Editing Pineapple (section)

== History ==
=== Etymology ===
The first reference in English to the pineapple fruit was the 1568 translation from the French of [[André Thevet]]'s ''[[The New Found World, or Antarctike]]'' where he refers to a {{lang|tup|Hoyriri}}, a fruit cultivated and eaten by the [[Tupinambá people]], living near modern [[Rio de Janeiro]], and now believed to be a pineapple.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grant |first1=Jason R. |last2=Zijlstra |first2=Gea |date=1998 |journal=Selbyana |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=91–121 |issn=0361-185X |jstor=41759978 |title=An Annotated Catalogue of the Generic Names of the Bromeliaceae}}</ref> Later in the same English translation, he describes the same fruit as a "Nana made in the manner of a Pine apple", where he used another [[Tupian languages|Tupi]] word {{lang|tup|nanas}}.<ref>Davidson, A. (2008). ''The Penguin Companion to Food''. Penguin Books.</ref> This usage was adopted by many European languages and led to the plant's scientific [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial]] {{lang|la|Ananas comosus}}, where {{lang|la|comosus}} 'tufted' refers to the stem of the plant. Purchas, writing in English in 1613, referred to the fruit as ''Ananas'', but the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''{{'s}} first record of the word ''pineapple'' itself by an English writer is by Mandeville in 1714.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.oed.com/oed2/00007927 |title=Oxford English Dictionary |access-date=12 December 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212200326/https://www.oed.com/oed2/00007927 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Pineapple and cross section.jpg|thumb|Pineapple fruit, whole and in longitudinal section]]

=== Precolonial cultivation ===
The wild plant originates from the [[Paraná River|Paraná]]–[[Paraguay River]] drainages between southern [[Brazil]] and [[Paraguay]].<ref name="Morton 1987" /><ref name=":1">Bertoni, {{lang|fr|italic=no|"Contributions a l'étude botanique des plantes cultivées. Essai d'une monographie du genre Ananas"}}, {{lang|fr|Annales Cient}}. Paraguay (2nd series) 4 (by1919:250–322).</ref><ref>[[Kenneth F. Baker|Baker, K. F.]]; Collins, J. L.  (1939). "Notes on the distribution and ecology of Ananas and Pseudananas in South America". ''American Journal of Botany''.</ref><ref>Collins. J. L. (1960). ''The pineapple: botany, utilization, cultivation''. London: Leonard Hill.</ref> Little is known about its domestication, but it spread as a crop throughout South America. Archaeological evidence of use is found as far back as 1200–800 BC (3200–2800 BP) in Peru<ref>Pearsall, Deborah M. (1992). "The Origins of Plant Cultivation in South America". In ''The Origins of Agriculture : An International Perspective''. 173–205. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.</ref> and 200 BC – 700 AD (2200–1300 BP) in Mexico,<ref>Callen, Eric O. (1967). "Analysis of the Tehuacan coprolites". ''The prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley'' 1: 261–289.</ref> where it was cultivated by the [[Maya peoples|Maya]]s and the [[Aztecs]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Evolution of Crop Plants |editor-first=N. W. |editor-last=Simmonds |last=Pickersgill |first=B. |date=1976 |chapter=Pineapple}}</ref> By the late 1400s, cropped pineapple was widely distributed and a [[staple food]] of Native Americans. The first European to encounter the pineapple was [[Christopher Columbus]], in [[Guadeloupe]] on 4 November 1493.<ref name="history">{{Cite book|title=Journals and Other Documents of the Life of Christopher Columbus |last=Morrison |first=S. E. |publisher=Heritage Press |year=1963}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book |last1=Rohtbach |first1=G. K. G.|last2=Leal |first2=F. |editor1-first=D. P. |editor1-last=Bartholomew |editor2-first=R. E. |editor2-last=Paull |editor3-first=K. G. |editor3-last=Rohrbach |title=The Pineapple: Botany, Production, and Uses |chapter=Chapter 1: History, distributions and World Production |year=2003 |publisher=CABI Publishing |location=Wallingford, UK |isbn=978-0-85199-503-8 |page=21 }}</ref> The Portuguese took the fruit from Brazil and introduced it into [[India]] by 1550.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/curry00lizz |title=Curry: a Tale of Cooks and Conquerors |last1=Collingham |first1=L |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-532001-5 |location=Oxford|url-access=registration}}</ref> The '{{Interlanguage link|Red Spanish|es|Piña Española Roja}}' cultivar was also introduced by the Spanish from Latin America to the [[Philippines]], and it was grown to produce ''[[piña]]'' fibers that would then be used to produce textiles from at least the 17th century.<ref name="pfmf"/>

