Editing Latin conjugation (section)

==Regular conjugations==
=== First conjugation ===
The first conjugation is characterized by the [[vowel]] ''ā'' and can be recognized by the ''-āre'' ending of the present active infinitive form. The infectum tenses conjugate as follows (see also [[Latin tenses (semantics)|their meaning]]):
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 55em;"
|-
!
!
!colspan="3"|Indicative
!
!colspan="2"|Subjunctive
|-
!
||||'''Present'''||'''Future'''||'''Imperfect'''||||'''Present'''||'''Imperfect'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Active
||||''I love''||''I will love''||''I was loving'' || ||''I may love''||''I might love''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''{{lang|la|amō<br />amās<br />amat<br />amāmus<br />amātis<br />amant|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amābō<br />amābis<br />amābit<br />amābimus<br />amābitis<br />amābunt|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amābam<br />amābās<br />amābat<br />amābāmus<br />amābātis<br />amābant|italic=no}}'''
|
|'''{{lang|la|amem<br />amēs<br />amet<br />amēmus<br />amētis<br />ament|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amārem<br />amārēs<br />amāret<br />amārēmus<br />amārētis<br />amārent|italic=no}}'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Passive
||||''I am loved''||''I will be loved''||''I was being loved'' || || ''I may be loved''|| ''I might be loved''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''{{lang|la|amor<br />amāris<br />amātur<br />amāmur<br />amāminī<br />amantur|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amābor<br />amāberis/e*<br />amābitur<br />amābimur<br />amābiminī<br />amābuntur|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amābar<br />amābāris/e*<br />amābātur<br />amābāmur<br />amābāminī<br />amābantur|italic=no}}'''
|
|'''{{lang|la|amer<br />amēris/e*<br />amētur<br />amēmur<br />amēminī<br />amentur|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amārer<br />amārēris/e*<br />amārētur<br />amārēmur<br />amārēminī<br />amārentur|italic=no}}'''
|-
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki> The 2nd person singular passive '''{{lang|la|amāberis, amābāris, amēris, amārēris|italic=no}}''' can be shortened to '''{{lang|la|amābere, amābāre, amēre, amārēre|italic=no}}'''. ''-re'' was the regular form in early Latin and (except in the present indicative) in Cicero; ''-ris'' was preferred later.<ref name=":0">Gildersleeve & Lodge (1895), p. 89.</ref>

In early Latin ([[Plautus]]), the 3rd singular endings ''-at'' and ''-et'' were pronounced ''-āt'' and ''-ēt'' with a long vowel.<ref name=":0"/>

Other forms:

*Infinitive: '''{{lang|la|amāre|italic=no}}''' "to love"
*Passive infinitive: '''{{lang|la|amārī|italic=no}}''' "to be loved" (in early Latin often '''{{lang|la|amārier|italic=no}}''')<ref name=":0"/>
*Imperative: '''{{lang|la|amā!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amāte!|italic=no}}''') "love!"
*Future imperative: '''{{lang|la|amātō!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amātōte!|italic=no}}''') "love! (at a future time)"
*Indirect imperative: '''{{lang|la|amātō!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amantō!|italic=no}}''') "let him love!"
*Passive imperative: '''{{lang|la|amāre!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amāminī!|italic=no}}''') "be loved!" (usually only found in deponent verbs)
*Passive future imperative: '''{{lang|la|amātor!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amātōminī!|italic=no}}''') "be loved! (at a future time)"
*Passive indirect imperative: '''{{lang|la|amātor!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amantor!|italic=no}}''') "let him be loved!"
*Present participle: '''{{lang|la|amāns|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amantēs|italic=no}}''') "loving"
*Future participle: '''{{lang|la|amātūrus|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amātūrī|italic=no}}''') "going to love"
*Gerundive: '''{{lang|la|amandus|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|amandī|italic=no}}''') "needing to be loved"
*Gerund: '''{{lang|la|amandī|italic=no}}''' "of loving", '''{{lang|la|amandō|italic=no}}''' "by/for loving", '''{{lang|la|ad amandum|italic=no}}''' "in order to love"
 
The principal parts usually adhere to one of the following patterns:
* The perfect has the suffix ''-āvī''. The majority of first-conjugation verbs follow this pattern, which is considered to be "regular", for example:
** {{lang|la|amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum}}, "to love";
** {{lang|la|imperō, imperāre, imperāvī, imperātum}}, "to order";
** {{lang|la|laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum}}, "to praise";
** {{lang|la|negō, negāre, negāvī, negātum}}, "to deny";
** {{lang|la|nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātum}}, "to announce, report";
** {{lang|la|ōrō, ōrāre, ōrāvī, ōrātum}}, "to beg, pray";
** {{lang|la|parō, parāre, parāvī, parātum}}, "to prepare";
** {{lang|la|portō, portāre, portāvī, portātum}}, "to carry";
** {{lang|la|pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātum}}, "to fight";
** {{lang|la|putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum}}, "to think";
** {{lang|la|rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātum}}, "to ask";
** {{lang|la|servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum}}, "to save";
** {{lang|la|vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum}}, "to call";

* The perfect has the suffix ''-uī'', for example:
** {{lang|la|fricō, fricāre, fricuī, frictum}}, "to rub";
** {{lang|la|secō, secāre, secuī, sectum}}, "to cut, to divide";
** {{lang|la|vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitum}}, "to forbid, to prohibit";

* The perfect has the suffix ''-ī'' and vowel lengthening in the stem, for example:
** {{lang|la|iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī, iūtum}}, "to help, to assist";
** {{lang|la|lavō, lavāre, lāvī, lautum}}, "to wash, to bathe";

* The perfect is reduplicated, for example:
** {{lang|la|dō, dare, dedī, datum}}, "to give"
** {{lang|la|stō, stāre, stetī, statum}}, "to stand";

The verb '''{{lang|la|dō|italic=no}}''' "I give" is irregular in that except in the 2nd singular '''{{lang|la|dās|italic=no}}''' and imperative '''{{lang|la|dā|italic=no}}''', the ''a'' is short, e.g. '''{{lang|la|dabō|italic=no}}''' "I will give".

