Editing Szczecin (section)

=== Middle Ages ===
[[File:Kamień kaszubski z gryfem przy katedrze w Szczecinie.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The stone near [[Szczecin Cathedral]] commemorating the [[Kashubians]] (a [[Lechites|Lehitic]] people), with an image of the Pomeranian [[Griffin]]]]

The recorded [[history of Szczecin]] began in the eighth century, when [[Vikings]]<ref>"Vikingar", Natur och Kultur 1995, {{ISBN|91-27-91001-6}} (CD)</ref> and [[West Slavs]] settled in [[Pomerania]]. The West Slavs, or [[Lechites]], erected a new [[burgh|stronghold]] on the site of the [[Ducal Castle, Szczecin|modern castle]].<ref name=Piskorski52/>
Since the 9th century, the stronghold was fortified and expanded toward the [[Oder|Oder bank]].<ref name=Piskorski52>Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, p.{{nbsp}}52, {{ISBN|83-906184-8-6}} {{OCLC|43087092}}</ref> [[Mieszko I of Poland]] took control of [[Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages]] and the region became part of Poland in the 10th century.<ref>The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 11, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1998, p.{{nbsp}}473 "In the 8th and 9th centuries Szczecin was a Slavic fishing and commercial settlement, later named Western Pomerania (Pomorze Zachodnie). During the 10th century, it was annexed to Poland by [[Mieszko I]]</ref><ref>The Origins of Polish state. Mieszko I and Bolesław Chrobry. Professor Henry Lang, Polish Academic Information Center, University at Buffalo. [http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/orig/mieszko.html info-poland.buffalo.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206100818/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/orig/mieszko.html |date=6 February 2012 }}</ref> However, already [[Mieszko II Lambert]] (1025 ~ 1034) effectively lost control over the area and had to accept German suzerainty over the area of the Oder lagoon.<ref>{{cite book|author=Charles Higounet|title=Die deutsche Ostsiedlung im Mittelalter|page=141|language=de}}</ref> Subsequent Polish rulers, the Holy Roman Empire, and the [[Veleti|Liutician federation]] all aimed to control the territory.<ref name="Bialecki"/>

After the decline of the neighbouring regional centre [[Wolin (town)|Wolin]] in the 12th century, the city became one of the more important and powerful seaports of the Baltic Sea.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Addyman et al., 1979 |date=1981 |title=Waterfront Archaeology in Britain and Northern Europe: A review of current research in waterfront archaeology in six European countries, based on the papers presented to the First International Conference on Waterfront Archaeology in North European Towns held at the Museum of London on 20-22 April 1979 |url=https://woolmerforest.org.uk/E-Library/W/WATERFRONT%20ARCHAEOLOGY%20IN%20BRITAIN%20AND%20NORTHERNN%20EUROPE.pdf |journal=Council for British Archaeology Research Reports |volume=41 |pages=69 |via=The Council for British Archaeology}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2023 |title=Port of Szczecin |url=http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/review/POL_Port_of_Szczecin_1178.php |access-date=September 24, 2023 |website=World Port Source |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126002019/http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/review/POL_Port_of_Szczecin_1178.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In a campaign in the winter of 1121–1122,<ref name=Piskorski36>Jan M. Piskorski, ''Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten'', 1999, pg. 36; {{ISBN|83-906184-8-6}}, {{OCLC|43087092}}</ref> [[Bolesław III Wrymouth]], the Duke of [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Poland]], gained control of the region, including the city of Szczecin and its stronghold.<ref name="Bialecki"/><ref name=Piskorski3136>Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, 1999, pp. 31,36,43 {{ISBN|83-906184-8-6}} {{OCLC|43087092}}: pg. 31 (yrs 967-after 1000 AD): "[...] gelang es den polnischen Herrschern sicherlich nicht, Wollin und die Odermündung zu unterwerfen." pg. 36: "Von 1119 bis 1122 eroberte er schließlich das pommersche Odergebiet mit Stettin, [...]" pg. 43: "[...] während Rügen 1168 erobert und in den dänischen Staat einverleibt wurde."</ref><ref>Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 100–101, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref><ref>Norbert Buske, Pommern, Helms Schwerin 1997, pp. 11ff; {{ISBN|3-931185-07-9}}</ref><ref>[[Kyra T. Inachin]], Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, pp.{{nbsp}}15ff; {{ISBN|978-3-356-01044-2}}: pp. 14–15: "Die westslawischen Stämme der Obroditen, Lutizen und Pomoranen konnten sich lange der Eroberung widersetzen. Die militärisch überlegenen Mächte im Norden und Osten, im Süden und im Westen übten jedoch einen permanenten Druck auf den südlichen Ostseeraum aus. Dieser ging bis 1135 hauptsächlich von Polen aus. Der polnische Herzog Boleslaw III Krzywousty (Schiefmund) unterwarf in mehreren Feldzügen bis 1121 pomoranisches Stammland mit den Hauptburgen Cammin und Stettin und drang weiter gen Westen vor", pg. 17: Das Interesse Waldemars richtete sich insbesondere auf das Siedlungsgebiet der Ranen, die nördlich des Ryck und auf Rügen siedelten und die sich bislang gegen Eroberer und Christianisierungsversuche gewehrt hatten. [...] und nahmen 1168 an König [[Valdemar I of Denmark|Waldemar I]]. Kriegszug gegen die Ranen teil. Arkona wurde erobert und zerstört. Die unterlegenen Ranen versprachen, das Christentum anzunehmen, die Oberhoheit des Dänenkönigs anzuerkennen und Tribut zu leisten."</ref><ref name="Barber">Malcolm Barber, "The two cities: medieval Europe, 1050–1320", Routledge, 2004, pg. 330 [https://books.google.com/books?id=kP23uZBUCYUC&dq=Boles%C5%82aw+III+Wrymouth+Pomerania&pg=PA330 books.google.com]</ref><ref>An historical geography of Europe, 450 B.C.{{nsndns}}A.D. 1330, Norman John Greville Pounds, Cambridge University Press 1973, pg. 241, "By 1121 Polish armies had penetrated its forests, captured its chief city of Szczecin."</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=December 2023}} The Polish ruler initiated Christianization, entrusting this task to [[Otto of Bamberg]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Medley|first=D. J.|year=2004|title=The church and the empire|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|page=152}}</ref> and the inhabitants were Christianised<ref name="Bialecki"/> by two missions of Otto in 1124 and 1128.<ref>Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten, pp. 36ff; {{ISBN|83-906184-8-6}}, {{OCLC|43087092}}</ref> At this time, the first Christian church of Saints Peter and Paul was erected. The Poles' minted coins were commonly used in trade in this period.<ref name="Bialecki"/> The population of the city at that time is estimated to be at around 5,000–9,000 people.<ref>''Archeologia Polska'', Volume 38, Instytut Historii Kultury Materialnej (Polska Akademia Nauk, pg. 309, Zakład im. Ossolińskich, 1993.</ref>