Columbus brought the plant back to Spain and called it {{lang|es|piña de Indes}}, meaning "pine of the Indians". The pineapple was documented in Peter Martyr's ''[[Decades of the New World]]'' (1516) and [[Antonio Pigafetta]]'s {{lang|it|Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo}} (1524–1525), and the first known illustration was in [[Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés|Oviedo's]] {{lang|es|Historia General de Las Indias}} (1535).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hayward|first=Wyndham|date=1956|title=The Pineapple meets the Press|url=http://journal.bsi.org/V06/3/|journal=The Bromeliad Society Bulletin|volume=6|access-date=11 December 2019|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319082856/http://journal.bsi.org/V06/3/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Old World introduction ===
[[File:The gardeners dictionary Wellcome L0049859 frontispiece (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|[[Britannia]] presented with {{lang|la|[[Cornucopia|cornucopiae]]}} including pineapples by allegories of Nature, Industry, and Science, with an [[orangery]] in the background ([[Book frontispiece|frontispiece]] of ''[[The Gardeners Dictionary]]'', 1764)]]
While the pineapple fascinated Europeans as a fruit of colonialism,<ref name="Cumo">Cumo, Christopher (2015). ''Foods that Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present''. ABC-CLIO. p. 294.</ref> it was not successfully cultivated in Europe until [[Pieter de la Court van der Voort|Pieter de la Court]] (1664–1739) developed [[greenhouse]] horticulture near Leiden.<ref>{{Cite web|work=Oxford Index |title=Pieter de La Court van der Voort |url=http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095643956 |publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=15 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216121535/http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095643956 |archive-date=2014-12-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Pineapple plants were distributed from the Netherlands to English gardeners in 1719 and French ones in 1730.<ref name=":2" /> In England, the first pineapple was grown at [[Dorney Court]], [[Dorney]] in Buckinghamshire, and a huge "pineapple stove" to heat the plants was built at the [[Chelsea Physic Garden]] in 1723.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Pineapple: King of Fruits |last=Beauman|first=F.|date=2005|publisher=Chatto & Windus |isbn=978-0-7011-7699-0|place=London|page=82}}</ref><ref name="Sheller">Sheller, Mimi (2003). ''Consuming the Caribbean: From Arawaks to Zombies''. Routledge. p. 80.</ref> In France, King [[Louis XV]] was presented with a pineapple that had been grown at [[Garden of Versailles|Versailles]] in 1733. In Russia, [[Peter the Great]] imported de la Court's method into [[St. Petersburg]] in the 1720s; in 1730, twenty pineapple saplings were transported from there to a greenhouse at [[Anna of Russia|Empress Anna]]'s new Moscow palace.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Lisa |date=2019 |title=Pieter De La Court Van Der Voort and Innovations in Pineapple Cultivation in Early Eighteenth-Century Gardens |url=http://www.cascade1987.nl/documenten/De%20la%20Court%20en%20pineapple%20cultivation%20-%20Johnson%202020.pdf |journal=Garden History |publisher=[[The Gardens Trust]] |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=23–41 |jstor=26756806 |access-date=2025-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kuznetsova |first=Svetlana |date=2022-12-10 |script-title=ru:Культура ананасов приняла громадные размеры в Петербурге |trans-title=The Pineapple Cultivation Took Enormous Scale in St. Petersburg |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5718493 |language=ru |work=[[Kommersant]] |access-date=2023-03-10}} (The article title is a citation from an earlier history work and refers to mid-18th century.)</ref>