The ''a'' is also short in the supine '''{{lang|la|statum|italic=no}}''' and its derivatives, but the other parts of '''{{lang|la|stō|italic=no}}''' "I stand" are regular.

Deponent verbs in this conjugation all follow the pattern below, which is the passive of the first type above:<ref>Gildersleeve & Lodge, Latin Grammar (1895), §163.</ref>
:*{{lang|la|arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum}} "to think"
:*{{lang|la|cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum}} "to try"
:*{{lang|la|cūnctor, cūnctārī, cūnctātus sum}} "to hesitate"
:*{{lang|la|hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum}} "to exhort"
:*{{lang|la|mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum}} "to be surprised, to be amazed at"
:*{{lang|la|moror, morārī, morātus sum}} "to delay, stay"

====Perfect tenses====
The three {{lang|la|perfectum}} tenses of the 1st conjugation go as in the following table:

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 55em;"
|-
!
!
!colspan="3"|Indicative
!
!colspan="2"|Subjunctive
|-
!
||||'''Perfect'''||'''Future perfect'''||'''Pluperfect'''||||'''Perfect'''||'''Pluperfect'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Active
||||''I loved''||''I will have loved''||''I had loved'' || ||''I loved''||''I had loved''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''{{lang|la|amāvī<br />amāvistī<br />amāvit<br />amāvimus<br />amāvistis<br />amāvērunt/-ēre|italic=no}}*'''
|'''{{lang|la|amāverō<br />amāverīs/is<br />amāverit<br />amāverīmus/-imus<br />amāverītis/-itis<br />amāverint|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amāveram<br />amāverās<br />amāverat<br />amāverāmus<br />amāverātis<br />amāverant|italic=no}}'''
|
|'''{{lang|la|amāverim<br />amāverīs<br />amāverit<br />amāverīmus<br />amāverītis<br />amāverint|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amā(vi)ssem*<br />amāvissēs<br />amāvisset<br />amāvissēmus<br />amāvissētis<br />amāvissent|italic=no}}'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Passive
||||''I was loved''||''I will have been loved''||''I had been loved'' || || ''I was loved''|| ''I had been loved''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''{{lang|la|amātus sum<br />amātus es<br />amātus est<br />amātī sumus<br />amātī estis<br />amātī sunt|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amātus erō<br />amātus eris<br />amātus erit<br />amātī erimus<br />amātī eritis<br />amātī erunt|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amātus eram<br />amātus erās<br />amātus erat<br />amātī erāmus<br />amātī erātis<br />amātī erant|italic=no}}'''
|
|'''{{lang|la|amātus sim<br />amātus sīs<br />amātus sit<br />amātī sīmus<br />amātī sītis<br />amātī sint|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|amātus essem<br />amātus essēs<br />amātus esset<br />amātī essēmus<br />amātī essētis<br />amātī essent|italic=no}}'''
|-
|}

In poetry (and also sometimes in prose, e.g. [[Livy]]), the 3rd person plural of the perfect indicative is often '''{{lang|la|amāvēre|italic=no}}''' instead of '''{{lang|la|amāvērunt|italic=no}}'''. Occasionally the form '''{{lang|la|amāverunt|italic=no}}''' is also found.<ref>Gildersleeve & Lodge (1895), p. 91.</ref>

In early Latin, the future perfect indicative had a short ''i'' in '''{{lang|la|amāveris, amāverimus, amāveritis|italic=no}}''', but by the time of Cicero these forms were usually pronounced with a long ''i'', in the same way as in the perfect subjunctive.<ref>C.J. Fordyce (1961), ''Catullus'', note on Catullus 5.10.</ref> Virgil has a short ''i'' for both tenses; Horace uses both forms for both tenses; Ovid uses both forms for the future perfect, but a long ''i'' in the perfect subjunctive.<ref>Wackernagel (2009) ''Lectures on Syntax'', p. 305, note 7.</ref>

The ''-v-'' of the perfect active tenses sometimes drops out, especially in the pluperfect subjunctive: '''{{lang|la|amāssem|italic=no}}''' for '''{{lang|la|amāvissem|italic=no}}'''. Forms such as '''{{lang|la|amārat|italic=no}}''' and '''{{lang|la|amāstī|italic=no}}''' are also found.

The passive tenses also have feminine and neuter forms, e.g. '''{{lang|la|amāta est|italic=no}}''' "she was loved", '''{{lang|la|nūntiātum est|italic=no}}''' "it was announced".

Forms made with {{lang|la|fuī}} instead of {{lang|la|sum}} and {{lang|la|forem}} instead of {{lang|la|essem}} are also found, for example {{lang|la|'''amātus fuī''', '''amātus fuerō''', '''amātus forem'''|italic=no}} and so on, but these are not common in classical Latin. See [[Latin tenses]].

For other meanings of the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive, see [[Latin tenses#Jussive subjunctive]].