Polish rule ended with Boleslaw's death in 1138.<ref>Kyra Inachim, ''Die Geschichte Pommerns'', Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, pg. 17; {{ISBN|978-3-356-01044-2}}: "Mit dem Tod Kaiser Lothars 1137 endete der sächsische Druck auf Wartislaw I., und mit dem Ableben Boleslaw III. auch die polnische Oberhoheit."</ref> During the [[Wendish Crusade]] in 1147, a contingent led by the German margrave [[Albert the Bear]], an enemy of Slavic presence in the region,<ref name="Bialecki"/> papal legate, bishop [[Anselm of Havelberg]] and [[Conrad, Margrave of Meissen|Konrad of Meissen]] besieged the town.<ref name=Schimmelpfennig16>Bernhard Schimmelpfennig, ''Könige und Fürsten, Kaiser und Papst nach dem Wormser Konkordat'', Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1996, pg. 16; {{ISBN|3-486-55034-9}}</ref><ref name=Fuhrmann147>Horst Fuhrmann, Deutsche Geschichte im hohen Mittelalter: Von der Mitte des 11. Bis zum Ende des 12. Jahrhunderts, 4th edition, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003, pg. 147; {{ISBN|3-525-33589-X}}</ref><ref>Peter N. Stearns, [[William L. Langer|William Leonard Langer]], [[Encyclopedia of World History|The Encyclopedia of world history]], [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]], 2001; pg. 206 @ [https://books.google.com/books?id=MziRd4ddZz4C&dq=Albert+the+Bear+Slavs&pg=PA206 books.google.com]{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]; {{ISBN|0-06-097468-0}}, pg. 362</ref> There, a Polish contingent supplied by [[Mieszko III the Old]]<ref name=Piskorski43>Jan M. Piskorski, ''Pommern im Wandel der Zeiten'', 1999, pg. 43; {{ISBN|83-906184-8-6}} {{OCLC|43087092}}: Greater Polish continguents of Mieszko the Elder</ref><ref name=Heitz163>{{cite book|title=Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern|first1=Gerhard|last1=Heitz|first2=Henning|last2=Rischer|publisher=Koehler&Amelang|location=Münster-Berlin|year=1995|isbn=3-7338-0195-4|language=de|page=163}}</ref> joined the crusaders.<ref name=Schimmelpfennig16/><ref name=Fuhrmann147/> However, the citizens had placed crosses around the fortifications,<ref>Jean Richard, Jean Birrell, "The Crusades, c.{{nbsp}}1071{{nsndns}}c.{{nbsp}}1291", [[Cambridge University Press]], 1999, p.{{nbsp}}158, [https://books.google.com/books?id=KszvJSv7t30C&dq=Szczecin+Albert+the+Bear&pg=PA158 books.google.com]</ref> indicating they already had been Christianised.<ref name="Bialecki"/><ref>Jonathan Riley-Smith, "The Crusades: A History", Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005, p.{{nbsp}}130, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-noOrtrox4C&dq=Szczecin+Albert+the+Bear&pg=PA130 books.google.com]</ref> Duke [[Ratibor I, Duke of Pomerania|Ratibor I]] of [[Duchy of Pomerania|Pomerania]], negotiated the disbanding of the crusading forces.<ref name=Schimmelpfennig16/><ref name=Fuhrmann147/><ref>Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.{{nbsp}}30, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref>