[[File:Ananas fructu ovato, carne albida - Carduus Brasilianus, foliis Aloes. (Pineapple) (NYPL b14444147-1125000).jpg|thumb|right|1772 illustration of an ''Ananas comosus'' pineapple which was given the early scientific name of {{lang|la|Cardus brasilianus folius aloes}} by Banhius in 1623<ref name="Bromeliad Society Chicago">{{Cite news |date=May–June 2012 |title=Bromeliad Society of Greater Chicago |work=The BSGC News |url=http://www.bromeliad.nl/Documenten//Bromeliad%20Society%20of%20Greater%20Chicago/2012/2012-06-June2012.pdf |access-date=2022-11-17}}</ref>]]
Because of the expense of direct import and the enormous cost in equipment and labour required to grow them in a temperate climate, in greenhouses called "pineries", [[Pineapple mania|pineapple became a symbol of wealth]]. They were initially used mainly for display at dinner parties, rather than being eaten, and were used again and again until they began to rot.{{sfnp|Beauman|2005|p=87}} In the second half of the 18th century, the production of the fruit on British estates became the subject of great rivalry between wealthy aristocrats.{{sfnp|Beauman|2005|p=87}} [[John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore]], built a hothouse on his estate surmounted by a huge stone [[cupola]] 14 metres tall in the shape of the fruit; it is known as the [[Dunmore Pineapple]].<ref>Stevenson, Jack (1995). ''Exploring Scotland's Heritage: Glasgow, Clydesdale, and Stirling''. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 83.</ref> In architecture, pineapple figures became decorative elements symbolizing hospitality.<ref name="Curl">[[James Stevens Curl|Curl, James Stevens]] (2003). ''Classical Architecture: An Introduction to Its Vocabulary and Essentials, with a Select Glossary of Terms''. W. W. Norton. p. 206.</ref><ref name="Morrison">Hugh Morrison (1952). ''Early American Architecture: From the First Colonial Settlements to the National Period''. Oxford University Press. p. 302.</ref><ref name="Harris">[[Cyril Manton Harris|Harris, Cyril Manton]] (1998). ''American Architecture: An Illustrated Encyclopedia''. W. W. Norton. p. 248.</ref>

=== Since the 19th century: mass commercialization ===
Many different varieties, mostly from the Antilles, were tried for European glasshouse cultivation. The most significant cultivar was "Smooth Cayenne", first imported to France in 1820, then subsequently re-exported to the [[United Kingdom]] in 1835, and then from UK, the cultivation spread via [[Hawaii]] to Australia and Africa. The "Smooth Cayenne" cultivar (and sub-selections or clones of the "Smooth Cayenne") make up for the majority of world pineapple production today.<ref name=":2" /> Jams and sweets based on pineapple were imported to Europe from the West Indies, Brazil, and Mexico from an early date. By the early 19th century, fresh pineapples were transported direct from the West Indies in large enough quantities to reduce European prices.<ref name=":2" /> Later pineapple production was dominated by the Azores for Europe, and Florida and the Caribbean for North America, because of the short trade routes.

The Spanish had introduced the pineapple into Hawaii in the 18th century<ref name="MatthewsWigsten2010">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Es3ncCAE1wwC&pg=PA269 |title=Kitchen Pro Series: Guide to Produce Identification, Fabrication and Utilization|first1=Brad |last1=Matthews|first2=Paul |last2=Wigsten|date=9 February 2010|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-4354-0121-1|pages=269}}</ref> where it is known as the {{lang|haw|hala kahiki}} ("foreign [[Pandanus tectorius|hala]]"),<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Anderson|first=Brittany P.|date=July 2018|title=Hala Kahiki: A Brief History of Pineapple and Pineapple Pavlova Recipe|url=https://keolamagazine.com/food/pineapple-pavlova-recipe/|access-date=2021-07-27|website=Ke Ola Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hitch|first=Thomas Kemper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhWW0SwDyv0C&dq=hala+kahiki+pineapple+pandanus&pg=PA99|title=Islands in Transition: The Past, Present, and Future of Haiwaii's Economy|date=1992|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1498-4|pages=99|language=en}}</ref> but the first commercial plantation was established in 1886. The most famous investor was [[James Dole]], who moved to Hawaii in 1899<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hawkins|first1=Richard|year=2007|title=James D. Dole and the 1932 Failure of the Hawaiian Pineapple Company|journal=Hawaiian Journal of History|volume=41|pages=149–170}}</ref> and started a {{convert|60|acre|ha|0|adj=on|order=flip}} pineapple plantation in 1900 which grew into the [[Dole Food Company]].<ref name="faculty.ucc.edu">{{cite web|url=http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/pineapple.htm |title=Pineapple|publisher=Faculty.ucc.edu|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221093456/http://faculty.ucc.edu/biology-ombrello/pow/pineapple.htm|archive-date=21 December 2009|access-date=6 December 2009}}</ref> Dole and [[Del Monte Foods|Del Monte]] began growing pineapples on the island of [[Oahu]] in 1901 and 1917, respectively, and the [[Maui Pineapple Company]] began cultivation on [[Maui]] in 1909.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2000|title=Sunrise, Sunset|journal=Hawaii Business|volume=46|issue=2|page=60}}</ref> James Dole began the commercial processing of pineapple, and Dole employee Henry Ginaca invented an automatic peeling and coring machine in 1911.<ref name=":2" />