Other forms:

*Perfect infinitive active: '''{{lang|la|amāvisse|italic=no}}''' ('''{{lang|la|amāsse|italic=no}}''') "to have loved"
*Perfect infinitive passive: '''{{lang|la|amātus esse|italic=no}}''' ('''{{lang|la|amātum esse|italic=no}}''') "to have been loved"
*Perfect participle passive: '''{{lang|la|amātus, -a, -um|italic=no}}''' "loved (by someone)"

=== Second conjugation ===
The second conjugation is characterized by the vowel ē, and can be recognized by the -eō ending of the first person present indicative and the -ēre ending of the present active infinitive form: 

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 55em;"
|-
!
!
!colspan="3"|Indicative
!
!colspan="2"|Subjunctive
|-
!
||||'''Present'''||'''Future'''||'''Imperfect'''||||'''Present'''||'''Imperfect'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Active
||||''I see''||''I will see''||''I was seeing'' || ||''I may see''||''I might see''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''{{lang|la|videō<br />vidēs<br />videt<br />vidēmus<br />vidētis<br />vident|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|vidēbō<br />vidēbis<br />vidēbit<br />vidēbimus<br />vidēbitis<br />vidēbunt|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|vidēbam<br />vidēbās<br />vidēbat<br />vidēbāmus<br />vidēbātis<br />vidēbant|italic=no}}'''
|
|'''{{lang|la|videam<br />videās<br />videat<br />videāmus<br />videātis<br />videant|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|vidērem<br />vidērēs<br />vidēret<br />vidērēmus<br />vidērētis<br />vidērent|italic=no}}'''
|-
!
|-
!rowspan=2|Passive
||||''I am seen''||''I will be seen''||''I was being seen'' || || ''I may be seen''|| ''I might be seen''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''{{lang|la|videor<br />vidēris<br />vidētur<br />vidēmur<br />vidēminī<br />videntur|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|vidēbor<br />vidēberis/e<br />vidēbitur<br />vidēbimur<br />vidēbiminī<br />vidēbuntur|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|vidēbar<br />vidēbāris/e<br />vidēbātur<br />vidēbāmur<br />vidēbāminī<br />vidēbantur|italic=no}}'''
|
|'''{{lang|la|videar<br />videāris/e<br />videātur<br />videāmur<br />videāminī<br />videantur|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|vidērer<br />vidērēris/e<br />vidērētur<br />vidērēmur<br />vidērēminī<br />vidērentur|italic=no}}'''
|-
|}

The passive '''{{lang|la|videor|italic=no}}''' also often means "I seem".

Other forms:

*Infinitive: '''{{lang|la|vidēre|italic=no}}''' "to see"
*Passive infinitive: '''{{lang|la|vidērī|italic=no}}''' "to be seen"
*Imperative: '''{{lang|la|vidē!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|vidēte!|italic=no}}''') "see!"
*Future imperative: '''{{lang|la|vidētō!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|vidētōte!|italic=no}}''') "see! (at a future time)" 
*Passive imperative: '''{{lang|la|vidēre!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|vidēminī!|italic=no}}''') "be seen!" (usually only found in deponent verbs)
*Present participle: '''{{lang|la|vidēns|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|videntēs|italic=no}}''') "seeing"
*Future participle: '''{{lang|la|vīsūrus|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|vīsūrī|italic=no}}''') "going to see"
*Gerundive: '''{{lang|la|videndus|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|videndī|italic=no}}''') "needing to be seen"
*Gerund: '''{{lang|la|videndī|italic=no}}''' "of seeing", '''{{lang|la|videndō|italic=no}}''' "by /for seeing", '''{{lang|la|ad videndum|italic=no}}''' "in order to see"

The principal parts usually adhere to one of the following patterns:

* The perfect has the suffix ''-uī''. Verbs which follow this pattern are considered to be "regular". Examples:
** {{lang|la|dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum}} "to owe, be obliged"
** {{lang|la|doceō, docēre, docuī, doctum}} "to teach, to instruct"
** {{lang|la|iaceō, iacēre, iacuī, iacitum}} "to lie (on the ground/bed)"
** {{lang|la|mereō, merēre, meruī, meritum}} "to deserve"
** {{lang|la|misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mixtum}} "to mix"
** {{lang|la|moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum}} "to warn, advise"
** {{lang|la|noceō, nocēre, nocuī, nocitum}} "to be harmful"
** {{lang|la|praebeō, praebēre, praebuī, praebitum}} "to provide, show"
** {{lang|la|teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentum}} "to hold, to keep"
** {{lang|la|terreō, terrēre, terruī, territum}} "to frighten, to deter"
** {{lang|la|timeō, timēre, timuī, –}} "to fear"
** {{lang|la|valeō, valēre, valuī, (valitum)}} "to be strong"

* The perfect has the suffix ''–ēvī''. Example:
** {{lang|la|dēleō, dēlēre, dēlēvī, dēlētum}} "to destroy"
** {{lang|la|fleō, flēre, flēvī, flētum}} "to weep"

In verbs with perfect in ''-vī'', [[syncope (phonology)|syncopated]] (i.e. abbreviated) forms are common, such as {{lang|la|dēlēram, dēlēssem, dēlēstī}} for {{lang|la|dēlēveram, dēlēvissem, dēlēvistī}}.<ref name=":1">Gildersleeve & Lodge (1895), p. 90.</ref>

* The perfect has the suffix ''–īvī''. Example:
** {{lang|la|cieō, ciēre, cīvī, citum}} "to arouse, to stir"

