Editing Latin grammar (section)

==Pronouns==
Pronouns are of two kinds, personal pronouns and 3rd person pronouns. Personal pronouns decline as follows.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 55em;"
|-
! class=unsortable|Case
! class=unsortable|''I''
! class=unsortable|''you sg.''
! class=unsortable|''himself/<br />herself''
! class=unsortable|
! class=unsortable|''we''
! class=unsortable|''you pl.''
! class=unsortable|''themselves''
! Br
! Am
|-
| Nominative
| '''{{lang|la|ego|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|tū|italic=no}}'''|| '''–'''|| || '''{{lang|la|nōs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|vōs|italic=no}}'''|| '''–'''|| 1 || 1 
|-
| Accusative
| '''{{lang|la|mē|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|tē|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|sē / sēsē|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|nōs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|vōs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|sē / sēsē|italic=no}}'''||3 || 4 
|-
| Genitive
| '''{{lang|la|meī|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|tuī|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|suī|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|nostrum/-trī|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|vestrum/-trī|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|suī|italic=no}}'''|| 4 || 2 
|-
| Dative
| '''{{lang|la|mihī|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|tibī|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|sibī|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|nōbīs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|vōbīs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|sibī|italic=no}}'''|| 5 || 3
|-
| Ablative
| '''{{lang|la|mē|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|tē|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|sē / sēsē|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|nōbīs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|vōbīs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|sē / sēsē|italic=no}}'''|| 6 || 6 
|-
|}

{{lang|la|mē, tē, nōs, vōs}} can also be used reflexively ("I see myself" etc.).{{sfn|Allen|Greenough|Kittredge|Howard|1903|p=64}}

{{lang|la|Nōs}} is frequently used in classical Latin for "I", but {{lang|la|vōs}} is never used in a singular sense.{{sfn|Allen|Greenough|Kittredge|Howard|1903|p=63}}

The genitive {{lang|la|nostrum}} is used partitively ({{lang|la|ūnusquisque nostrum}} "each one of us"), {{lang|la|nostrī}} objectively ({{lang|la|memor nostrī}} "remembering us, mindful of us").{{sfn|Kennedy|1962|p=48}}{{sfn|Allen|Greenough|Kittredge|Howard|1903|p=64}}

3rd person pronouns are those such as {{lang|la|hic}} "this" and {{lang|la|ipse}} "(he) himself". The 3rd person pronouns can also be used adjectivally (except that {{lang|la|quid}} "what?" when adjectival becomes {{lang|la|quod}}). The declension of these pronouns tends to be irregular. They generally have ''-īus'' in the genitive singular, and ''-ī'' in the dative singular. In a few pronouns ({{lang|la|illud}} "that", {{lang|la|istud}} "that (of yours)", {{lang|la|id}} "it, that", {{lang|la|quod}} "which", {{lang|la|quid}} "anything; what?", {{lang|la|aliud}} "another", {{lang|la|aliquid}} "something") the neuter singular ends in ''-d''.

The declension of {{lang|la|ille}} "that" is as follows:{{sfn|Kennedy|1962|p=49}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 55em;"
|-
! class=unsortable|Case
! class=unsortable|''m. sg.''
! class=unsortable|''f. sg.''
! class=unsortable|''n. sg.''
! class=unsortable|
! class=unsortable|''m. pl''
! class=unsortable|''f. pl.''
! class=unsortable|''n. pl.''
! Br
! Am
|-
| Nominative
| '''{{lang|la|ille|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|illa|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|illud|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|illī|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|illae|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|illa|italic=no}}'''|| 1 || 1 
|-
| Accusative
| '''{{lang|la|illum|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|illam|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|illud|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|illōs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|illās|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|illa|italic=no}}'''||3 || 4  
|-
| Genitive
| '''{{lang|la|illīus (illius)|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|illīus|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|illīus|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|illōrum|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|illārum|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|illōrum|italic=no}}'''|| 4 || 2 
|-
| Dative
| '''{{lang|la|illī|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|illī|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|illī|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|illīs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|illīs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|illīs|italic=no}}'''|| 5 || 3 
|-
| Ablative
| '''{{lang|la|illō|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|illā|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|illō|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|illīs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|illīs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|illīs|italic=no}}'''|| 6 || 6 
|-
|}

{{lang|la|Ipse}} "he himself" is very similar, except that the neuter singular {{lang|la|ipsum}} ends in ''-m'' instead of ''-d''.

