Editing Western Pennsylvania English (section)

==Vocabulary==
[[File:Redd-Up - City of Pittsburgh Recycling Drop-Off Center Sign.jpg|thumb|City of Pittsburgh Recycling Drop-Off Center sign using the term "redd up", illustrating an example of Western Pennsylvania English.]]
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*''[[wikt:babushka#Noun|babushka]]'' - (''n.'') headscarf<ref name=DARE1/>{{efn|In Russian, Slovak, and many other Slavic languages, the word babushka (a familial/cute extension of the word ''baba'') means "grandmother" or (endearingly) "old woman." In Pittsburgh and much Northern U.S. English, the word also denotes a type of headscarf that might be worn by an old woman. Predominantly used in the northeast United States, ''babushka'' is most heavily in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan. It is sometimes used as a derogatory term for an elderly woman, similar to calling someone an "old hag."{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}}}}
*''[[Shopping cart#Name|buggy]]'' - (''n.'') shopping cart{{efn|Kurath (1949) mentions that speakers in a large portion of Pennsylvania use the term, but that it is "very common in the Pittsburgh area[,]...[in] the adjoining counties of Ohio and on the lower Kanawha"}}
**''baby buggy'' - (''n.'') baby carriage
*''the 'Burgh'' - (''n.'') Pittsburgh<ref name=johnstone3/>{{sfnp|Johnstone|Andrus|Danielson|2006}}
*''beal'' - (''v.'') to fester or suppurate<ref name=DARE1/>
*''bealed'' - (''adj.'') usually of an ear: infected or abscessed<ref name=DARE1/>
*''belling'' - (''n.'') noisy celebration or mock serenade for newlyweds; a [[Charivari|shivaree]]<ref name="DARE1"/>
*''[[berm]]'' - (''n.'') edge of the road, curb: an accepted alternative to "shoulder of the road"<ref name="DARE1"/>
*''carbon oil'' - (''n.'') kerosene{{efn|According to Kurath (1949), this may be heard from the western edge of the Alleghenies to beyond the Ohio line}}
*''chipped ham'' - (''n.'') very thinly sliced chopped ham loaf for sandwiches (from a local brand name)<ref name=johnstone2/><ref name=johnstone3/> (see [[chipped chopped ham]])
*''[[city chicken]]'' - (''n.'') cubes of [[pork]] loin and/or [[veal]] on a short wooden [[skewer]], breaded, then fried or baked<ref name="Pittsburgh">{{Citation | title = Something different, Something delicious: City Chicken | newspaper = [[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] | page = 4   | date = 2 November 1932 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nsJRAAAAIBAJ&pg=5874,5068621&dq=city-chicken&hl=en | access-date = 16 September 2016}}</ref>{{efn|This is heard in Southwestern Pennsylvania and Northern West Virginia. It origins are not entirely known, but rumored to have begun during the [[Great Depression|Depression Era]], when people took meat scraps and fashioned a makeshift [[drumstick (poultry)|drumstick]] out of them.}}
*''cubberd'' - (''n.'') closet<ref name="johnstone4">{{cite book|last=Johnstone|first=Barbara|title=Speaking Pittsburghese: The Story of a Dialect|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-199-94568-9}}</ref>
*''craw'' - (''n.'') crawfish<ref name="DARE1"/>
*''crick'' - (''n.'') Creek
*''cruds'', ''crudded milk'', or ''cruddled milk'' - (''n.'') cottage cheese<ref name=crozier>{{cite journal|last=Crozier|first=Alan|title=The Scotch-Irish influence on American English|journal=American Speech|year=1984|volume=59|issue=4|pages=310–331|jstor=454783|doi=10.2307/454783}}</ref>{{efn|Kurath (1949) claims these forms are used from the western edge of the Alleghenies to beyond the Ohio line; and Crozier claims that they are restricted to southwestern Pennsylvania, from Scots-Irish English origins.}}
*''diamond'' - (''n.'') town square<ref name="johnstone4"/>
*''dippy'' - (''adj.'') appropriate for dipping into, such as gravy, coffee, egg yolks, etc.<ref name=DARE2>{{cite book|last=Cassidy|first=F. G. and. J.H. Hall., Eds.|title=Dictionary of American Regional English, Vol. II: D-H.|year=1991|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-674-20512-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer0000unse_a4m8}}</ref> 
*''doll baby'' - (''n.'') complimentary term for an attractively childlike girl or woman (reversal of "baby doll")
*''drooth'' - (''n.'') drought<ref name=DARE1/><ref name ="johnstone5">{{cite book|last=Johnstone|first=Barbara|title=Pittsburgh Speech and Pittsburghese|year=2015|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH|isbn=978-1-614-51178-6}}</ref>
*''Dubbya'' - (''n.'') Letter "W", Often used when saying "www." Or a local station 
*''dupa'' - (''n.'') parental term (of Polish origin) for a child's backside
*''feature'' - (''v.'') to think about, understand, or imagine
*''grinnie'' - (''n.'') [[chipmunk]]{{efn|Kurath 1949): This term is used from the western edge of the Alleghenies to beyond the Ohio line.}}
*''gumband'' - (''n.'') [[rubber band]];<ref name=johnstone2/><ref name=johnstone3/><ref name=DARE2/> elastic fastener<ref name=johnstone4/>
*''gutchies; or undergutchies'' (''n.'') term used to describe undergarments of any variety. 
