and missing 152,958).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
  • The report of the UK War Office listed military casualties of 331,106 including 45,000 killed, 133,148 wounded and 70,243 prisoners and 82,535 missing.<ref name="stats" />
  • A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century, estimated 120,000 Serbian civilian deaths due to military activity and 30,000 executed (казнено и убито) by the Austro-Hungarians. His estimate for total Yugoslav civilian casualties including Austro-Hungarian territory was 550,000.<ref name="narodonaseleniia1" />

Template:Note South Africa

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-00169A, Westfront, Abgeschossener englischer Flieger.jpg
British pilot killed in action, 1917

Template:Note United Kingdom

  • Template:NoteUK military casualties were reported separately by branch of service: Total of 744,000 dead and missing from the British Isles: Army 702,410 "soldiers";<ref name="vlib.us" /> Royal Navy 32,287<ref name="stats 339">Template:Cite web</ref> Losses at sea were 908 UK civilians and 63 fisherman killed in U-boat attacks.<ref name="Gilbert, Martin 1994" />
  • Overseas labor units serving with the British and French forces. The UK employed about 300,000 Indian, Chinese, native South African, Egyptian and other nations as laborers during the war. By the end of 1917, there were 50,000 Chinese workers in France, rising to 96,000 by August 1918 (with another 30,000 working for the French). 100,000 Egyptians were working in France and the Middle East, alongside 21,000 Indians and 20,000 South Africans, who were also in East Africa.<ref name="The Long, Long Trail is a personal website written by Chris Baker" /> A total of about 140,000 Chinese workers recruited in the Beiyang government, served on the Western Front during and after the war with the British and French Armed Forces.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to the Commonwealth war Graves Commission "In all, nearly 2,000 men from the Chinese Labour Corps died during the First World War, some as a direct result of enemy action, or of wounds received in the course of their duties, but many more in the influenza epidemic that swept Europe in 1918–19"<ref name="skycitygallery.com" /> One historical controversy is the number who died in the war. Some Chinese scholars say the number was as high as 20,000 but records kept by the British and French recruiters, show just under 2,000 lost their lives, many from the flu pandemic that swept the world starting in 1919.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, "The African combatant troops raised for the East African campaign numbered 34,000. The non-combatant porters, stevedores and followers of the Military Labour Corps 600,000. Almost 50,000 of these men were lost, killed in action died of sickness or wounds"<ref name="MOMBASA AFRICAN MEMORIAL" /> According to The Africa Research Institute official British figures the death toll exceeded 105,000 native African troops and military carriers<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Kramer gives 600,000 excess civilian deaths, of which 200,000 are due to the influenza pandemic, citing Brill’s Encyclopedia of the First World War, pp. 732–3.<ref name=Kramer/>

Template:NoteUnited States

  • US Dept. of Defense figures from 2010, list 116,516 war dead from all causes for the period ending 31 December 1918, including 106,378 in the Army, 7,287 in the Navy and 2,851 in the Marine Corps. There were 53,402 battle deaths, including 50,510 in the Army, 431 in the navy and 2,461 in the Marines. There were 63,114 non-combat deaths, 55,868 in the Army, 6,856 in the Navy and 390 in the Marines. Wounded: 204,002 (Army: 193,663, Navy: 819, Marines: 9,520).<ref name="fas.org" /> The figures include 279 deaths during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1920.<ref>Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 2nd Ed. Clodfelter, Micheal 2002 Template:ISBN pp. 384–85</ref> The U.S. casualty figures were revised by the US Dept. of Defense in 1957.<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" /> The US Coast Guard lost 192 dead (111 deaths in action and 81 from other causes).<ref name="uscg.mil" /><ref>Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 2nd Ed. Clodfelter, Micheal 2002 Template:ISBN p. 481</ref>
  • United States War Dept. figures from 1924 for U.S. casualties were: total mobilized force 4,355,000; total casualties 350,300 (including killed and died from all causes 126,000; wounded 234,300 (including 14,500 died of wounds); prisoners and missing 4,500).<ref>Casualties-World War-Estimated," Statistics Branch, GS, War Department, 25 February 1924</ref>
  • In 1924, the U.S. government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported 4,272,521 men mobilized and 67,813 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
  • United States civilian losses include 128 killed in the sinking of the RMS Lusitania (before the U.S. became a belligerent) as well as 629 Merchant Mariners killed in enemy submarine attacks on their merchant ships.<ref name="usmm.org" />
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 104-0981, Revelon, gefallener Deutscher.jpg
Fallen German soldier in France, 1917