Other very common 3rd person pronouns are {{lang|la|hic, haec, hoc}} "this" and {{lang|la|is, ea, id}} "he, she, it; that". Like other 3rd person pronouns, these can be used either independently ({{lang|la|is}} "he") or adjectivally ({{lang|la|is homō}} "that man"):

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 55em;"
|-
! class=unsortable|Case
! class=unsortable|''m. sg.''
! class=unsortable|''f. sg.''
! class=unsortable|''n. sg.''
! class=unsortable|
! class=unsortable|''m. pl''
! class=unsortable|''f. pl.''
! class=unsortable|''n. pl.''
! Br
! Am
|-
| Nominative
| '''{{lang|la|hic|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|haec|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|hoc|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|hī|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|hae|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|haec|italic=no}}'''|| 1 || 1 
|-
| Accusative
| '''{{lang|la|hunc|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|hanc|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|hoc|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|hōs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|hās|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|haec|italic=no}}'''||3 || 4  
|-
| Genitive
| '''{{lang|la|huius|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|huius|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|huius|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|hōrum|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|hārum|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|hōrum|italic=no}}'''|| 4 || 2 
|-
| Dative
| '''{{lang|la|huic|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|huic|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|huic|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|hīs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|hīs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|hīs|italic=no}}'''|| 5 || 3 
|-
| Ablative
| '''{{lang|la|hōc|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|hāc|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|hōc|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|hīs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|hīs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|hīs|italic=no}}'''|| 6 || 6 
|-
|}

Before a vowel, {{lang|la|hic}} and {{lang|la|hoc}} are pronounced as if spelled {{lang|la|hicc}} and {{lang|la|hocc}}. {{lang|la|Huius}} is pronounced as if spelled {{lang|la|huiius}} with a long first syllable.{{sfn|Kennedy|1962|pp=48,42}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 55em;"
|-
! class=unsortable|Case
! class=unsortable|''m. sg.''
! class=unsortable|''f. sg.''
! class=unsortable|''n. sg.''
! class=unsortable|
! class=unsortable|''m. pl''
! class=unsortable|''f. pl.''
! class=unsortable|''n. pl.''
! Br
! Am
|-
| Nominative
| '''{{lang|la|is|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|ea|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|id|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|iī|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|eae|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|ea|italic=no}}'''|| 1 || 1 
|-
| Accusative
| '''{{lang|la|eum|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|eam|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|id|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|eōs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|eās|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|ea|italic=no}}'''||3 || 4  
|-
| Genitive
| '''{{lang|la|eius|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|eius|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|eius|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|eōrum|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|eārum|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|eōrum|italic=no}}'''|| 4 || 2 
|-
| Dative
| '''{{lang|la|eī|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|eī|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|eī|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|eīs/iīs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|eīs/iīs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|eīs/iīs|italic=no}}'''|| 5 || 3 
|-
| Ablative
| '''{{lang|la|eō|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|eā|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|eō|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|eīs/iīs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|eīs/iīs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|eīs/iīs|italic=no}}'''|| 6 || 6 
|-
|}

Also very common is the relative pronoun {{lang|la|quī, quae, quod}} "who, which". The interrogative {{lang|la|quis? quid?}} "who? what?" and indefinite {{lang|la|quis, qua, quid}} "anyone, anything" are similar apart from the nominative singular:{{sfn|Kennedy|1962|p=51}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 55em;"
|-
! class=unsortable|Case
! class=unsortable|''m. sg.''
! class=unsortable|''f. sg.''
! class=unsortable|''n. sg.''
! class=unsortable|
! class=unsortable|''m. pl''
! class=unsortable|''f. pl.''
! class=unsortable|''n. pl.''
! Br
! Am
|-
| Nominative
| '''{{lang|la|quī|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|quae|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|quod|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|quī|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|quae|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|quae|italic=no}}'''|| 1 || 1 
|-
| Accusative
| '''{{lang|la|quem|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|quam|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|quod|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|quōs|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|quās|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|quae|italic=no}}'''||3 || 4  
|-
| Genitive
| '''{{lang|la|cuius|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|cuius|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|cuius|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|quōrum|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|quārum|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|quōrum|italic=no}}'''|| 4 || 2 
|-
| Dative
| '''{{lang|la|cui|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|cui|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|cui|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|quibus|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|quibus|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|quibus|italic=no}}'''|| 5 || 3 
|-
| Ablative
| '''{{lang|la|quō|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|quā|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|quō|italic=no}}'''|| || '''{{lang|la|quibus|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|quibus|italic=no}}'''|| '''{{lang|la|quibus|italic=no}}'''|| 6 || 6 
|-
|}

Like adjectives, pronouns must agree in gender, case, and number with the nouns they refer to, as in the following, where ''hic'' is masculine agreeing with ''amor'', but ''haec'' is feminine, agreeing with ''patria'':
:{{lang|la|'''hic''' amor, '''haec''' patria est}} = this is my love, this my country<ref>Virgil, ''Aeneid'', 4.345.</ref>

There is no [[indefinite article]] or [[definite article]] (the, a, an). Sometimes the weak [[determiner]] ''{{lang|la|is, ea, id}}'' (English "that, this") can serve for the definite article:

:{{lang|la|Persuāsīt populō ut '''eā pecūniā''' classis aedificārētur}}<ref>Nepos, ''Themistocles'' 2.2.</ref>
:"He persuaded the people that a fleet should be built with the money (with that money)"