[[File:Bazylika Archikatedralna pw. św. Jakuba Apostoła (1) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Szczecin Cathedral]], first built in the 14th century]]

After the [[Battle of Verchen]] in 1164, Szczecin duke [[Bogusław I, Duke of Pomerania]] became a vassal of the Duchy of Saxony's [[Henry the Lion]].<ref name="Buchholz, p.{{nbsp}}34">Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.{{nbsp}}34, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref> In 1173, Szczecin [[castellan]] [[Wartislaw II, Duke of Pomerania|Wartislaw II]], could not resist a Danish attack and became vassal of [[Denmark]].<ref name="Buchholz, p.{{nbsp}}34"/> In 1181, Bogusław became a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire.<ref name="Buchholz, p.{{nbsp}}35">Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.{{nbsp}}35, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref> In 1185, Bogusław again became a Danish vassal.<ref name="Buchholz, p.{{nbsp}}35"/> Despite falling under foreign suzerainty, local dukes maintained close ties with the fragmented Polish realm, and future Polish monarch [[Władysław III Spindleshanks]] stayed at the local court of Duke Bogusław I in 1186, on behalf of his father, Duke of [[Duchy of Greater Poland|Greater Poland]] [[Mieszko III the Old]], who also periodically was the [[List of Polish monarchs|High Duke of Poland]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Krasuski|first=Marcin|year=2018|title=Walka o władzę w Wielkopolsce w I połowie XIII wieku|magazine=Officina Historiae|language=pl|issue=1|page=64|issn=2545-0905}}</ref> Following a conflict between his heirs and [[Canute VI of Denmark]], the settlement was destroyed in 1189,<ref name=riis48>{{cite book|title=Studien Zur Geschichte Des Ostseeraumes IV. Das Mittelalterliche Dänische Ostseeimperium|first=Thomas|last=Riis|publisher=Ludwig|year=2003|isbn=87-7838-615-2|page=48}}</ref> but the fortress was reconstructed and manned with a Danish force in 1190.<ref>Université de Caen. Centre de recherches archéologiques médiévales, ''Château-Gaillard: études de castellologie médiévale, XVIII : actes du colloque international tenu à Gilleleje, Danemark, 24–30 août 1996'', CRAHM, 1998, p.{{nbsp}}218, {{ISBN|978-2-902685-05-9}}</ref> While the empire restored its superiority over the Duchy of Pomerania in the [[Battle of Bornhöved (1227)|Battle of Bornhöved]] in 1227,<ref name="Buchholz, p.{{nbsp}}35"/> Szczecin was one of two bridgeheads remaining under Danish control (until 1235; [[Wolgast]] until 1241/43 or 1250).<ref name=riis48/>