*''hap'' - (''n.'') comfort; or, comforter or quilt:<ref name=crozier/>{{efn|This can mean "comfort", as in "He's been in poor hap since his wife died",{{sfnp|Maxfield|1931}} or "comforter or quilt," as in "It was cold last night but that hap kept me warm." ''Hap'' is used for "comfort" in western Pennsylvania;{{sfnp|Maxfield|1931}} and a "quilt" is known as a ''hap'' only in western Pennsylvania.}}
*''[[hoagie]]'' - (''n.'') a [[submarine sandwich|sub]] (i.e., submarine sandwich; used throughout Pennsylvania)<ref name=DARE2/>
*''hoopy'' - (''n.'') a person perceived as unsophisticated or having rural sensibilities (i.e., redneck or hillbilly; used especially in Ohio Valley and northern West Virginia)
*''jag'' - (''v.'') to prick, stab, or jab;<ref name=DARE3>{{cite book|last=Cassidy|first=F. G. and J. H. Hall, Eds.|title=Dictionary of American Regional English, Volume III: I-O|year=1996|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-674-20519-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer0000unse_a4m8}}</ref> to tease{{sfnp|Johnstone|Andrus|Danielson|2006}} (often, ''jag off'' or ''jag around''){{efn|name="jagoff"|The word is often followed by ''off'' to mean (as a verb) "to annoy, irritate, play tricks on; to disparage; to reject", or (as a noun) "an annoying or irritating person;" as well as ''around'' to mean "annoy, tease, or engage in a frivolous endeavor." These phrases are probably influenced by ''jack off'' and ''jack around'', respectively. "Jus' jaggin'" is a common expression, the same as standard "just kidding". Descended from Scots-Irish usage in English, this is chiefly a Pennsylvania term, especially southwestern Pennsylvania, but also portions of Appalachia.}}<ref name=DARE3/>
**''jagger'' - (''n.''/''adj.'') any small, sharp-pointed object or implement,<ref name=DARE3/> usually [[thorns, spines, and prickles]] (as in a ''jagger bush'' or "I got a jagger in my finger").
**''jaggerbush'' - (''n.'') briar<ref name="johnstone4"/>
**''[[jagoff]]'' - (''n.'') an idiot, fool, or unlikeable person{{efn|name="jagoff"}}
*''jimmies'' - (''n.'') [[sprinkles]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2011/03/13/the_jimmies_story/|title=The jimmies story|newspaper=Boston.com|last1=Freeman|first1=Jan}}</ref>
*''jumbo'' - (''n.'') bologna lunch meat<ref name=johnstone2/><ref name=johnstone3/><ref name=DARE3/>{{sfnp|Wisnosky|2003}}{{sfnp|Johnstone|Andrus|Danielson|2006}}
*''"Kennywood's open"'' - idiom used to inform someone that their fly is open ("Kennywood" referring to the [[Kennywood|Kennywood amusement park]] in [[West Mifflin, Pennsylvania]])
*''Klondike'' - (''n.'') any ice cream bar, even if not specifically a [[Klondike bar]] (first marketed in nearby [[Youngstown, Ohio]]).<ref name="johnstone4"/>
*{{lang|en|kolbusy}} or {{lang|en|kolbassi}} - (''n.'') variant pronunciation of [[kielbasa]]<ref name=DARE3/> ({{IPA|/kʊlˈbɒsi/}}){{efn|The OED (1991) lists ''kolbasa'' as a variable pronunciation of ''kielbasa'', and notes that the former pronunciation is Polish and the latter Russian.}}
*''monkey ball'' - (''n.'') fruit of the ''[[Maclura pomifera]]'' or ''monkey ball tree''<ref>{{cite web|last=Parker|first=Jeanie|title=Gardening: The fruit of the Osage orange tree has many odd reputed uses|url=http://old.post-gazette.com/magazine/20000902monkeyballs6.asp|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|publisher=PG Publishing|access-date=26 February 2014|date=September 2, 2000|archive-date=5 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005223311/http://old.post-gazette.com/magazine/20000902monkeyballs6.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''n'at'' ({{IPA|/əˈnæt/}}) - et cetera; and so on; a "general extender";<ref name=johnstone2/><ref name=johnstone3/> literally, a contraction of "and (all) that"<ref name="ReferenceA">McElhinny 1999; Wisnosky 2003; Johnstone, Andrus and Danielson 2006</ref>{{efn|The distribution of ''n'at'' is Southwestern Pennsylvania, possibly Scots-Irish. Macaulay (1995) finds it in the regular speech and narratives of Scottish coal miners in Glasgow, a principal area from which Scottish settlers emigrated to Northern Ireland, and from there, to the American colonies.}}
*''neb'' - (''v.'') to pry into a conversation or argument intrusively or impertinently<ref name=DARE3/> (this term and its derivatives are common to Pennsylvania, but especially southwestern Pennsylvania, from Scots-Irish English)
