Editing Latin conjugation (section)

== Peculiarities ==
=== Deponent and semi-deponent verbs ===
[[Deponent verb]]s are verbs that are passive in form (that is, conjugated as though in the [[passive voice]]) but active in meaning.  These verbs have only three principal parts, since the perfect of ordinary passives is formed [[periphrasis|periphrastically]] with the perfect participle, which is formed on the same stem as the supine. Some examples coming from all conjugations are:

:'''1st conjugation:''' {{lang|la|mīror, [[wikt: mirari|mīrārī]], mīrātus sum}} – to admire, wonder
:'''2nd conjugation:''' {{lang|la|polliceor, [[wikt: polliceri|pollicērī]], pollicitus sum}} – to promise, offer
:'''3rd conjugation:''' {{lang|la|loquor, [[wikt: loqui|loquī]], locūtus sum}} – to speak, say
:'''4th conjugation:''' {{lang|la|[[wikt: mentior| mentior]], mentīrī, mentītus sum}} – to tell a lie

Deponent verbs use active conjugations for tenses that do not exist in the passive: the [[gerund]], the [[supine]], the present and [[future participle]]s and the future infinitive. They cannot be used in the passive themselves (except the gerundive), and their analogues with "active" form do not in fact exist: one cannot directly translate "The word is said" with any form of {{lang|la|loquī}}, and there are no forms like ''loquō'', ''loquis'', ''loquit'', etc.

Semi-deponent verbs form their imperfective aspect tenses in the manner of ordinary active verbs; but their perfect tenses are built periphrastically like deponents and ordinary passives; thus, semi-deponent verbs have a perfect active participle instead of a perfect passive participle. An example:

:{{lang|la|audeō, audēre, ausus sum}} – to dare, venture

Unlike the proper passive of active verbs, which is always intransitive, some deponent verbs are [[transitive verb|transitive]], which means that they can take an [[object (grammar)|object]]. For example:

:{{lang|la|hostes sequitur.}} – he follows the enemy.

Note: In the [[Romance languages]], which lack deponent or passive verb forms, the Classical Latin deponent verbs either disappeared (being replaced with non-deponent verbs of a similar meaning) or changed to a non-deponent form. For example, in Spanish and Italian, {{lang|la|mīrārī}} changed to ''mirar(e)'' by changing all the verb forms to the previously nonexistent "active form", and {{lang|la|audeō}} changed to ''osar(e)'' by taking the participle {{lang|la|ausus}} and making an ''-ar(e)'' verb out of it (note that ''au'' went to ''o'').

=== Defective verbs ===
[[Defective verbs]] are verbs that are conjugated in only some instances.
*Some verbs are conjugated only in the perfective aspect's tenses, yet have the imperfective aspect's tenses' meanings. As such, the perfect becomes the present, the pluperfect becomes the imperfect, and the future perfect becomes the future. Therefore, the defective verb ''ōdī'' means, "I hate." These defective verbs' principal parts are given in vocabulary with the indicative perfect in the first person and the perfect active infinitive. Some examples are:

::{{lang|la|ōdī, ōdisse}} (future participle {{lang|la|ōsūrus}}) – to hate
::{{lang|la|meminī, meminisse}} (imperative {{lang|la|mementō, mementōte}}) – to remember
::{{lang|la|coepī, coeptum, coepisse}} – to have begun
*A few verbs, the meanings of which usually have to do with speech, appear only in certain occurrences.

::{{lang|la|Cedo}} (plur. {{lang|la|cette}}), which means "Hand it over" is only in the imperative mood, and only is used in the second person.

The following are conjugated irregularly:

==== ''Aio'' {{anchor|aiō – I affirm, state}} ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="3"|
!colspan="8"| Conjugation of {{lang|la|aiō}}
|-
!colspan="2"| Indicative<br />present
!colspan="2"| Indicative<br />imperfect
!colspan="2"| Subjunctive<br />present
!colspan="2"| Imperative<br />present
|-
|-
! Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular || Plural || Singular
|-
! First person
| {{lang|la|aiō}} || rowspan="2"| — || {{lang|la|aiēbam}} || {{lang|la|aiēbāmus}} || — || rowspan="2"| — || —
|-
! Second person
| {{lang|la|ais}} || {{lang|la|aiēbās}} || {{lang|la|aiēbātis}} || {{lang|la|aiās}} || {{lang|la|ai}}
|-
! Third person
| {{lang|la|ait}} || {{lang|la|aiunt}} || {{lang|la|aiēbat}} || {{lang|la|aiēbant}} || {{lang|la|aiat}} || {{lang|la|aiant}} || —
|}

:'''Present Active Participle:''' – {{lang|la|aiēns, aientis}}

==== ''Inquam'' {{anchor|inquam – I say}} ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="3"|
!colspan="8"| Conjugation of {{lang|la|inquam}}
|-
!colspan="2"| Present indicative
! Future<br />indicative
! Perfect<br />indicative
! Imperfect<br />indicative
|-
|-
! Singular || Plural || Singular || Singular || Singular
|-
! First person
| {{lang|la|inquam}} || {{lang|la|inquimus}} || — || {{lang|la|inquiī}} || rowspan="2" colspan="2"| —
|-
! Second person
| {{lang|la|inquis}} || {{lang|la|inquitis}} || {{lang|la|inquiēs}} || {{lang|la|inquistī}}
|-
! Third person
| {{lang|la|inquit}} || {{lang|la|inquiunt}} || {{lang|la|inquiet}} || {{lang|la|inquit}} || {{lang|la|inquiēbat}}
|}

