Editing Indonesian language (section)

=== Pronouns ===
Personal pronouns are not a separate part of speech, but a subset of nouns. They are frequently omitted, and there are numerous ways to say "you". Commonly the person's name, title, title with name, or occupation is used ("does Johnny want to go?", "would Madam like to go?"); kin terms, including [[fictive kinship]], are extremely common. However, there are also dedicated personal pronouns, as well as the demonstrative pronouns {{lang|id|ini}} "this, the" and {{lang|id|itu}} "that, the".

==== Personal pronouns ====
From the perspective of a European language, Indonesian boasts a wide range of different pronouns, especially to refer to the addressee (the so-called second person pronouns). These are used to differentiate several parameters of the person they are referred to, such as the social rank and the relationship between the addressee and the speaker. Indonesian also exhibits [[pronoun avoidance]], often preferring kinship terms and titles over pronouns, particularly for respectful forms of address.
 
The table below provides an overview of the most commonly and widely used pronouns in the Indonesian language:

{| class="wikitable"
|+Common pronouns
|-
! Person
! Respect
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! rowspan=2|1st person exclusive
! Informal, Familiar
| align=center| ''aku''
| rowspan=2 | I
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| ''kami''
| rowspan=2 | we<br />(not including the listener)
|-
! Standard, Polite
| style="text-align:center;"| ''saya''
|-
!1st person inclusive
! All
| colspan=2 |
| style="text-align:center;"| ''kita''
| we<br />(including the listener)
|-
! rowspan=2| 2nd person
! Familiar
| style="text-align:center;"| ''kamu, engkau, kau''
| rowspan="2" | you
| style="text-align:center;"| ''kalian''
| rowspan="2" | you all
|-
! Polite
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Anda''
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Anda sekalian''
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3rd person
! Familiar
| align=center| ''dia, ia''
| s/he, it
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| ''mereka''
| rowspan="2" | they
|-
! Polite
| align=center| ''beliau''
| s/he
|}
* '''First person pronouns'''
Notable among the personal-pronoun system is a distinction between [[inclusive and exclusive we|two forms of "we"]]: ''kita'' (you and me, you and us) and ''kami'' (us, but not you). The distinction is not always followed in colloquial Indonesian.

''Saya'' and ''aku'' are the two major forms of "I". ''Saya'' is the more formal form, whereas ''aku'' is used with family, friends, and between lovers. Colloquially, ''gue'' or ''gua'' (derived from Hokkien) is often used. However, this is only used when talking with close friends, and not used in family context as it is considered not polite. ''Sahaya'' is an old or literary form of ''saya''. ''Sa(ha)ya'' may also be used for "we", but in such cases it is usually used with ''sekalian'' or ''semua'' "all"; this form is ambiguous as to whether it corresponds with inclusive ''kami'' or exclusive ''kita''. Less common are ''hamba'' "slave", ''hamba tuan, hamba datuk'' (all extremely humble), ''beta'' (a royal addressing oneselves), ''patik'' (a commoner addressing a royal), ''kami'' (royal or editorial "we"), ''kita'', ''təman'', and ''kawan.''

* '''Second person pronouns'''
There are three common forms of "you", ''Anda'' (polite), ''kamu'' (familiar), and ''kalian'' "all" (commonly used as a plural form of you, slightly informal). ''Anda'' is used with strangers, recent acquaintances, in advertisements, in business, and when you wish to show distance, while ''kamu'' is used in situations where the speaker would use ''aku'' for "I". Colloquially, ''lu'' (derived from Hokkien) is often used among close friends, just like how ''gue'' or ''gua'' is used when referring to "I". ''Anda sekalian'' is polite plural. Particularly in conversation, respectful titles like ''Bapak/Pak'' "father" (used for any older male), ''Ibu/Bu'' "mother" (any older woman), and ''tuan'' "sir" are often used instead of pronouns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kevinwfogg.net/blog/4570569437/You-in-Indonesian/8596083|title="You" in Indonesian|access-date=4 August 2021|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803044749/http://www.kevinwfogg.net/blog/4570569437/You-in-Indonesian/8596083|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=August 2021}}