Template:Note Austria-Hungary

  • The official history of Austria-Hungary's involvement in the First World War put total military dead at 1,494,200: (1,016,200 killed and 478,000 while prisoners of war).<ref name="Herreswesen 1938" /><ref name="John Ellis p. 269">John Ellis, The World War I Databook, Aurum Press, 2001 Template:ISBN p. 269</ref>
  • In 1924, the Austrian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported 9,000,000 men mobilized and 1,542,817 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
  • United States War Dept. figures for Austro-Hungarian casualties are: total mobilized force 7,800,000; total casualties 7,020,000 (including killed and died 1,200,000; wounded 3,620,000; prisoners and missing 2,200,000).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
  • The UK War Office estimate for Austro-Hungarian casualties up to 31 December 1918: total casualties of 7,020,000 including 1,200,000 killed, 3,620,000 wounded and 2,200,000 prisoners.<ref name="vlib.us"/> Preliminary figures up to the end of May 1918, given by the U. K. Director of Military Intelligence give the following estimated totals: 800,000 killed, 1,800,000 prisoners/missing, and 3,200,000 wounded/sick, for a total of 5,800,000. An additional 80,000 killed, 320,000 wounded/sick, and 20,000 prisoners are estimated in the Austrian offensive against Italy from 1 June to 24 October 1918. At the same time there 72,500 casualties on the Balkans and Western Fronts. Finally, during the last Italian offensive the prisoners claimed by the Italians amounted to 448,000, while a further 30,000 Austro-Hungarians were killed and 50,000 wounded.<ref>Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office, pp. 356–357.</ref>
  • The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Austro-Hungarian military deaths are 900,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
  • A study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace estimated that there were 467,000 civilian deaths attributable to wartime privations caused by the allied blockade.<ref name="Grebler, Leo 1940 p. 147" />
  • A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated 120,000 civilian deaths due to military activity in Austro-Hungarian Galicia.<ref name="narodonaseleniia1">Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. Template:ISBN. p. 49</ref>

Template:Note Bulgaria

  • United States War Dept. figures for Bulgarian casualties are: total mobilized force 1,200,000; total casualties 266,919 (including Killed and died 87,500; wounded 152,930; Prisoners and missing 27,029).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
  • The UK War Office listed casualties reported by the Bulgarian War Office: 87,500 total dead (48,917 killed, 13,198 died of wounds, 888? accidentally killed, 24,497 died of disease); 13,729 missing; 152,390 wounded and 10,623 prisoners. The Bulgarian War Office stated that "losses during the retreat from sickness and privations were much greater than the figures they possess".<ref name="vlib.us"/>
  • In 1924, the Bulgarian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported 400,000 men mobilized and 32,772 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
  • The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Bulgarian military deaths are 62,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
  • According to the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis there were 100,000 civilian deaths due to wartime privations.<ref name="Urlanis, Boris 1971 p. 268" />
File:Q 004256GermanDeadGuillemont.jpg
German dead scattered in the wreck of a machine gun post near Guillemont, 1916