**''neb out'' -  to mind one's own business
**''neb-nose'' or ''nebby-nose'' (also ''nebshit'') - (''n.'') the kind of person who is always poking into people's affairs;<ref name=DARE3/> inquisitive person<ref name=johnstone4/>
**''nebby'' - (''adj.'') given to prying into the affairs of others; nosey;<ref name=johnstone2/><ref name=johnstone3/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> inquisitive<ref name=johnstone4/>
*''onion snow'' - (''n.'') early spring snow<ref name=johnstone4/>
*''redd up'' (also ''ret, rid, ridd,'' or ''redd out'') - (''v.'') to tidy up, clean up, or clean out (a room, house, cupboard, etc.); to clean house, tidy up (hence v bl. ''redding up'' house-cleaning; tidying up)<ref name=DARE4>{{cite book|editor-last=Hall|editor-first=J. H.|title=Dictionary of American Regional English, Volume IV: P-Sk|year=2002|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-674-00884-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer0000unse_a4m8}}</ref><ref name=dressman>{{cite journal|last=Dressman|first=Michael R.|title=Redd up|journal=American Speech|year=1979|volume=54|issue=2|pages=141–145|jstor=455213|doi=10.2307/455213}}</ref><ref>Also see McElhinny (1999); Johnstone, Andrus and Danielson (2006).</ref>{{efn|An example of this term is "Yinz better redd up this room". Dressman notes that it is common to the Pittsburgh area and throughout Pennsylvania, but less so in Philadelphia. It is also scattered about New England States and in New Brunswick, though its occurrence is heaviest in Pennsylvania. Hall states that its distribution is "scattered, but chiefly N. Midland, esp PA". Dressman suggested that it was brought to the U.S. by Scots. It's almost certainly of Scandinavian/Viking origin; the Danish "rydde op" means to clean up. "Redd up" and its associated variants probably entered the English language from old Norse.}}<ref name="AHD">{{cite book|author=((Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries))|title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language|url=https://archive.org/details/americanheritage00edit_9|url-access=registration|access-date=26 October 2012|edition=Fourth|year=2006|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-618-70173-5}}</ref>
*''reverend'' - (''adj.'') extreme;<ref name=johnstone4/> extraordinary, powerful<ref name=johnstone5/>
*''slippy'' - (''adj.'') slippery (from Scots-Irish English)<ref name=johnstone2/><ref name=johnstone3/>
*''spicket'' - (''n.'') alternate pronunciation of [[spigot]], specifically an outdoor faucet used to connect to a garden hose<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/spicket|title=Definition of SPICKET|website=www.merriam-webster.com}}</ref>
*''Squill'' - (''n.'') shortening of [[Squirrel Hill]].
*''Stillers'' - (''n.'') alternate pronunciation of the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theburghermag.wordpress.com/2012/03/21/yinzer-basics-pittsburghese-for-beginners/|title=Yinzer Basics: Pittsburghese for Beginners|date=March 21, 2012}}</ref>
*''sweep'' - (''v.'') to vacuum
*''sweeper'' - (''n.'') [[vacuum cleaner]] (also used in Ohio and Indiana; from [[carpet sweeper]])
*''tossle cap'' - (''n.'') knit hat designed to provide warmth in cold weather
*''trick'' - (''n.'') a job shift (as used in West-Central Pennsylvania)<ref>{{cite web |title=Yunzonics: Translating Pennsylvanian |url=http://www.tomtwine.com/pa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923132617/http://www.tomtwine.com:80/pa.html |archive-date=23 September 2009 |url-status=usurped |website=tomtwine.com |publisher=Thomas H. Twine |access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref>
*''yins'', ''[[yinz]]'', ''yunz'', ''you'uns'', or ''youns'' - (''pronoun'') plural of ''you'' (second-person personal plural pronoun from Scots-Irish English)<ref name=johnstone2/><ref name=johnstone3/><ref name=crozier/><ref>McElhinny 1999; Wisnosky 2003; Johnstone, Andrus and Danielson 2006: Used Southwestern Pennsylvania and elsewhere in Appalachia, ''[[yinz]]'' is a particularly salient feature of Pittsburgh speech</ref><ref name=johnstone1/><ref name="Marzec" /><ref>Montgomery 2001</ref>
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