Editing Indonesian language (section)

=== Affixes ===
Indonesian words are composed of a root or a root plus derivational affixes. The root is the primary lexical unit of a word and is usually bisyllabic, of the shape CV(C)CV(C). Affixes are "glued" onto roots (which are either nouns or verbs) to alter or expand the primary meaning associated with a given root, effectively generating new words, for example, {{lang|id|masak}} (to cook) may become {{lang|id|memasak}} (cooking), {{lang|id|memasakkan}} (cook for), {{lang|id|dimasak}} (be cooked), {{lang|id|pemasak}} (a cook), {{lang|id|masakan}} (a meal, cookery), {{lang|id|termasak}} (accidentally cooked). There are four types of affixes: [[prefixes]] ({{lang|id|awalan}}), [[suffixes]] ({{lang|id|akhiran}}), [[circumfixes]] ({{lang|id|apitan}}) and [[infixes]] ({{lang|id|sisipan}}). Affixes are categorized into noun, verb, and adjective affixes. Many initial consonants alternate in the presence of prefixes: {{lang|id|sapu}} (to sweep) becomes {{lang|id|menyapu}} (sweeps/sweeping); {{lang|id|panggil}} (to call) becomes {{lang|id|memanggil}} (calls/calling), {{lang|id|tapis}} (to sieve) becomes {{lang|id|menapis}} (sieves).

Other examples of the use of [[affix]]es to change the meaning of a word can be seen with the word {{lang|id|ajar}} (to teach):
* {{lang|id|ajar}} = to teach
*{{lang|id|ajar'''i'''}} = to teach (imperative, locative)
*{{lang|id|ajar'''ilah'''}} = to teach (jussive, locative)
*{{lang|id|ajar'''kan'''}} = to teach (imperative, causative/applicative)
*{{lang|id|ajar'''kanlah'''}} = to teach (jussive, causative/applicative)
*{{lang|id|ajar'''lah'''}} = to teach (jussive, active)
* {{lang|id|ajar'''an'''}} = teachings
* {{lang|id|'''bel'''ajar}} = to learn ([[Intransitive verb|intransitive]], active)
* {{lang|id|'''di'''ajar}} = to be taught (intransitive)
*{{lang|id|'''di'''ajar'''i'''}} = to be taught (transitive, locative)
*{{lang|id|'''di'''ajar'''kan'''}} = to be taught (transitive, causative/applicative)
*{{lang|id|'''dipel'''ajar'''i'''}} = to be studied (locative)
* {{lang|id|'''dipel'''ajar'''kan'''}} = to be studied (causative/applicative)
* {{lang|id|'''mempel'''ajar'''i'''}} = to study (locative)
*{{lang|id|'''mempel'''ajar'''kan'''}} = to study (causative/applicative)
*{{lang|id|'''meng'''ajar}} = to teach ([[intransitive verb|intransitive]], active)
* {{lang|id|'''meng'''ajar'''kan'''}} = to teach ([[transitive verb|transitive]], casuative/applicative)
*{{lang|id|'''meng'''ajar'''i'''}} = to teach ([[Transitive verb|transitive]], locative)
* {{lang|id|'''pel'''ajar}} = student
*{{lang|id|'''pel'''ajar'''i'''}} = to study (imperative, locative)
*{{lang|id|'''pel'''ajar'''ilah'''}} = to study (jussive, locative)
*{{lang|id|'''pel'''ajar'''kan'''}} = to study (imperative, causative/applicative)
*{{lang|id|'''pel'''ajar'''kanlah'''}} = to study (jussive, causative/applicative)
* {{lang|id|'''peng'''ajar}} = teacher, someone who teaches
* {{lang|id|'''pel'''ajar'''an'''}} = subject, education
*{{lang|id|'''pel'''ajar'''i'''}} = to study (jussive, locative)
*{{lang|id|'''pel'''ajar'''kan'''}} = to study (jussive, causative/applicative)
* {{lang|id|'''peng'''ajar'''an'''}} = lesson
* {{lang|id|'''pembel'''ajar'''an'''}} = learning
* {{lang|id|'''ter'''ajar}} = to be taught (accidentally)
*{{lang|id|'''ter'''ajar'''i'''}} = to be taught (accidentally, locative)
*{{lang|id|'''ter'''ajar'''kan'''}} = to be taught (accidentally, causative/applicative)
* {{lang|id|'''terpel'''ajar}} = well-educated, literally "been taught" 
*{{lang|id|'''terpel'''ajar'''i'''}} = been taught (locative)
*{{lang|id|'''terpel'''ajar'''kan'''}} = been taught (causative/applicative)
* {{lang|id|'''berpel'''ajar'''an'''}} = is educated, literally "has education"

''-Kan'' and ''-i'' both increase the valency of verbs, but ''-i'' should be used "if [the verb] is directly followed by an animate object."<ref>cite journal | last1=Sujaya | first1 = Nyoman | last2 = Artawa | first2 = Ketut | last3 = Kardana | first3 = I Nyoman | last4 = Satyawi | first4 = Made Sri | title = The Ka- Passive Form in Balinese | journal = Journal of Language and Teaching Research | volume = 10 | pages = 886–894 | doi = http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1004.29 | ISSN = 1798-4769</ref>