Template:Note German Empire

  • In 1934, the official German war history listed 2,037,000 military dead.<ref name="John Ellis p. 269" /> Confirmed dead from all causes 1,936,897 (Army 1,900,876, Navy 34,836, Colonial troops 1,185); wounded 4,215,662; prisoners and missing 974,977 of which an estimated 100,000 were presumed dead.<ref name="Reichskriegsministeriums 1934 p. 12" />
  • United States War Dept. figures for German casualties are: total mobilized force 11,000,000; total casualties 7,142,558 (including Killed and died 1,773,700; wounded 4,216,058; prisoners and missing 1,152,800).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
  • The UK War Office listed official German figures from 1921 of 1,808,545 killed and 4,247,143 wounded, exclusive of 14,000 African conscript deaths during the war.<ref name="stats"/>
  • In 1924, the German government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported 13,250,000 men mobilized and 2,000,000 dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />
  • The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total German military deaths are 1,796,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
  • The UK War Office listed official German figures from 1919 of 720 German civilians who were killed by allied air raids.<ref name="The War Office 1922 p. 678">The War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920. Reprinted by Naval & Military Press. p. 678. Template:ISBN.</ref>
  • The figures for civilian deaths due to the Blockade of Germany are disputed. The German Board of Public Health in December 1918 maintained that 763,000 German civilians died from malnutrition and disease caused by the blockade up until the end of December 1918.<ref name="Vincent, C. Paul 1985" /><ref name="nationalarchives.gov.uk" /><ref>Germany. Gesundheits-Amt. Schaedigung der deutschen Volkskraft durch die feindliche Blockade. Denkschrift des Reichsgesundheitsamtes, Dezember 1918. (Parallel English translation) Injuries inflicted to the German national strength through the enemy blockade. Memorial of the German Board of Public Health, 27 December 1918 [Berlin, Reichsdruckerei,] The report notes on p. 17 that the figures for the second half of 1918 were estimates based on the first half of 1918.</ref> A German academic study in 1928 put the death toll at 424,000.<ref>Bumm, Franz, ed., Deutschlands Gesundheitsverhältnisse unter dem Einfluss des Weltkrieges, Stuttgart, Berlin [etc.] Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt; New Haven, Yale University Press, 1928 pp. 22–61</ref> A study sponsored by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1940, estimated the German civilian death toll due to the war at over 600,000. Based on the above-mentioned German study of 1928, they maintained that "A thorough inquiry has led to the conclusion that the number of "civilian" deaths traceable to the war was 424,000, to which number must be added about 200,000 deaths caused by the influenza epidemic".<ref name="Grebler, Leo 1940 Page78">Grebler, Leo (1940). The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria-Hungary. Yale University Press. 1940 p. 78</ref> Finally, Kramer cites Jay Winter, who estimates 478,500 civilian war-related excess deaths, of which 180,000 was due to the influenze pandemic.<ref name=Kramer/>
File:Human remains from the massacre of the Armenians at Erzingan.jpg
The remains of Armenians massacred at Erzinjan<ref>Template:Citation.</ref>