* The perfect has the suffix ''-sī'' (which combines with a preceding ''c'' or ''g'' to ''–xī''). Examples:
** {{lang|la|ārdeō, ārdēre, ārsī, ārsum}} "to burn"
** {{lang|la|augeō, augēre, auxī, auctum}} "to increase, to enlarge"
** {{lang|la|haereō, haerēre, haesī, haesum}} "to stick, to adhere, to get stuck"
** {{lang|la|iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussum}} "to order"
** {{lang|la|maneō, manēre, mānsī, mānsum}} "to remain"
** {{lang|la|persuādeō, persuādēre, persuāsī, persuāsum}} "to persuade"
** {{lang|la|rīdeō, rīdēre, rīsī, rīsum}} "to laugh"

* The perfect is reduplicated with ''-ī''. Examples:
** {{lang|la|mordeō, mordēre, momordī, morsum}} "to bite"
** {{lang|la|spondeō, spondēre, spopondī, spōnsum}} "to vow, to promise"

* The perfect has suffix ''-ī'' and vowel lengthening in the stem. Examples:
** {{lang|la|caveō, cavēre, cāvī, cautum}} "to be cautious"
** {{lang|la|faveō, favēre, fāvī, fautum}} "to favour"
** {{lang|la|foveō, fovēre, fōvī, fōtum}} "to caress, to cherish"
** {{lang|la|sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessum}} "to sit"
** {{lang|la|videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum}} "to see"

* The perfect has suffix ''-ī''. Examples:
** {{lang|la|respondeō, respondēre, respondī, respōnsum}} "to reply"
** {{lang|la|strīdeō, strīdēre, strīdī, –}} "to hiss, to creak" (also {{lang|la|strīdō}} 3rd conj.)

Deponent verbs in this conjugation are few. They mostly go like the passive of {{lang|la|terreō}}, but {{lang|la|fateor}} and {{lang|la|confiteor}} have a perfect participle with ''ss'':<ref>Gildersleeve & Lodge, Latin Grammar (1895), §164.</ref>
:* {{lang|la|fateor, fatērī, fassus sum}} "to confess"
:* {{lang|la|mereor, merērī, meritus sum}} "to deserve"
:* {{lang|la|polliceor, pollicērī, pollicitus sum}} "to promise"

The following are semi-deponent, that is, they are deponent only in the three perfect tenses:<ref name=":2">Gildersleeve & Lodge (1895), p. 114.</ref>
:* {{lang|la|audeō, audēre, ausus sum}} "to dare"
:* {{lang|la|gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum}} "to rejoice, to be glad"
:* {{lang|la|soleō, solēre, solitus sum}} "to be accustomed"

=== Third conjugation ===
The third conjugation has a variable short stem vowel, which may be e, i, or u in different environments. Verbs of this conjugation end in -ere in the present active infinitive. Deponent verbs have the infinitive -ī.
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 55em;"
|-
!
!
!colspan="3"|Indicative
!
!colspan="2"|Subjunctive
|-
!
||||'''Present'''||'''Future'''||'''Imperfect'''||||'''Present'''||'''Imperfect'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Active
||||''I lead''||''I will lead''||''I was leading'' || ||''I may lead''||''I might lead''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''{{lang|la|dūcō<br />dūcis<br />dūcit<br />dūcimus<br />dūcitis<br />dūcunt|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|dūcam<br />dūcēs<br />dūcet<br />dūcēmus<br />dūcētis<br />dūcent|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|dūcēbam<br />dūcēbās<br />dūcēbat<br />dūcēbāmus<br />dūcēbātis<br />dūcēbant|italic=no}}'''
|
|'''{{lang|la|dūcam<br />dūcās<br />dūcat<br />dūcāmus<br />dūcātis<br />dūcant|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|dūcerem<br />dūcerēs<br />dūceret<br />dūcerēmus<br />dūcerētis<br />dūcerent|italic=no}}'''
|-
!
|-
!rowspan=2|Passive
||||''I am led''||''I will be led''||''I was being led'' || || ''I may be led''|| ''I might be led''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''{{lang|la|dūcor<br />dūceris<br />dūcitur<br />dūcimur<br />dūciminī<br />dūcuntur|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|dūcar<br />dūcēris/re<br />dūcētur<br />dūcēmur<br />dūcēminī<br />dūcentur|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|dūcēbar<br />dūcēbāris/re<br />dūcēbātur<br />dūcēbāmur<br />dūcēbāminī<br />dūcēbantur|italic=no}}'''
|
|'''{{lang|la|dūcar<br />dūcāris/re<br />dūcātur<br />dūcāmur<br />dūcāminī<br />dūcantur|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|dūcerer<br />dūcerēris/re<br />dūcerētur<br />dūcerēmur<br />dūcerēminī<br />dūcerentur|italic=no}}'''
|-
|}

The future tense in the 3rd and 4th conjugation (''-am, -ēs, -et'' etc.) differs from that in the 1st and 2nd conjugation (''-bō, -bis, -bit'' etc.). 