In the second half of the 12th century, a group of German tradesmen ("multus populus Teutonicorum"<ref name=Heitz168>{{cite book|title=Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern|first1=Gerhard|last1=Heitz|first2=Henning|last2=Rischer|publisher=Koehler&Amelang|location=Münster-Berlin|year=1995|isbn=3-7338-0195-4|language=de|page=168}}</ref> from various parts of the Holy Roman Empire) settled in the city around St.{{nbsp}}Jacob's Church, which was donated in 1180<ref name=Heitz168/> by Beringer, a trader from [[Bamberg]], and consecrated in 1187.<ref name=Heitz168/><ref>Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 43, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref> Hohenkrug (now in [[Struga, Szczecin|Szczecin Struga]]) was the first village in the Duchy of Pomerania that was clearly recorded as German (''villa teutonicorum'') in 1173.<ref>Jan Maria Piskorski, Slawen und Deutsche in Pommern im Mittelalter, in Klaus Herbers, Nikolas Jaspert, Grenzräume und Grenzüberschreitungen im Vergleich: der Osten und der Westen des mittelalterlichen Lateineuropa, Akademie Verlag, 2007, p.{{nbsp}}85, {{ISBN|3-05-004155-2}}</ref> [[Ostsiedlung]] accelerated in Pomerania during the 13th century.<ref>Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.{{nbsp}}43ff, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref> Duke [[Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania|Barnim I]] of Pomerania granted Szczecin a [[local government]] charter in 1237, separating the German settlement from the Slavic community settled around the [[Saint Nicholas|St. Nicholas]] Church in the neighbourhood of Kessin ({{langx|pl|Chyzin}}). In the charter, the Slavs were put under Germanic jurisdiction.<ref>Jan Maria Piskorski, Slawen und Deutsche in Pommern im Mittelalter, in Klaus Herbers, Nikolas Jaspert, Grenzräume und Grenzüberschreitungen im Vergleich: der Osten und der Westen des mittelalterlichen Lateineuropa, Akademie Verlag, 2007, p.{{nbsp}}86, {{ISBN|3-05-004155-2}}</ref>

[[File:Szczecin Zamek Ksiazat Pomorskich (od pln-wsch).jpg|thumb|left|[[Ducal Castle, Szczecin|Szczecin Castle]], the seat of the dukes of the [[House of Griffin]], which was founded by Duke [[Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania|Wartislaw I]]]]

When Barnim granted Szczecin [[Magdeburg rights]] in 1243, part of the Slavic settlement was reconstructed.<ref>{{cite book|title=Geschichte Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns|publisher=Beck|first=Michael|last=North|year=2008|isbn=978-3-406-57767-3|language=de|page=21}}</ref> The duke had to promise to level the burgh in 1249.<ref>Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.{{nbsp}}83, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref> Most Slavic inhabitants were resettled to two new suburbs north and south of the town.<ref>Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.{{nbsp}}84, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}</ref>

In 1249, Barnim I also granted equivalent Magdeburg town privileges to the town of Damm (also known as Altdamm) on the eastern bank of the Oder.<ref>Roderich Schmidt, ''Pommern und Mecklenburg'', Böhlau, 1981, p.{{nbsp}}61, {{ISBN|3-412-06976-0}}</ref><ref name=Johanek277>Peter Johanek, Franz-Joseph Post, ''Städtebuch Hinterpommern 2–3'', [[Kohlhammer Verlag]], 2003, p.{{nbsp}}277, {{ISBN|3-17-018152-1}}</ref> Damm merged with neighbouring Szczecin on 15{{nbsp}}October 1939 and is now the [[Dąbie, Szczecin|Dąbie]] neighbourhood.<ref>Johannes Hinz, ''Pommernlexikon'', Kraft, 1994, p.{{nbsp}}25, {{ISBN|3-8083-1164-9}}</ref> This town had been built on the site of a former [[Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)|Pomeranian]] burg, "Vadam" or "Dambe", which Boleslaw had destroyed during his 1121 campaign.<ref name=Johanek277/>

On 2 December 1261, Barnim I allowed Jewish settlement in Szczecin in accordance with the Magdeburg law, in a privilege renewed in 1308 and 1371.<ref name=heitmann225>{{citation|last=Heitmann|first=Margret|chapter=Synagoge und freie christliche Gemeinde in Stettin|title="Halte fern dem ganzen Lande jedes Verderben..". Geschichte und Kultur der Juden in Pommern|editor1-last=Heitmann|editor1-first=Margret|editor2-last=Schoeps|editor2-first=Julius|publisher=Olms|location=Hildesheim/Zürich/New York|year=1995|language=de|isbn=3-487-10074-6|pages=225–238; p. 225}}</ref> The Jewish Jordan family was granted citizenship in 1325, but none of the 22 Jews allowed to settle in the duchy in 1481 lived in the city, and in 1492, all Jews in the duchy were ordered to convert to Christianity or leave{{snds}}this order remained effective throughout the rest of the Griffin era.<ref name=heitmann225/>

In 1273, in Szczecin duke of [[Poznań]] and future King of Poland [[Przemysł II]] married princess [[Ludgarda (wife of Przemysł II)|Ludgarda]], granddaughter of [[Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania]], in order to strengthen the alliance between the two rulers.<ref>''Kronika wielkopolska'', [[Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|PWN]], Warszawa, 1965, p. 297 (in Polish)</ref>