Template:Note Ottoman Empire

  • Based on his analysis of the non-published individual World War I campaign histories in the Ottoman Archives, Edward J. Erickson estimated Ottoman military casualties in the study Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. The casualties included total war dead of 771,844, (243,598 killed in action, 61,487 missing action and 466,759 deaths due to disease). The number of wounded was 763,753 and POWs 145,104.<ref>Erickson, Edward J. 2001. p. 211</ref>
  • The Ottoman official casualty statistics published in 1922 were: total dead 325,000 including (killed in action 50,000, 35,000 died of wounds, 240,000 died of disease). Wounded 400,000. POWs, sick and missing 1,565,000 and total mobilized: 2,850,000.<ref>Mehmet Beşikçi Ottoman mobilization of manpower in the First World War: Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012. Template:ISBN pp. 113–114</ref>
  • United States War Dept. figures for Ottoman casualties are: total mobilized force 2,850,000; total casualties 975,000 (including killed and died 325,000; wounded 400,000; prisoners and missing 250,000).<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
  • The UK War Office figures for Ottoman casualties were: total accounted for 725,000 (killed 50,000, died of wounds 35,000, died of disease 400,000, wounded 400,000). Total unaccounted for: 1,565,000 (prisoners, deserters, invalids and missing).<ref name="The War Office p. 355">Template:Cite web</ref>
  • The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated that included in total Ottoman military deaths are 318,000 killed and died of wounds.<ref name="population1971" />
  • Estimates of Ottoman civilian casualties in western sources range from 2,000,000 to 2,150,000.<ref name="isbn1991" /><ref>Ellis, John (1993). World War I–Databook. Aurum Press. Template:ISBN. p. 270</ref><ref name="Ref-2">Warfare and Armed Conflicts–A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 2nd Ed Clodfelter, Micheal 2002 Template:ISBN p. 483</ref><ref name="encyclopedia1999">Tucker, Spencer C (1999). The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. Template:ISBN.</ref> A Russian historian in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated total Ottoman civilian dead from 1915 to 1918 at about 3.2 million including the deaths of 2.2 million Armenian, Assyrian, and Greek victims of genocides committed by the Ottomans and 1,000,000 war-related civilian deaths in the Ottoman Empire due to famine and disease.(In current borders Turkey 500,000; Syria 160,000; Lebanon 110,000; Iraq 150,000; Israel/Palestine 35,000 and Jordan 20,000)<ref>Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. Template:ISBN. pp. 61, 65, 73, 77–78</ref> According to the BBC 200,000 persons perished in the Great Famine of Mount Lebanon during the war.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Civilian casualties include the Armenian genocide. The total number of resulting Armenian deaths is generally held to have been 1.5 million.<ref name="Totten, Samuel 2008, p. 19" /> Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and Greeks. Some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Gaunt, David. Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2006.</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The overwhelming majority of historians as well as academic institutions on Holocaust and Genocide Studies recognize the Armenian Genocide.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> "Despite the vast amount of evidence that points to the historical reality of the Armenian Genocide, eyewitness accounts, official archives, photographic evidence, the reports of diplomats, and the testimony of survivors, denial of the Armenian Genocide by successive regimes in Turkey has gone on from 1915 to the present".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Template:Note Denmark

  • Denmark was neutral in the war but Germany at that time included part of Danish Schleswig. Men from this area were conscripted into the German forces and their losses are included with German casualties. Over 700 Danish merchant sailors and fisherman died, mostly due to vessels torpedoed by German submarines.<ref name="Byarkivet i Horsens" />
  • The Danish National Archives estimated the losses of Danes in the German forces at 6,000.<ref>name"Første Verdenskrig fortalt gennem de danske soldater og ofre" |url=https://www.berlingske.dk/kultur/foerste-verdenskrig-fortalt-gennem-de-danske-soldater-og-ofre</ref>

Template:Note Luxembourg

Template:NoteNorway

  • Norway was neutral in the war but lost ships and merchant sailors in trading through the war zones. Norway is at times referred to as the Neutral Ally due to its close relationship with the United Kingdom during the war. In 1924, the Norwegian government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported 1,180 persons dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />

Template:NoteQajar Persia

Template:NoteSweden

  • Sweden was neutral in the war but lost ships and merchant sailors in trading through the war zones. In 1924, the Swedish government in a reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, reported 800 persons dead and missing in World War I.<ref name="International Labour Office p. 29" />

Template:NoteAlbania

  • Albania was invaded and occupied by both Allied and Central powers despite its neutrality. During occupation, Albanians were massacred on numerous occasions, both inside and outside of Albania. The total number of Albanian deaths due to disease and fighting is approximately 70,000 according to Spencer Tucker, roughly 8.75% to 10% of the pre-war population.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> The number of Albanians that died due to famine, however, is unknown, but contemporary estimates by the American Red Cross indicate a death toll of 150,000 in 1915, resulting in 200,000 refugees.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Template:NoteLiechtenstein

  • Liechtenstein was neutral in the war yet held sympathies to the Central Powers, particularly Austria-Hungary. As such, a number of Liechtensteiner citizens volunteered for both the German and Austro-Hungarian armies, of which 4 were confirmed to have been killed.<ref name=":15" />
  • Foreign nationals living in Liechtenstein who were conscripted into the armies of their home countries are not counted.