Other forms:

*Infinitive: '''{{lang|la|dūcere|italic=no}}''' "to lead"
*Passive infinitive: '''{{lang|la|dūcī|italic=no}}''' "to be led" (the 3rd conjugation has no ''r'')
*Imperative: '''{{lang|la|dūc!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|dūcite!|italic=no}}''') "lead!"
*Future imperative: '''{{lang|la|dūcitō!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|dūcitōte!|italic=no}}''') "lead! (at a future time)" 
*Passive imperative: '''{{lang|la|dūcere!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|dūciminī!|italic=no}}''') "be led!" (usually only found in deponent verbs)
*Present participle: '''{{lang|la|dūcēns|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|dūcentēs|italic=no}}''') "leading"
*Future participle: '''{{lang|la|ductūrus|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|ductūrī|italic=no}}''') "going to lead"
*Gerundive: '''{{lang|la|dūcendus|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|dūcendī|italic=no}}''') "needing to be led"
*Gerund: '''{{lang|la|dūcendī|italic=no}}''' "of leading", '''{{lang|la|dūcendō|italic=no}}''' "by /for leading", '''{{lang|la|ad dūcendum|italic=no}}''' "in order to lead"

Four 3rd conjugation verbs usually have no ending in the imperative singular: '''{{lang|la|dūc!|italic=no}}''' "lead!", '''{{lang|la|dīc!|italic=no}}''' "say!", '''{{lang|la|fer!|italic=no}}''' "bring!", '''{{lang|la|fac!|italic=no}}''' "do!". 

Others, like '''{{lang|la|curre|italic=no}}''' "run!", have the ending ''-e''.<ref name=":0"/>

There is no regular rule for constructing the perfect stem of third-conjugation verbs, but the following patterns are used:

* The perfect has suffix ''-sī'' (''-xī'' when ''c'', ''g'', or ''h'' comes at the end of the root). Examples:
** {{lang|la|carpō, carpere, carpsī, carptum}} "to pluck, to select"
** {{lang|la|cēdō, cēdere, cessī, cessum}} "to yield, depart"
** {{lang|la|claudō, claudere, clausī, clausum}} "to close"
** {{lang|la|contemnō, contemnere, contempsī, contemptum}} "to despise, disdain, treat with contempt"
** {{lang|la|dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum}} "to say"
** {{lang|la|dīvidō, dīvidere, dīvīsī, dīvīsum}} "to divide"
** {{lang|la|dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum}} "to lead"
** {{lang|la|flectō, flectere, flexī, flexum}} "to bend, to twist"
** {{lang|la|gerō, gerere, gessī, gestum}} "to wear, to bear; wage (war)"
** {{lang|la|mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum}} "to send"
** {{lang|la|regō, regere, rēxī, rēctum}} "to rule"
** {{lang|la|scrībō, scrībere, scrīpsī, scrīptum}} "to write"
** {{lang|la|tegō, tegere, tēxī, tēctum}} "to cover, conceal"
** {{lang|la|trahō, trahere, trāxī, trāctum}} "to drag, to pull"
** {{lang|la|vīvō, vīvere, vīxī, vīctum}} "to live"

* The perfect is reduplicated with suffix ''–ī''. Examples:
** {{lang|la|cadō, cadere, cecidī, cāsum}} "to fall"
** {{lang|la|caedō, caedere, cecīdī, caesum}} "to kill, to slay"
** {{lang|la|currō, currere, cucurrī, cursum}} "to run, to race"
** {{lang|la|discō, discere, didicī, –}} "to learn"
** {{lang|la|fallō, fallere, fefellī, falsum}} "to cheat"
** {{lang|la|pēdō, pēdere, pepēdī, pēditum}} "to fart"
** {{lang|la|pellō, pellere, pepulī, pulsum}} "to beat, to drive away"
** {{lang|la|pōscō, pōscere, popōscī, –}} "to claim, request"
** {{lang|la|tangō, tangere, tetigī, tāctum}} "to touch, to hit"
** {{lang|la|tendō, tendere, tetendī, tentum/tēnsum}} "to stretch"

Although {{lang|la|dō, dare, dedī, datum}} "to give" is 1st conjugation, its compounds are 3rd conjugation and have internal reduplication:
:* {{lang|la|condō, condere, condidī, conditum}} "to found"
:* {{lang|la|crēdō, crēdere, crēdidī, crēditum}} "to entrust, believe"
:* {{lang|la|dēdō, dēdere, dēdidī, dēditum}} "to surrender"
:* {{lang|la|perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditum}} "to destroy, lose"
:* {{lang|la|reddō, reddere, reddidī, redditum}} "to give back"
:* {{lang|la|trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditum}} "to hand over"

Likewise the compounds of {{lang|la|sistō}} have internal reduplication. Although {{lang|la|sistō}} is transitive, its compounds are intransitive:<ref>Gildersleeve & Lodge (1895), p. 105.</ref>
:* {{lang|la|sistō, sistere, (stitī), statum}} "to cause to stand"
:* {{lang|la|cōnsistō, cōnsistere, cōnstitī, cōnstitum}} "to come to a halt"
:* {{lang|la|dēsistō, dēsistere, dēstitī, dēstitum}} "to stand off"
:* {{lang|la|resistō, resistere, restitī, restitum}} "to resist"

* The perfect has suffix ''-vī''. Examples:
** {{lang|la|linō, linere, lēvī (līvī), litum}} "to smear, to daub" (also 4th conj. {{lang|la|liniō, linīre, līvī, lītum}})
** {{lang|la|petō, petere, petīvī, petītum}} "to seek, to attack"
** {{lang|la|quaerō, quaerere, quaesīvī, quaesītum}} "to look for, ask"
** {{lang|la|serō, serere, sēvī, satum}} "to sow, to plant"
** {{lang|la|sternō, sternere, strāvī, strātum}} "to spread, to stretch out"
** {{lang|la|terō, terere, trīvī, trītum}} "to rub, to wear out"