==== Noun affixes ====
Noun affixes are affixes that form nouns upon addition to root words. The following are examples of noun affixes:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | Type of noun affixes
! style="background:#efefef;" | Affix
! style="background:#efefef;" | Example of root word
! style="background:#efefef;" | Example of derived word
|-
|Prefix
|pə(r)- ~ pəng-
|{{lang|id|duduk}} (sit)
|{{lang|id|'''pen'''duduk}} (population)
|-
|
|kə-
|{{lang|id|hendak}} (want)
|{{lang|id|'''ke'''hendak}} (desire)
|-
|Infix
| {{angbr|əl}}
|{{lang|id|tunjuk}} (point)
|{{lang|id|t'''el'''unjuk}} (index finger, command)
|-
|
| {{angbr|əm}}
|{{lang|id|kelut}} (dishevelled)
|{{lang|id|k'''em'''elut}} (chaos, crisis)
|-
|
| {{angbr|ər}}
|{{lang|id|gigi}} (teeth)
|{{lang|id|g'''er'''igi}} (toothed blade)
|-
|Suffix
| -an
|{{lang|id|bangun}} (wake up, raise)
|{{lang|id|bangun'''an'''}} (building)
|-
|Circumfix
|kə-...-an
|{{lang|id|raja}} (king)
|{{lang|id|'''ke'''raja'''an'''}} (kingdom)
|-
|
|pə(r)-...-an<br />pəng-...-an
|{{lang|id|kerja}} (work)
|{{lang|id|'''pe'''kerja'''an'''}} (occupation)
|}

The prefix {{lang|id|per-}} drops its {{lang|id|r}} before {{lang|id|r, l}} and frequently before {{lang|id|p, t, k.}} In some words it is {{lang|id|peng-}}; though formally distinct, these are treated as variants of the same prefix in Indonesian grammar books.

==== Verb affixes ====
Similarly, verb affixes in Indonesian are attached to root words to form verbs. In Indonesian, there are:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Type of verb affixes
! Affix
! Example of root word
! Example of derived word
|-
! rowspan=6|Prefix
|bər-
|''ajar'' (teach)
|''belajar'' (to study)<ref>The root ''ajar'' retrieves a historic initial ''l'' after the suffixes ''ber-'' and ''pe(r)-''.</ref>
|-
|məng-
|''tolong'' (help)
|''menolong'' (to help)
|-
|di-
|''ambil'' (take)
|''diambil'' (be taken)
|-
|məmpər-
|''panjang'' (length)
|''memperpanjang'' (to lengthen)
|-
|dipər-
|''dalam'' (deep)
|''diperdalam'' (be deepened)
|-
|tər-
|''makan'' (eat)
|''termakan'' (to have accidentally eaten)
|-
! rowspan=2|Suffix
| -kan
|''letak'' (place, keep)
|''letakkan'' (keep, put)
|-
| -i
|''jauh'' (far)
|''jauhi'' (avoid)
|-
!rowspan=10|Circumfix
|bər-...-an
|''pasang'' (pair)
|''berpasangan'' (in pairs)
|-
|bər-...-kan
|''dasar'' (base)
|''berdasarkan'' (based on)
|-
|məng-...-kan
|''pasti'' (sure)
|''memastikan'' (to make sure)
|-
|məng-...-i
|''teman'' (company)
|''menemani'' (to accompany)
|-
|məmpər-...-kan
|''guna'' (use)
|''mempergunakan'' (to utilise, to exploit)
|-
|məmpər-...-i
|''ajar'' (teach)
|''mempelajari'' (to study)
|-
|kə-...-an
|''hilang'' (disappear)
|''kehilangan'' (to lose)
|-
|di-...-i
|''sakit'' (pain)
|''disakiti'' (to be hurt by)
|-
|di-...-kan
|''benar'' (right)
|''dibenarkan'' (is allowed to)
|-
|dipər-...-kan
|''kenal'' (know, recognise)
|''diperkenalkan'' (is being introduced)
|}

==== Adjective affixes ====
Adjective affixes are attached to root words to form adjectives:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Type of adjective affixes
! Affix
! Example of root word
! Example of derived word
|-
!rowspan=2|Prefix
|tər-
|''panas'' (hot)
|''terpanas'' (hottest)
|-
|sə-
|''baik'' (good)
|''sebaik'' (as good as)
|-
!rowspan=3|Infix
| {{angbr|əl}}
|''serak'' (disperse)
|''selerak'' (messy)
|-
| {{angbr|əm}}
|''cerlang'' (radiant bright)
|''cemerlang'' (bright, excellent)
|-
| {{angbr|ər}}
|''sabut'' (husk)
|''serabut'' (dishevelled)
|-
!Circumfix
|kə-...-an
|''barat'' (west)
|''kebaratan'' (westernized)
|}

In addition to these affixes, Indonesian also has a lot of borrowed affixes from other languages such as Sanskrit, Arabic and English. For example, ''maha-'', ''pasca-'', ''eka-'', ''bi-'', ''anti-'', ''pro-'' etc.