Sources

[edit]
File:Ypres-necropole-national-gravestones.redvers.jpg
Graves of French soldiers who died on the Ypres Salient, Ypres Necropole National, Ypres, Belgium
File:India Gate in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg
The India Gate in Delhi commemorates the Indian soldiers who died during World War I.
  • The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) Annual Report 2014–2015<ref name="CWGCAR" /> provides current statistics on the military dead for the British Empire. The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead. The statistics tabulated by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen/women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former UK Dependencies, whose death was attributable to their war service. Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions. For the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 4 August 1914 to 31 August 1921. Total World War I dead were 1,116,371 (UK and former colonies 887,711; Undivided India 73,895; Canada 64,997; Australia 62,123; New Zealand 18,053; South Africa 9,592). The Commonwealth War Graves Commission figures also include the Merchant Navy.
  • Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office March 1922.<ref name="stats" /> This official report lists Army casualties (including Royal Naval Division) of 908,371 killed in action, died of wounds, died as prisoners of war and were missing in action from 4 August 1914 to 31 December 1920, (British Isles 702,410; India 64,449; Canada 56,639; Australia 59,330; New Zealand 16,711; South Africa 7,121 and Newfoundland 1,204, other colonies 507).<ref name="stats" /> Figures of the Royal Navy war dead and missing of 32,287 were listed separately.<ref name="stats 339" /> These figures do not include the Merchant Navy dead of 14,661.<ref name="vlib.us"/>
    The losses of France, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Greece, Russia, the USA, Bulgaria, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey were also listed in the UK War Office report.<ref name="stats"/>
  • The official "final and corrected" casualty figures for British Army, including the Territorial Force (not including allied British Empire forces) were issued on 10 March 1921. The losses were for the period 4 August 1914 until 30 September 1919, included 573,507 "killed in action, died from wounds and died of other causes"; 254,176 missing less 154,308 released prisoners; for a net total of 673,375 dead and missing. There were 1,643,469 wounded also listed in the report.<ref name="The Army Council 1919. p. 62">The Army Council. General Annual Report of the British Army 1912–1919. Parliamentary Paper 1921, XX, Cmd.1193., Part IV pp. 62–72</ref>
  • Sources for British Empire casualties are divergent and contradictory. The report of the War Office published in 1922 put the total number of British Empire "soldiers who lost their lives" at 908,371.<ref name="The War Office 1922 p. 239">The War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920. Reprinted by Naval & Military Press. p. 239 Template:ISBN.</ref> On a separate schedule the War Office listed the losses of the Royal Navy at 32,237 dead and missing.<ref>The War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920. Reprinted by Naval & Military Press. p. 339 Template:ISBN.</ref> It is implicit in this presentation that the figures for "soldiers who lost their lives" do not include the Royal Navy. However many published reference works list total British Empire(including the Dominions) losses at 908,371, it is implicit in these presentations that the figures for total losses include the Royal Navy.<ref name="EPFW" /><ref name="Ellis 2001 269 70" /><ref name="World War I 2010 p. 219" />
  • The War Office report puts the number of "soldiers who lost their lives" from the British Regular Army and Royal Naval Division at 702,410.<ref name="The War Office 1922 p. 239" /> This is not in agreement with the "final and corrected" figures in the 1921 report for the army published in the General Annual Report of the British Army 1912–1919, which put British Army dead and missing at 673,375 and the official compilation of Army war dead published in 1921 that put total losses at about 673,000.<ref name="The Army Council 1919. p. 62" /><ref>Soldiers died in the great war, 1914–1919, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1920–1921</ref> The War Office report did not explain the reason for this discrepancy; the difference is more than likely due to their inclusion of the Royal Naval Division and deaths outside of combat theaters.<ref name="Dumas, Samuel 1923 p. 139">Dumas, Samuel (1923). Losses of Life Caused by War. Oxford. p. 139 "From Dr. T.H.C. Stevenson of the General Register Office, London, I received privately the following figures. There were also about 19,000 deaths among troops not connected with any of the expeditionary forces"</ref>