* The perfect has suffix ''-ī'' and vowel lengthening in the stem. If the present stem has an ''n'' infix, as in {{lang|la|fundō, relinquō}} and {{lang|la|vincō}}, the infix disappears in the perfect. In some cases, the long vowel in the perfect is thought to be derived from an earlier reduplicated form, e.g. {{lang|la|*e-agī > ēgī, *e-emī > ēmī}}.<ref>Gildersleeve & Lodge (1895), p. 107.</ref> Examples:
** {{lang|la|agō, agere, ēgī, āctum}} "to do, to drive"
** {{lang|la|cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coāctum}} "to compel, gather together"
** {{lang|la|emō, emere, ēmī, ēmptum}} "to buy"
** {{lang|la|fundō, fundere, fūdī, fūsum}} "to pour"
** {{lang|la|legō, legere, lēgī, lēctum}} "to collect, to read"
** {{lang|la|relinquō, relinquere, relīquī, relictum}} "to leave behind"
** {{lang|la|rumpō, rumpere, rūpī, ruptum}} "to burst"
** {{lang|la|vincō, vincere, vīcī, victum}} "to conquer, to defeat"

* The perfect has suffix ''-ī'' only. Examples:
** {{lang|la|ascendō, ascendere, ascendī, ascēnsum}} "to climb, to go up"
** {{lang|la|cōnstituō, cōnstituere, cōnstituī, cōnstitūtum}} "to establish, decide, cause to stand"
** {{lang|la|dēfendō, dēfendere, dēfendī, dēfēnsum}} "to defend"
** {{lang|la|expellō, expellere, expulī, expulsum}} "to drive out, expel"
** {{lang|la|īcō, īcere, īcī, ictum}} "to strike"
** {{lang|la|metuō, metuere, metuī, metūtum}} "to fear, be apprehensive"
** {{lang|la|occīdō, occīdere, occīdī, occīsum}} "to kill"
** {{lang|la|ostendō, ostendere, ostendī, ostentum (ostensum)}} "to show"
** {{lang|la|tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātum}} "to lift, raise, remove"
** {{lang|la|vertō, vertere, vertī, versum}} "to turn"
** {{lang|la|vīsō, vīsere, vīsī, vīsum}} "to visit"

* The perfect has suffix ''–uī''. Examples:
** {{lang|la|colō, colere, coluī, cultum}} "to cultivate, to till"
** {{lang|la|cōnsulō, cōnsulere, cōnsuluī, cōnsultum}} "to consult, act in the interests of"
** {{lang|la|gignō, gignere, genuī, genitum}} "to beget, to cause"
** {{lang|la|molō, molere, moluī, molitum}} "to grind"
** {{lang|la|pōnō, pōnere, posuī, positum}} "to place"
** {{lang|la|texō, texere, texuī, textum}} "to weave, to plait"
** {{lang|la|vomō, vomere, vomuī, vomitum}} "to vomit"

* The present tense indicative first person singular form has suffix ''–scō''. Examples:
** {{lang|la|adolēscō, adolēscere, adolēvī, adultum}} "to grow up, to mature"
** {{lang|la|nōscō, nōscere, nōvī, nōtum}} "to get to know, to learn"
** {{lang|la|pāscō, pāscere, pāvī, pāstum}} "to feed upon, to feed (an animal)"
** {{lang|la|quiēscō, quiēscere, quiēvī, quiētum}} "to rest, keep quiet"

Deponent verbs in the 3rd conjugation include the following:
:*{{lang|la|complector, complectī, complexus sum}} "to embrace"
:*{{lang|la|fruor, fruī, frūctus sum}} "to enjoy" ({{lang|la|fruitus}} is occasionally found) 
:*{{lang|la|fungor, fungī, fūnctus sum}} "to perform, discharge, busy oneself with"
:*{{lang|la|lābor, lābī, lāpsus sum}} "to glide, slip"
:*{{lang|la|loquor, loquī, locūtus sum}} "to speak"
:*{{lang|la|nītor, nītī, nīxus sum}} "to lean on; to strive" ({{lang|la|nīsus}} is occasionally found)
:*{{lang|la|queror, querī, questus sum}} "to complain"
:*{{lang|la|sequor, sequī, secūtus sum}} "to follow"
:*{{lang|la|ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum}} "to use"
:*{{lang|la|vehor, vehī, vectus sum}} "to ride"

There are also a number of 3rd conjugation deponents with the ending ''-scor'':
:*{{lang|la|adipīscor, adipīscī, adeptus sum}} "to obtain"
:*{{lang|la|īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātus sum}} "to get angry"
:*{{lang|la|nancīscor, nancīscī, nactus sum}} "to obtain"
:*{{lang|la|nāscor, nāscī, nātus sum}} "to be born"
:*{{lang|la|oblīvīscor, oblīvīscī, oblītus sum}} "to forget"
:*{{lang|la|proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus sum}} "to set out"
:*{{lang|la|ulcīscor, ulcīscī, ultus sum}} "to avenge, take vengeance on"

Deponent in some tenses only is the following:<ref name=":2"/>
:*{{lang|la|fīdō, fīdere, fīsus sum}} "to trust"

The following is deponent only in the infectum tenses:
:*{{lang|la|revertor, revertī, revertī}} "to turn back"

