Editing Symphony No. 9 (Dvořák) (section)

== Form ==
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|filename2=Antonin Dvorak - symphony no. 9 in e minor 'from the new world', op. 95 - ii. largo.ogg|title2=II. Largo
|filename3=Antonin Dvorak - symphony no. 9 in e minor 'from the new world', op. 95 - iii. molto vivace.ogg|title3=III. Scherzo: Molto vivace
|filename4=Antonin Dvorak - symphony no. 9 in e minor 'from the new world', op. 95 - iv. allegro con fuoco.ogg|title4=IV. Allegro con fuoco}}
A typical performance usually lasts around 40 minutes. The work is in four [[Movement (music)|movements]]:
{{ordered list|list_style_type=upper-roman
|[[Tempo#Italian tempo markings|Adagio]], {{music|time|4|8}} – ''[[Tempo#Italian tempo markings|Allegro]] molto'', {{music|time|2|4}}, [[E minor]], 452 measures 
|[[Tempo#Italian tempo markings|Largo]], {{music|commontime}}, [[D-flat major|D{{music|b}} major]] → [[C-sharp minor|C{{music|#}} minor]] → D{{music|b}} major, 127 measures 
|[[Scherzo]]: [[Molto]] [[Tempo#Italian tempo markings|vivace]] – Poco sostenuto, {{music|time|3|4}}, E minor, Trio in [[C major]], 300 measures 
|[[Finale (music)|Finale]]: [[Tempo#Italian tempo markings|Allegro]] con fuoco, {{music|commontime}}, E minor, 348 measures 
}}

=== I. Adagio – Allegro molto ===
[[File:Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf|450px|page=228]]

The movement is written in [[sonata form]] and begins with an introductory melody in Adagio. This melodic outline also appears in the third movement of Dvořák's [[String Quintet No. 3 (Dvořák)|String Quintet No. 3 in E{{music|flat}} major]] and his [[Humoresques (Dvořák)|Humoresque No. 1]]. The exposition is based on three thematic subjects. The first in E minor is notable for its announcing and responsive phrases. The second is in G minor and undergoes a transformation such that it resembles a Czech polka. The exposition's closing theme in G major is known for being similar to the African-American spiritual "[[Swing Low, Sweet Chariot]]". The development primarily focuses on the main and closing themes, and the recapitulation consists of a repetition of the main theme as well as a transposition of the second and closing themes up a semitone. The movement is concluded with a [[Coda (music)|coda]], with the main theme stated by the brass above an orchestral tutti.<ref name=dvorak.cz />

=== II. Largo ===
[[File:Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf|450px|page=229]]

The second movement, written in ternary form, is introduced by a harmonic progression of chords in the wind instruments. Beckerman interprets these chords as a musical rendition of the narrative formula "Once upon a time".<ref name=dvorak.cz>{{Cite web |title=Symphony No. 9 "From the New World" |url=http://www.antonin-dvorak.cz/en/symphony9 |access-date=October 1, 2020 |website=Antonín Dvořák}}</ref> Then a solo cor anglais (English horn) plays the famous main theme in [[D-flat major]] accompanied by muted strings. Dvořák was said to have changed the theme from clarinet to cor anglais as it reminded him of the voice of [[Harry Burleigh]]. The movement's middle section contains a passage in C{{music|sharp}} minor evoking a nostalgic and desolate mood which eventually leads into a funeral march above [[pizzicato]] steps in the basses. It is followed by a quasi-scherzo that incorporates this movement's theme as well as the first movement's main and closing themes. The Largo is concluded with the soft return of the main theme and introductory chords.

=== III. Molto vivace ===
[[File:Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf|450px|page=230]]

The movement is a scherzo written in ternary form, with influences from [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow|Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's]] ''[[The Song of Hiawatha]]''. The stirring rhythm of the first part is interrupted by a trio middle section. The first part is then repeated, followed by an echo in the coda of the first movement's main theme.<ref name=dvorak.cz />

=== IV. Allegro con fuoco ===
[[File:Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf|450px|page=231]]

The final movement is also written in sonata form. After a brief introduction, the horns and trumpets declare the movement's main theme against sharp chords played by the rest of the orchestra. The second theme is then presented by the clarinet above tremolos in the strings. The development not only works with these two themes but also recalls the main themes of the first and second movements and a fragment of the Scherzo. Following the recapitulation which begins in the unexpected key of G minor but later corrects itself back to the original key, the movement reaches its climax in the coda, in which materials from the first three movements are reviewed for a final time while the Picardy third is expanded after the orchestra triumphantly plays a "modally altered" plagal cadence.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Cross |first1=Milton |last2=Ewen |first2=David |author1-link=Milton Cross |title=Antonín Dvořák |encyclopedia=Milton Cross' Encyclopedia of the Great Composers and Their Music |volume=1 |page=239 |year=1962 |publisher=Doubleday and Company, Inc. |location=Garden City, New York |lccn=62008097}}</ref> The main theme, especially its occurrence in bar 321, bears a close resemblance to the opening theme of the ''Hans Heiling Overture'' by [[Heinrich Marschner]].