[[File:James Drummond Dole.jpg|thumb|[[James Dole|James Drummond Dole]] (1877–1958) was the early promoter of the pineapple industry in Hawaii. He founded the company now known as the Dole Food Company.]]
[[File:Del Monte Pineapple field at Camp Philips, Bukidnon, Philippines 03.jpg|thumb|[[Del Monte Foods|Del Monte]] pineapple fields in [[Bukidnon]], [[Philippines]]]]
Hawaiian production started to decline from the 1970s because of competition and the shift to refrigerated sea transport. Dole ceased its cannery operations in [[Honolulu]] in 1991, and in 2008, Del Monte terminated its pineapple-growing operations in Hawaii.<ref name="rhodes">{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/its-pineapple-season-but-does-your-fruit-come-from-hawaii-5211854/?no-ist|title=It's Pineapple Season, But Does Your Fruit Come From Hawaii?|last=Rhodes |first=J.|date=20 March 2013|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|access-date=29 December 2015}}</ref> In 2009, the Maui Pineapple Company reduced its operations to supply pineapples only locally on Maui,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/content/20091224_maui_pineapple_harvests_final_crop|title=Maui Pineapple harvests final crop|first=Gary T. |last=Kubota|date=24 December 2009|newspaper=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |access-date=9 November 2010}}</ref> and by 2013, only the [[Dole Plantation]] on Oahu grew pineapples in a volume of about 0.1 percent of the world's production.<ref name="rhodes" /> Despite this decline, the pineapple is sometimes used as a symbol of Hawaii.<ref>[https://www.to-hawaii.com/agriculture/pineapple.php "The Agriculture of Hawaii: Hawaii Pineapples"]. To-Hawaii.com. Accessed 28 August 2018.</ref><ref name="HortScience">{{cite journal |first1=Duane P. |last1=Bartholomew |first2=Richard A. |last2=Hawkins |first3=Johnny A. |last3=Lopez |url=http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/47/10/1390.full |title=Hawaii Pineapple: The Rise and Fall of an Industry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130201335/http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/47/10/1390.full|archive-date=30 November 2017 |journal=HortScience |volume=47 |issue=10 |pages=1390–1398 |date=October 2012|doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.47.10.1390 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Further, foods with pineapple in them are sometimes known as "Hawaiian" for this reason alone.

In the Philippines, "Smooth Cayenne" was introduced in the early 1900s by the [[United States Department of Agriculture|US Bureau of Agriculture]] during the [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|American colonial period]]. Dole and Del Monte established plantations in the island of [[Mindanao]] in the 1920s; in the provinces of [[Cotabato]] and [[Bukidnon]], respectively.<ref name="pfmf">{{cite web |url=https://philippinefolklifemuseum.org/portfolio-items/history-and-origin-of-pina/|title=History & Origin of Piña|website=Philippine Folklife Museum Foundation|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="go">{{cite web|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/cloth-made-from-pineapples|title=This Prized Filipino Fabric Is Made From Pineapple Leaves|last1=Ewbank|first1=Anne|date=6 September 2018|website=Gastro Obscura|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref> Large scale canning had started in Southeast Asia, including in the Philippines, from 1920. This trade was severely damaged by [[World War II]], and Hawaii dominated the international trade until the 1960s.

The Philippines remain one of the top exporters of pineapples in the world. The Del Monte plantations are now locally managed, after Del Monte Pacific Ltd., a Filipino company, completed the purchase of Del Monte Foods in 2014.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://edge.pse.com.ph/downloadFile.do?file_id=161797 |title=SEC Form 17-A |last=Sison |first=Ignacio C. O. |date=13 August 2015 |publisher=[[Philippine Stock Exchange]] |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109083536/http://edge.pse.com.ph/downloadFile.do?file_id=161797 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>