====Third conjugation -iō verbs====
Intermediate between the third and fourth conjugation are the third-conjugation verbs with suffix –iō. These resemble the fourth conjugation in some forms. 
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 55em;"
|-
!
!
!colspan="3"|Indicative
!
!colspan="2"|Subjunctive
|-
!
||||'''Present'''||'''Future'''||'''Imperfect'''||||'''Present'''||'''Imperfect'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Active
||||''I capture''||''I will capture''||''I was capturing'' || ||''I may capture''||''I might capture''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''{{lang|la|capiō<br />capis<br />capit<br />capimus<br />capitis<br />capiunt|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|capiam<br />capiēs<br />capiet<br />capiēmus<br />capiētis<br />capient|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|capiēbam<br />capiēbās<br />capiēbat<br />capiēbāmus<br />capiēbātis<br />capiēbant|italic=no}}'''
|
|'''{{lang|la|capiam<br />capiās<br />capiat<br />capiāmus<br />capiātis<br />capiant|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|caperem<br />caperēs<br />caperet<br />caperēmus<br />caperētis<br />caperent|italic=no}}'''
|-
!
|-
!rowspan=2|Passive
||||''I am captured''||''I will be captured''||''I was being captured'' || || ''I may be captured''|| ''I might be captured''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''{{lang|la|capior<br />caperis<br />capitur<br />capimur<br />capiminī<br />capiuntur|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|capiar<br />capiēris/re<br />capiētur<br />capiēmur<br />capiēminī<br />capientur|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|capiēbar<br />capiēbāris/re<br />capiēbātur<br />capiēbāmur<br />capiēbāminī<br />capiēbantur|italic=no}}'''
|
|'''{{lang|la|capiar<br />capiāris/re<br />capiātur<br />capiāmur<br />capiāminī<br />capiantur|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|caperer<br />caperēris/re<br />caperētur<br />caperēmur<br />caperēminī<br />caperentur|italic=no}}'''
|-
|}

Other forms:

*Infinitive: '''{{lang|la|capere|italic=no}}''' "to capture, to take"
*Passive infinitive: '''{{lang|la|capī|italic=no}}''' "to be captured" (the 3rd conjugation has no ''r'')
*Imperative: '''{{lang|la|cape!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|capite!|italic=no}}''') "capture!"
*Future imperative: '''{{lang|la|capitō!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|capitōte!|italic=no}}''') "capture! (at a future time)" 
*Passive imperative: '''{{lang|la|capere!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|capiminī!|italic=no}}''') "be captured!" (usually only found in deponent verbs)
*Future passive imperative: '''{{lang|la|capitor!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|capitōminī!|italic=no}}''') "be captured! (at a future time)" (usually only found in deponent verbs)
*Present participle: '''{{lang|la|capiēns|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|capientēs|italic=no}}''') "capturing"
*Future participle: '''{{lang|la|captūrus|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|captūrī|italic=no}}''') "going to capture"
*Gerundive: '''{{lang|la|capiendus|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|capiendī|italic=no}}''') "needing to be captured" ('''{{lang|la|capiundus|italic=no}}''' is also sometimes found)
*Gerund: '''{{lang|la|capiendī|italic=no}}''' "of capturing", '''{{lang|la|capiendō|italic=no}}''' "by /for capturing", '''{{lang|la|ad capiendum|italic=no}}''' "in order to capture"

Some examples are:
:*{{lang|la|accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptum}} "to receive, accept"
:*{{lang|la|capiō, capere, cēpī, captum}} "to take, capture"
:*{{lang|la|cōnspiciō, cōnspicere, cōnspexī, cōnspectum}} "to watch, examine"
:*{{lang|la|cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītum}} "to desire, long for"
:*{{lang|la|faciō, facere, fēcī, factum}} "to do, to make"
:*{{lang|la|fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitum}} "to flee"
:*{{lang|la|iaciō, iacere, iēcī, iactum}} "to throw"
:*{{lang|la|interficiō, interficere, interfēcī, interfectum}} "to kill"
:*{{lang|la|rapiō, rapere, rapuī, raptum}} "to plunder, seize"
:*{{lang|la|respiciō, respicere, respexī, respectum}} "to look back"

Deponent verbs in this group include:
:*{{lang|la|aggredior, aggredī, aggressus sum}} "to attack"
:*{{lang|la|ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum}} "to go out"
:*{{lang|la|morior, morī, mortuus sum}} "to die"
:*{{lang|la|patior, patī, passus sum}} "to suffer, to allow"
:*{{lang|la|prōgredior, prōgredī, prōgressus sum}} "to attack"
:*{{lang|la|regredior, regredī, regressus sum}} "to go back"

=== Fourth conjugation ===
The fourth conjugation is characterized by the vowel ī and can be recognized by the -īre ending of the present active infinitive. Deponent verbs have the infinitive -īrī:
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 55em;"
|-
!
!
!colspan="3"|Indicative
!
!colspan="2"|Subjunctive
|-
!
||||'''Present'''||'''Future'''||'''Imperfect'''||||'''Present'''||'''Imperfect'''
|-
!rowspan=2|Active
||||''I hear''||''I will hear''||''I was hearing'' || ||''I may hear''||''I might hear''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''{{lang|la|audiō<br />audīs<br />audit<br />audīmus<br />audītis<br />audiunt|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|audiam<br />audiēs<br />audiet<br />audiēmus<br />audiētis<br />audient|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|audiēbam<br />audiēbās<br />audiēbat<br />audiēbāmus<br />audiēbātis<br />audiēbant|italic=no}}'''
|
|'''{{lang|la|audiam<br />audiās<br />audiat<br />audiāmus<br />audiātis<br />audiant|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|audīrem<br />audīrēs<br />audīret<br />audīrēmus<br />audīrētis<br />audīrent|italic=no}}'''
|-
!
|-
!rowspan=2|Passive
||||''I am heard''||''I will be heard''||''I was being heard'' || || ''I may be heard''|| ''I might be heard''
|-
|''I<br />you sg.<br />he, she, it<br />we<br />you pl.<br />they''
|'''{{lang|la|audior<br />audīris<br />audītur<br />audīmur<br />audīminī<br />audiuntur|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|audiar<br />audiēris/re<br />audiētur<br />audiēmur<br />audiēminī<br />audientur|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|audiēbar<br />audiēbāris/re<br />audiēbātur<br />audiēbāmur<br />audiēbāminī<br />audiēbantur|italic=no}}'''
|
|'''{{lang|la|audiar<br />audiāris/re<br />audiātur<br />audiāmur<br />audiāminī<br />audiantur|italic=no}}'''
|'''{{lang|la|audīrer<br />audīrēris/re<br />audīrētur<br />audīrēmur<br />audīrēminī<br />audīrentur|italic=no}}'''
|-
|}

