Editing Tsinghua University (section)

=== Early 20th century (1911–1949) ===

Tsinghua University was established in Beijing during a tumultuous period of national upheaval and conflicts with foreign powers which culminated in the [[Boxer Rebellion]], an uprising against foreign influence in China. After the suppression of the revolt by [[Eight-Nation Alliance|a foreign alliance]] including the United States, the ruling Qing dynasty was required to pay indemnities to alliance members. United States Secretary of State [[John Hay]] suggested that the US$30 million Boxer indemnity allotted to the United States was excessive. After much negotiation with Qing ambassador [[Liang Cheng]], president of the United States [[Theodore Roosevelt]] obtained approval from the United States Congress in 1909 to reduce the indemnity payment by US$10.8 million, on the condition that the funds would be used as scholarships for Chinese students to study in the United States.<ref name="学校沿革-清华大学">{{Cite web|title=学校沿革-清华大学|url=https://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/xxgk/xxyg.htm|access-date=6 April 2023|website=Tsinghua University|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406160834/https://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/xxgk/xxyg.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/en/About/History.htm|access-date=6 April 2023|website=Tsinghua University|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207102209/https://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/en/About/History.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Using this fund, the '''Tsinghua College''' ({{lang-zh|labels=no |t=清華學堂 |p=Qīnghuá Xuétáng}}) was established in Beijing, on 29 April 1911 on the site of a [[Tsinghua Garden|former royal garden]] to serve as a preparatory school for students the government planned to send to the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|title=University autonomy, the state, and social change in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kTr9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|last=Su-Yan Pan|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-962-209-936-4|page=68}}</ref> Faculty members for sciences were recruited by the [[YMCA]] from the United States, and its graduates transferred directly to American schools as [[Junior (education year)|juniors]] upon graduation.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} The motto of Tsinghua, "Self-Discipline and Social Commitment", was derived from a 1914 speech by prominent scholar and faculty member [[Liang Qichao]], in which he quoted the [[I Ching]] to describe a notion of the ideal gentleman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/newthuen/9350/2015/20150128170309534478371/20150128170309534478371_.html|title=Tsinghua Motto: Carved on every Tsinghua People|website=Tsinghua University|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109021501/http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/newthuen/9350/2015/20150128170309534478371/20150128170309534478371_.html|archive-date=9 November 2016|access-date=8 November 2016}}</ref>

In 1925, the school established its own four-year undergraduate program and started a research institute on Chinese studies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ziwzx.com/htm/zwzl/wxs/2014/0417/1810.html|last=王小石|date=24 December 2014|website=紫网在线|publisher=西征网|language=zh|script-title=zh:美国退还庚子赔款的真相|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002859/http://www.ziwzx.com/htm/zwzl/wxs/2014/0417/1810.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=14 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="清华风物志：清华园">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmiOHknGA6kC&pg=PA20|last=黄延复|date=2005|publisher=Tsinghua University Press|isbn=978-730-21155-4-0|location=Beijing|pages=20–23|language=zh|script-title=zh:清华园风物志|access-date=21 November 2016|archive-date=30 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730021204/https://books.google.com/books?id=PmiOHknGA6kC&pg=PA20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="校史：北京清华时期">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nthu.edu.tw/intro/aboutnthu4-1.php|last=国立清华大学|publisher=国立清华大学官网|language=zh-tw|script-title=zh:校史：北京清华时期|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410200920/http://www.nthu.edu.tw/intro/aboutnthu4-1.php|archive-date=10 April 2016|access-date=5 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="校史概略">{{Cite journal|date=1934|script-title=zh:校史概略|journal=清华周刊|language=zh-hk|issue=13–14|pages=1–3}}</ref><ref name="google3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-hMBAAAQBAJ&q=1925%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%8C%E6%B8%85%E8%8F%AF%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E9%83%A8%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B%E3%80%82&pg=PT5|last=吴清军|date=18 August 2014|publisher=南文博雅|pages=3–4|script-title=zh:清华传奇|access-date=22 November 2020|archive-date=30 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730021202/https://books.google.com/books?id=L-hMBAAAQBAJ&q=1925%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%88%EF%BC%8C%E6%B8%85%E8%8F%AF%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E9%83%A8%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B%E3%80%82&pg=PT5|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1928, the school changed its name to National Tsinghua University.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/en/About/History.htm|access-date=1 December 2020|website=Tsinghua University|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207102209/https://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/en/About/History.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], many Chinese universities were forced to evacuate their campuses to avoid the Japanese invasion. In 1937, Tsinghua University, [[Peking University]] and [[Nankai University]] merged to form the Changsha Temporary University, located in [[Changsha]], [[Hunan]]. The merged university later became the [[National Southwestern Associated University]], located in [[Kunming]], Yunnan. The Tsinghua University section of the merged university returned to Beijing at the end of World War II.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/news/10008/2015/20150901153543912658760/20150901153543912658760_.html|last=《新清华》编辑部|website=清华新闻网|publisher=清华大学党委宣传部 [Tsinghua University CCP Committee Department of Propaganda]|language=zh|script-title=zh:图说清华抗战那些事儿（二）辗转西南，离乱弦歌不辍|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119144539/http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/news/10008/2015/20150901153543912658760/20150901153543912658760_.html|archive-date=19 November 2016|access-date=19 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="清华大学志：西南联大大事记">{{Cite book|last=方惠坚，张思敬|date=2001|publisher=Tsinghua University Press|isbn=7-302-04319-1|location=Beijing|pages=677–698|language=zh|script-title=zh:清华大学志（下册）[M]}}</ref><ref name="校史：西南联大时期">{{Cite web|url=http://archives.lib.nthu.edu.tw/history/history03.html|last=國立清華大學圖書館|website=國立清華大學數位校史館|publisher=国立清华大学|language=zh-tw|script-title=zh:校史：西南联大时期|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914085251/http://archives.lib.nthu.edu.tw/history/history03.html|archive-date=14 September 2016|access-date=5 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="bbb">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/news/4216/2011/20110225232152687658240/20110225232152687658240_.html|last=金富军|date=7 March 2009|website=清華大學新聞網|publisher=清华大学校史研究室 [Tsinghua University Office of university research]|language=zh|script-title=zh:复员之后的国立清华大学|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017020522/http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/news/4216/2011/20110225232152687658240/20110225232152687658240_.html|archive-date=17 October 2013|access-date=5 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=梅贻琦|date=1994|script-title=zh:复原后之清华|journal=清华大学史料选编|location=Beijing|publisher=Tsinghua University Press|volume=4|pages=33}}</ref>