  • Casualties and Medical Statistics published in 1931.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Mitchell, T. J. (1931). Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War. London: Reprinted by Battery Press (1997) Template:ISBN p. 12</ref> was the final volume of the Official Medical History of the War, gives British Empire, including the Dominions, for Army losses by cause of death. Total war dead in combat theaters from 1914 to 1918 were 876,084, which included 418,361 killed, 167,172 died of wounds, 113,173 died of disease or injury, 161,046 missing and presumed dead and 16,332 prisoner of war deaths. Also listed were 2,004,976 wounded and 6,074,552 sick and injured.<ref>Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War p. 12 lists a total of 352,458 missing and prisoners of war; included in this total were 191,412 prisoners of whom 16,332 died in captivity.</ref> Total losses were not broken out for the UK and each Dominion, the figures are for losses in combat theaters only and do not include casualties of forces stationed in the UK from accidents or disease, casualties of the Royal Naval Division are also not included in these figures; the losses of the Gallipoli Campaign are for British forces only, since records for Dominion forces were incomplete.<ref name="casualties1931" /> Figures do not include the Royal Navy.
  • Military Casualties–World War–Estimated," Statistics Branch, General Staff, U.S. War Department, 25 February 1924. This report prepared by the U.S. War Department estimated the casualties of the belligerents in the war. The figures from this report are listed in the Encyclopædia Britannica and often cited in historical literature.<ref name="Statistical Services Center 2010" />
  • Huber, Michel La Population de la France pendant la guerre, Paris 1931.<ref name="Ref-1">Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre. Paris.</ref> This study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, lists official French government figures for war-related military deaths and missing of France and its colonies.
  • Mortara, Giorgo La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra, New Haven: Yale University Press 1925.<ref>Mortara, G (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra. New Haven: Yale University Press.</ref> The official government Italian statistics on war dead are listed here. A brief summary of data from this report can be found online. go to Vol 13, No. 15
  • The demographer Boris Urlanis, analysis of the military dead for the belligerents in the war including his estimates for the combat related deaths included in total deaths.<ref name="population1971" />
  • The Belgian government published statistics on their war losses in the Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919<ref name="extranet.arch.be" />
  • Heeres-Sanitätsinspektion im Reichskriegsministeriums, Sanitätsbericht über das deutsche Heer, (Deutsches Feld- und Besatzungsheer), im Weltkriege 1914–1918, Volume 3, Sec. 1, Berlin 1934. The official German Army medical war history listed German losses.
  • Grebler, Leo and Winkler, Wilhelm The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria-Hungary This study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace details the losses of Austria-Hungary and Germany in the war.<ref name="university1940">Grebler, Leo (1940). The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria-Hungary. Yale University Press.</ref>
  • Erickson, Edward J. Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War The authors estimates were made based data from official Ottoman sources.<ref>Erickson, Edward J., Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood 2001. Template:ISBN</ref>
  • Hersch, Liebmann, La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron. The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. No 1. This study published in an academic journal, detailed the demographic impact of the war on France, the UK, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, Serbia, Romania and Greece. The total estimated increase in the number of civilian deaths due to the war was 2,171,000, not including an additional 984,000 Spanish flu deaths. These losses were due primarily wartime privations.<ref>The article is available from Metron, the publisher Template:Webarchive</ref>
  • Dumas, Samuel (1923). Losses of Life Caused by War published by Oxford University Press. This study detailed the impact of the war on the civilian population. The study estimated excess civilian deaths at: France (264,000 to 284,000), the UK (181,000), Italy (324,000) and Germany(692,000).<ref>Dumas, Samuel (1923). Losses of Life Caused by War. Oxford.</ref>
  • In The International Labour Office, an agency of the League of Nations, published statistics on the military dead and missing for the belligerents in the war.<ref>International Labour Office, Enquête sur la production. Rapport général. Paris [etc.] Berger-Levrault, 1923–25. Tome 4 p. 29</ref>

The source of population data is:

  • Haythornthwaite, Philip J., The World War One Source Book pp. 382–383<ref name="auto" />

See also

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References

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