Other forms:

*Infinitive: '''{{lang|la|audīre|italic=no}}''' "to hear"
*Passive infinitive: '''{{lang|la|audīrī|italic=no}}''' "to be heard"
*Imperative: '''{{lang|la|audī!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|audīte!|italic=no}}''') "hear!"
*Future imperative: '''{{lang|la|audītō!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|audītōte!|italic=no}}''') "hear! (at a future time)" 
*Passive imperative: '''{{lang|la|audīre!|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|audīminī!|italic=no}}''') "be heard!" (usually only found in deponent verbs)
*Present participle: '''{{lang|la|audiēns|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|audientēs|italic=no}}''') "hearing"
*Future participle: '''{{lang|la|audītūrus|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|audītūrī|italic=no}}''') "going to hear"
*Gerundive: '''{{lang|la|audiendus|italic=no}}''' (pl. '''{{lang|la|audiendī|italic=no}}''') "needing to be heard"
*Gerund: '''{{lang|la|audiendī|italic=no}}''' "of hearing", '''{{lang|la|audiendō|italic=no}}''' "by /for hearing", '''{{lang|la|ad audiendum|italic=no}}''' "in order to hear"

Principal parts of verbs in the fourth conjugation generally adhere to the following patterns:

* The perfect has suffix ''-vī''. Verbs which adhere to this pattern are considered to be "regular". Examples:
** {{lang|la|audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum}} "to hear, listen (to)"
** {{lang|la|custōdiō, custōdīre, custōdīvī, custōdītum}} "to guard"
** {{lang|la|dormiō, dormīre, dormīvī (dormiī), dormītum}} "to sleep"
** {{lang|la|impediō, impedīre, impedīvī, impedītum}} "to hinder, impede"
** {{lang|la|mūniō, mūnīre, mūnīvī, mūnītum}} "to fortify, to build"
** {{lang|la|pūniō, pūnīre, pūnīvī, pūnītum}} "to punish"
** {{lang|la|sciō, scīre, scīvī, scītum}} "to know"

* The perfect has suffix ''-uī''. Examples:
** {{lang|la|aperiō, aperīre, aperuī, apertum}} "to open, to uncover"

* The perfect has suffix ''-sī'' (''-xī'' when ''c'' comes at the end of the root). Examples:
** {{lang|la|saepiō, saepīre, saepsī, saeptum}} "to surround, to enclose"
** {{lang|la|sanciō, sancīre, sānxī, sānctum}} "to confirm, to ratify"
** {{lang|la|sentiō, sentīre, sēnsī, sēnsum}} "to feel, to perceive"
** {{lang|la|vinciō, vincīre, vīnxī, vīnctum}} "to bind"

* The perfect has suffix ''-ī'' and reduplication. Examples:
** {{lang|la|reperiō, reperīre, repperī, repertum}} "to find, discover"

* The perfect has suffix ''-ī'' and vowel lengthening in the stem. Examples:
** {{lang|la|veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum}} "to come, to arrive"
** {{lang|la|inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, inventum}} "to find"

Deponent verbs in the 4th conjugation include the following:<ref>Gildersleeve & Lodge Latin Grammar (1985), §166.</ref>
:*{{lang|la|assentior, assentīrī, assēnsus sum}} "to assent"
:*{{lang|la|experior, experīrī, expertus sum}} "to experience, test"
:*{{lang|la|largior, largīrī, largītus sum}} "to bestow"
:*{{lang|la|mentior, mentīrī, mentītus sum}} "to tell a lie"
:*{{lang|la|mētior, mētīrī, mēnsus sum}} "to measure"
:*{{lang|la|mōlior, mōlīrī, mōlītus sum}} "to exert oneself, set in motion, build"
:*{{lang|la|potior, potīrī, potītus sum}} "to obtain, gain possession of"
:*{{lang|la|sortior, sortīrī, sortītus sum}} "to cast lots"

The verb {{lang|la|orior, orīrī, ortus sum}} "to arise" is also regarded as 4th conjugation, although some parts, such as the 3rd singular present tense {{lang|la|oritur}} and imperfect subjunctive {{lang|la|orerer}}, have a short vowel like the 3rd conjugation. But its compound {{lang|la|adorior}} "to rise up, attack" is entirely 4th conjugation.

In the perfect tenses, shortened forms without ''-v-'' are common, for example, '''{{lang|la|audīstī, audiērunt, audierat, audīsset|italic=no}}''' for {{lang|la|audīvistī, audīvērunt, audīverat, audīvisset}}. Cicero, however, prefers the full forms {{lang|la|audīvī, audīvit}} to {{lang|la|audiī, audiit}}.<ref name=":1"/>