Editing Prince of Asturias (section)

===Creation of the Principality===
[[File:Enrique III de Castilla (Museo del Prado).jpg|220px|thumb|left|Imaginative portrait of King Henry III of Castile, by Calixto Ortega, 1848. He was the first Prince of Asturias, proclaimed in 1388.<ref name="Coronas53"/>]]
After the assassination of [[Peter of Castile|King Peter I]] in 1369, there began a series of disputes and long rivalries between [[John of Gaunt|John, Duke of Lancaster]] (who claimed the Castilian throne as the husband of [[Constance of Castile, Duchess of Lancaster|Constance]], eldest surviving daughter of King Peter{{nbsp}}I and his mistress [[María de Padilla]] but recognized as legitimate and in line of succession by the Cortes of 1362), and the two successive Trastámara claimants, [[Henry II of Castile|Henry{{nbsp}}II]] and his son [[John I of Castile|John{{nbsp}}I]]. After two decades of conflicts of varying intensity, the parties arrived at a compromise through means of the marriage between [[Henry III of Castile|Prince Henry]] (son and heir of King John{{nbsp}}I) and [[Catherine of Lancaster]] (only surviving child of John and Constance). 
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|quote  = Otrosi pusieron é ordenaron los dichos Rey Don Juan é Duque de Alencastre en sus tratos , que el dicho Infante Don Enrique oviese título de se llamar Príncipe de Asturias , é la dicha Doña Catalina Princesa : é fué ordenado que á dia cierto fuese venida la dicha Doña Catalina en Castilla.<ref>{{cite web|title=Crónicas de los reyes de Castilla: Don Pedro, Don Enrique II, Don Juan I, Don Enrique III|language=es|volume=2|year=1780|publisher=Antonio de Sancha|author1=López de Ayala, Pero|display-authors=etal|page=278|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BswWAAAAQAAJ&pg=272}}</ref>
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On 8 July 1388 the [[Treaty of Bayonne (1388)|Treaty of Bayonne]] was signed between John of Lancaster and King John{{nbsp}}I of Castile, establishing the final dynastic reconciliation after the assassination of King Peter{{nbsp}}I. By this treaty, the Duke of Lancaster and his wife Constance renounced all their rights over the Castilian throne on behalf of the marriage of their daughter Catherine to the first-born son of King Juan{{nbsp}}I of Castile, the future Henry{{nbsp}}III, who was granted as heir the dignity of Prince of Asturias.<ref name="Coronas53"/> The title was granted with a ceremony.<ref>Coronas González 2001, p. 55.</ref>

The premature death of John I and the minority of Henry{{nbsp}}III prevented the institutional and juridical conformation of the principality while Alfonso Enríquez rebelled again after obtaining his freedom by royal decree. Besieged by the King's troops, he submitted to the arbitration of King [[Charles VI of France]], who imposed on the count the return of the territories he held in Asturias. The territory was subdued, and his royal status was confirmed.<ref>Coronas González 2001, p. 55–56.</ref>

In the early days of its creation, the title of Prince of Asturias was not just a simple honorific title, as it included control of the territory of [[Asturias]]. The Prince ruled it in representation of the King and was able to appoint judges, mayors, etc. King [[John II of Castile|John{{nbsp}}II]] by decree dated in [[Tordesillas]] on 3{{nbsp}}March 1444 declared the conversion of the principality into a jurisdictional lordship, linking the cities, towns, and places of Asturias de{{nbsp}}Oviedo with their rents and jurisdictions to the [[Majorat]] of the heirs of the Crown;<ref>Coronas González 2001, p. 56.</ref> however, this document was in some case disobeyed and ignored by the Asturian towns as it went against their traditional [[Fuero|''fueros'']].<ref>Coronas González 2001, p. 57.</ref> On 31{{nbsp}}May of that same year the future [[Henry IV of Castile|Henry{{nbsp}}IV]] tried to make the Majorat effective and remember Oviedo and the twenty-one principal Asturian villages that rightfully belonged to his lordship even though he had not "executed or used [the principality] because of my minority and the great debates and scandals that have taken place in these kingdoms".<ref>Coronas González 2001, p. 58.</ref>

With the legal conformation, the duality principality–lordship was recovered and would last under the jurisdiction of the Prince until the time of [[Catholic Monarchs]],<ref>Coronas González 2001, pp. 56–57.</ref> who limited the scope of the title, making it merely honorary; this decision was upheld by the members of the [[House of Habsburg]] and the [[House of Bourbon]] until the present day.
[[File:Educación del príncipe don Juan 1877 Martínez Cubells.jpg|250px|thumb|right|''Education of Prince John'', by [[Salvador Martínez Cubells]] 1877. John was the only son of the [[Catholic Monarchs]] and heir of all their domains during his lifetime.]]
Although all the heirs of the Crown of Castile have traditionally been considered Princes of Asturias, not all had a formal act by which the jurisdictional lordship was granted;<ref>Suárez Fernández 2000, pp. 394–395.</ref> strictly speaking, the only Princes of Asturias were [[Henry III of Castile|Henry]], during 1388–1390, [[Henry IV of Castile|Enrique]], during 1444–1453, [[Isabella I of Castile|Isabella]] during 1468–1474, and [[John, Prince of Asturias|John]], briefly during 1496–1497.<ref name="Suárez395">Suárez Fernández 2000, p. 395.</ref> In the periods in which no prince was proclaimed, the Principality did not disappear but was directly governed by the monarch, to whose treasury were sent the jurisdictional rents.<ref name="Suárez395"/>

With the Catholic Monarchs, there began a policy of reintegration of the royal patrimony that gave rise to a long fight with the principality, lasting from 1483 to 1490, with the signing of an agreement by which the House of Quiñones handed over to the Crown the districts of [[Cangas del Narcea|Cangas]], [[Tineo]], [[Llanes]], and [[Ribadesella]] in exchange for five million [[Maravedí|maravedis]] and the Leonese Babias.<ref>Coronas González 2001, p. 60.</ref> In 1496 there was an attempt to revive the principality by Royal Letter dated 20{{nbsp}}May, in which the monarchs, "wishing to observe the ancient custom" of their Kingdoms{{snd}}an allusion to [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]]{{snd}}gave to Prince John the rents and jurisdictions of the Asturian places that had previously reverted to the Crown, reserving to them the majority of the judges{{clarify|date=February 2017}}<!--Reserving to WHOM, or to WHAT?--> and the condition of not alienating his patrimony.<ref>Coronas González 2001, p. 61.</ref>