Szczecin was part of the federation of [[Wends|Wendish towns]], a predecessor of the [[Hanseatic League]], in 1283.<ref name="Wernicke">{{cite book |last=Wernicke |first=Horst |chapter=Die Hansestädte an der Oder |title=Oder-Odra. Blicke auf einen europäischen Strom |editor1-first=Karl |editor1-last=Schlögel |editor2-first=Beata |editor2-last=Halicka |publisher=Lang |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-631-56149-2 |pages=137–48; here p. 142 |language=de}}</ref> The city prospered due to its participation in the [[Baltic Sea]] trade, primarily with [[herring]], grain, and timber; craftsmanship also prospered, and more than forty guilds were established in the city.<ref name=aps344/> The far-reaching autonomy granted by the House of Griffins was in part reduced when the dukes reclaimed Stettin as their main residence in the late 15th century.<ref name=aps344/> The anti-Slavic policies of German merchants and craftsmen intensified in this period, resulting in measures such as bans on people of Slavic descent joining [[craft]] guilds, a doubling of customs tax for Slavic merchants, and bans against public usage of their native language.<ref name="Bialecki"/> The more prosperous Slavic citizens were forcibly stripped of their possessions, which were then handed over to Germans.<ref name="Bialecki"/> In 1514, the guild of tailors added a ''Wendenparagraph'' to its statutes, banning Slavs.<ref name=slaski97>{{cite book|last=Ślaski|first=Kazimierz|chapter=Volkstumswandel in Pommern vom 12. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert|editor-last=Kirchhoff|editor-first=Hans Georg|title=Beiträge zur Geschichte Pommerns und Pommerellens. Mit einem Geleitwort von Klaus Zernack|location=Dortmund|year=1987|isbn=3-923293-19-4|pages=94–109; p. 97|language=de |publisher=Forschungsstelle Ostmitteleuropa }}</ref>

[[File:Alten Stettin Hogenberg.jpg|thumb|View of the city with fortifications, 1581]]

While not as heavily affected by medieval [[Witch-hunt|witchhunts]] as other regions of the empire, there are reports of the burning of three women and one man convicted of [[witchcraft]] in 1538.<ref>Hubertus Fischer, ''Klosterfrauen, Klosterhexen: Theodor Fontanes Sidonie von Borcke im kulturellen Kontext : Klosterseminar des Fontane-Kreises Hannover der Theodor-Fontane-Gesellschaft e.V. mit dem Konvent des Klosters St. Marienberg vom 14. bis 15. November 2003 in Helmstedt'', Rübenberger Verlag Tania Weiss, 2005, p.{{nbsp}}22, {{ISBN|3-936788-07-3}}</ref>

In 1570, during the reign of [[John Frederick, Duke of Pomerania]], [[Treaty of Stettin (1570)|a congress was held at Stettin]] ending the [[Northern Seven Years' War]]. During the war, Stettin had tended to side with [[Denmark]], while [[Stralsund]] tended toward [[Sweden]]{{snds}}as a whole, however, the Duchy of Pomerania tried to maintain neutrality.<ref name=Inachim62>Kyra Inachim, ''Die Geschichte Pommerns'', Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, p.{{nbsp}}62, {{ISBN|978-3-356-01044-2}}</ref> Nevertheless, a [[Landtag]] that had met in Stettin in 1563 introduced a sixfold rise in real estate taxes to finance the raising of a mercenary army for the duchy's defence.<ref name=Inachim62/> Johann Friedrich also succeeded in elevating Stettin to one of only three places allowed to [[coining (metalworking)|coin money]] in the [[Upper Saxon Circle]] of the Holy Roman Empire, the other two places being [[Leipzig]] and [[Berlin]].<ref>Joachim Krüger, ''Zwischen dem Reich und Schweden: die landesherrliche Münzprägung im Herzogtum Pommern und in Schwedisch-Pommern in der frühen Neuzeit (ca. 1580 bis 1715)'', LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 2006, pp.{{nbsp}}53–55, {{ISBN|3-8258-9768-0}}</ref> [[Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania|Bogislaw XIV]], who resided in Stettin beginning in 1620, became the sole ruler and Griffin duke when [[Philipp Julius, Duke of Pomerania]] died in 1625. Before the [[Thirty Years' War]] reached Pomerania, the city, as well as the entire duchy, declined economically due to the decrease in importance of the Hanseatic League and a conflict between Stettin and [[Frankfurt (Oder)|Frankfurt an der Oder]].<ref name=Inachim65>Kyra Inachim, ''Die Geschichte Pommerns'', Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, p.{{nbsp}}65, {{ISBN|978-3-356-01044-2}}</ref>