==== ''For'' {{anchor|to speak}} ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="3"|
!colspan="10"| Conjugation of {{lang|la|for}}
|-
!colspan="2"| Present<br />indicative
!Future<br />indicative
!Perfect<br />indicative
!Pluperfect<br />indicative
!colspan="2"| Present<br />imperative
|-
|-
! Singular || Plural || Singular || Singular || Singular || Singular || Plural
|-
! First person
| {{lang|la|for}} || rowspan="2"| — || {{lang|la|fābor}} || {{lang|la|fātus sum}} || {{lang|la|fātus eram}} || — || —
|-
! Second person
| — || — || rowspan="2"| — || rowspan="2"| — || {{lang|la|fāre}} || {{lang|la|fāminī}}
|-
! Third person
| {{lang|la|fātur}} || {{lang|la|fantur}} || {{lang|la|fābitur}} || — || —
|}

:'''Present Active Participle''' – {{lang|la|fāns, fantis}}
:'''Present Active Infinitive''' – {{lang|la|fārī}} (variant: {{lang|la|fārier}})
:'''Supine''' – (acc.) {{lang|la|fātum}}, (abl.) {{lang|la|fātū}}
:'''Gerund''' – (gen.) {{lang|la|fandī}}, (dat. and abl.) {{lang|la|fandō}}, no accusative
:'''Gerundive''' – {{lang|la|fandus, –a, –um}}

The Romance languages lost many of these verbs, but others (such as {{lang|la|ōdī}}) survived but became regular fully conjugated verbs (in Italian, {{lang|it|odiare}}).

=== Impersonal verbs ===
Impersonal verbs are those lacking a person. In English impersonal verbs are usually used with the neuter pronoun "it" (as in "It seems," or "it is raining"). Latin uses the third person singular. These verbs lack a fourth principal part. A few examples are:

:{{lang|la|pluit, pluere, plūvit/pluit}} – to rain (it rains)
:{{lang|la|ningit, ningere, ninxit}} – to snow (it snows)
:{{lang|la|oportet, oportēre, oportuit}} – to be proper (it is proper, one should/ought to)
:{{lang|la|licet, licēre, licuit}} – to be permitted [to] (it is allowed [to])

=== Irregular future active participles ===
The future active participle is normally formed by removing the ''–um'' from the supine, and adding a ''–ūrus.'' However, some deviations occur.

{| class="wikitable"
! Present<br />active<br />infinitive || Supine || Future<br />active<br />participle || Meaning
|-
| {{lang|la|iuvāre}} || {{lang|la|iūtum}} || {{lang|la|iuvātūrus}} || going to help
|-
| {{lang|la|lavāre/lavere}} || {{lang|la|lavātum}} (but PPP {{lang|la|lautus}}) || {{lang|la|lavātūrus}}|| going to wash
|-
| {{lang|la|parere}} || {{lang|la|partum}} || {{lang|la|paritūrus}} || going to produce
|-
| {{lang|la|ruere}} || {{lang|la|rutum}} || {{lang|la|ruitūrus}}|| going to fall
|-
| {{lang|la|secāre}} || {{lang|la|sectum}} || {{lang|la|secātūrus}} || going to cut
|-
| {{lang|la|fruī}} || {{lang|la|frūctum/fruitum}} || {{lang|la|fruitūrus}} || going to enjoy
|-
| {{lang|la|nāscī}} || {{lang|la|nātum}} || {{lang|la|nātūrus/nascitūrus}} || going to be born
|-
| {{lang|la|morī}} || {{lang|la|mortuum}} || {{lang|la|moritūrus}}|| going to die
|-
| {{lang|la|orīrī}} || {{lang|la|ortum}} || {{lang|la|oritūrus}} || going to rise
|}

=== Alternative verb forms ===
Several verb forms may occur in alternative forms (in some authors these forms are fairly common, if not more common than the canonical ones):
*The ending ''–ris'' in the passive voice may be ''–re'' as in:
::{{lang|la|laudābāris}} → {{lang|la|laudābāre}}
*The ending ''–ērunt'' in the perfect may be ''–ēre'' (primarily in poetry) as in:
::{{lang|la|laudāvērunt}} → {{lang|la|laudāvēre}}
*The ending ''–ī'' in the passive infinitive may be ''–ier'' as in:
::{{lang|la|laudārī}} → {{lang|la|laudārier}}, {{lang|la|dicī}} → {{lang|la|dicier}}

=== Syncopated verb forms ===
Like in most Romance languages, syncopated forms and [[Contraction (grammar)|contractions]] are present in Latin. They may occur in the following instances:
*Perfect stems that end in a ''–v'' may be contracted when inflected.
::{{lang|la|laudāvisse}} → {{lang|la|laudāsse}}
::{{lang|la|laudāvistī}} → {{lang|la|laudāstī}}
::{{lang|la|laudāverant}} → {{lang|la|laudārant}}
::{{lang|la|laudāvisset}} → {{lang|la|laudāsset}}
*The compounds of {{lang|la|nōscere}} (to learn) and {{lang|la|movēre}} (to move, dislodge) can also be contracted.
::{{lang|la|nōvistī}} → {{lang|la|nōstī}}
::{{lang|la|nōvistis}} → {{lang|la|nōstis}}
::{{lang|la|commōveram}} → {{lang|la|commōram}}
::{{lang|la|commōverās}} → {{lang|la|commōrās}}