''Engkau'' (''əngkau''), commonly shortened to ''kau''.
* '''Third person pronouns'''
The common word for "s/he" and "they" is ''ia'', which has the object and emphatic/focused form ''dia''. ''Bəliau'' "his/her Honour" is respectful. As with "you", names and kin terms are extremely common. ''Mereka'' "someone", ''mereka itu'', or ''orang itu'' "those people" are used for "they".
* '''Regional varieties'''
There are a large number of other words for "I" and "you", many regional, dialectical, or borrowed from local languages. ''Saudara'' "you" (male) and ''saudari'' (female) (plural ''saudara-saudara'' or ''saudari-saudari'') show utmost respect. ''Daku'' "I" and ''dikau'' "you" are poetic or romantic. Indonesian ''[[Indonesian slang language|gua]]'' "I" (from [[Hokkien]] {{lang-zh|t=我|poj=góa}}) and ''[[Indonesian slang language|lu]]'' "you" ({{lang-zh|t=汝|poj=lú}}) are slang and extremely informal.

The pronouns ''aku, kamu, engkau, ia, kami,'' and ''kita'' are indigenous to Indonesian.

==== Possessive pronouns ====
''Aku, kamu, engkau'', and ''ia'' have short possessive [[enclitic]] forms. All others retain their full forms like other nouns, as does emphatic ''dia'': ''meja saya, meja kita, meja anda, meja dia'' "my table, our table, your table, his/her table".

{|class="wikitable"
|+Possessed forms of ''meja'' "table"
! Pronoun
! Enclitic
! Possessed form
|-
|aku
| -ku
|''mejaku'' (my table)
|-
|kamu
| -mu
|''mejamu'' (your table)
|-
|ia
| -nya
|''mejanya'' (his, her, their table)
|}

There are also [[proclitic]] forms of ''aku'', ''ku-'' and ''kau-''. These are used when there is no emphasis on the pronoun:

:'''''Ku'''dengar raja itu menderita penyakit kulit. '''Aku''' mengetahui ilmu kedokteran. '''Akulah''' yang akan mengobati dia.''
:"It has come to my attention that the King has a skin disease. I am skilled in medicine. ''I'' will cure him."
Here ''ku-''verb is used for a general report, ''aku'' verb is used for a factual statement, and emphatic ''aku-lah meng-''verb (≈ "I am the one who...") for focus on the pronoun.<ref>M.B. Lewis, 1947, ''Teach Yourself Indonesian'', p. 178, ASIN: B0007JGNQO</ref>

The suffix ''-nya'' is a special case: it can be also used to mark [[definiteness]], or to link two nouns in possession ([[his genitive]]). It is also even extended to pronouns and names. However, this usage has been occasionally criticized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bahasyuk.blogspot.com/2015/11/hati-hati-dalam-menggunakan-imbuhan-nya.html?m=1|title=Hati-Hati dalam Menggunakan Imbuhan -nya pada Suatu Kalimat|website=bahasyuk.blogspot.com|date=23 November 2015 |access-date=2023-02-24}}</ref>

==== Demonstrative pronouns ====
There are two [[demonstrative pronoun]]s in Indonesian. ''Ini'' "this, these" is used for a noun which is generally near to the speaker. ''Itu'' "that, those" is used for a noun which is generally far from the speaker. Either may sometimes be equivalent to English "the". There is no difference between singular and plural. However, plural can be indicated through duplication of a noun followed by a ''ini'' or ''itu''. The word ''yang'' "which" is often placed before demonstrative pronouns to give emphasis and a sense of certainty, particularly when making references or enquiries about something/ someone, like English "this one" or "that one".

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Pronoun
! Indonesian
! English
|-
! rowspan=2|ini
| ''buku ini''
| This book, these books, the book(s)
|-
| ''buku-buku ini''
| These books, (all) the books
|-
! rowspan=2| itu
| ''kucing itu''
| That cat, those cats, the cat(s)
|-
| ''kucing-kucing itu''
| Those cats, the (various) cats
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Pronoun + '''yang'''
! Example sentence
! English meaning
|-
| '''Yang ini'''
| Q: Anda mau membeli buku yang mana?
A: Saya mau '''yang ini'''.
| Q: Which book do you wish to purchase?
A: I would like '''this one'''.
|-
| '''Yang itu'''
| Q: Kucing mana yang memakan tikusmu?
A: '''Yang itu!'''
| Q: Which cat ate your mouse?
A: '''That one'''!
|}