Symphony No. 9 (Dvořák)
Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox musical composition
The Symphony No. 9 in E minor, "From the New World", Op. 95, B. 178 (Template:Langx), also known as the New World Symphony, was composed by Antonín Dvořák in 1893 while he was the director of the National Conservatory of Music of America from 1892 to 1895. It premiered in New York City on 16 December 1893.<ref name=dvorak.cz /> It is one of the most popular of all symphonies.<ref name="Clapham" /> In older literature and recordings, this symphony was – as for its first publication – numbered as Symphony No. 5. The symphony was completed in the building that now houses the Bily Clocks Museum in Spillville, Iowa.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Astronaut Neil Armstrong took a tape recording including the New World Symphony along during the Apollo 11 mission, the first Moon landing, in 1969.<ref name="Apollo11">Template:Cite book</ref>
Instrumentation
[edit]
This symphony is scored for the following orchestra:
- 2 flutes (one doubling piccolo)Template:Efn
- 2 oboes (one doubling English horn)
- 2 clarinets in BTemplate:Music & A
- 2 bassoons
- 4 horns in E, C and F
- 2 trumpets in E
- 3 trombones: alto, tenor, bass
- Tuba (second movement only)Template:Efn
- Timpani
- Triangle (third movement only)
- Cymbals (fourth movement only)
- Strings
Form
[edit]Template:Listen A typical performance usually lasts around 40 minutes. The work is in four movements: Template:Ordered list
I. Adagio – Allegro molto
[edit]The movement is written in sonata form and begins with an introductory melody in Adagio. This melodic outline also appears in the third movement of Dvořák's [[String Quintet No. 3 (Dvořák)|String Quintet No. 3 in ETemplate:Music major]] and his Humoresque No. 1. The exposition is based on three thematic subjects. The first in E minor is notable for its announcing and responsive phrases. The second is in G minor and undergoes a transformation such that it resembles a Czech polka. The exposition's closing theme in G major is known for being similar to the African-American spiritual "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot". The development primarily focuses on the main and closing themes, and the recapitulation consists of a repetition of the main theme as well as a transposition of the second and closing themes up a semitone. The movement is concluded with a coda, with the main theme stated by the brass above an orchestral tutti.<ref name=dvorak.cz />
II. Largo
[edit]The second movement, written in ternary form, is introduced by a harmonic progression of chords in the wind instruments. Beckerman interprets these chords as a musical rendition of the narrative formula "Once upon a time".<ref name=dvorak.cz>Template:Cite web</ref> Then a solo cor anglais (English horn) plays the famous main theme in D-flat major accompanied by muted strings. Dvořák was said to have changed the theme from clarinet to cor anglais as it reminded him of the voice of Harry Burleigh. The movement's middle section contains a passage in CTemplate:Music minor evoking a nostalgic and desolate mood which eventually leads into a funeral march above pizzicato steps in the basses. It is followed by a quasi-scherzo that incorporates this movement's theme as well as the first movement's main and closing themes. The Largo is concluded with the soft return of the main theme and introductory chords.
III. Molto vivace
[edit]The movement is a scherzo written in ternary form, with influences from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's The Song of Hiawatha. The stirring rhythm of the first part is interrupted by a trio middle section. The first part is then repeated, followed by an echo in the coda of the first movement's main theme.<ref name=dvorak.cz />
IV. Allegro con fuoco
[edit]The final movement is also written in sonata form. After a brief introduction, the horns and trumpets declare the movement's main theme against sharp chords played by the rest of the orchestra. The second theme is then presented by the clarinet above tremolos in the strings. The development not only works with these two themes but also recalls the main themes of the first and second movements and a fragment of the Scherzo. Following the recapitulation which begins in the unexpected key of G minor but later corrects itself back to the original key, the movement reaches its climax in the coda, in which materials from the first three movements are reviewed for a final time while the Picardy third is expanded after the orchestra triumphantly plays a "modally altered" plagal cadence.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> The main theme, especially its occurrence in bar 321, bears a close resemblance to the opening theme of the Hans Heiling Overture by Heinrich Marschner.
Influences
[edit]Dvořák was interested in Native American music and the African-American spirituals he heard in North America. While director of the National Conservatory he encountered an African-American student, Harry T. Burleigh, who sang traditional spirituals to him. Burleigh, later a composer himself, said that Dvořák had absorbed their "spirit" before writing his own melodies.<ref>Jean E. Snyder, "A great and noble school of music: Dvořák, Harry T. Burleigh, and the African American Spiritual", in Tibbets, John C., editor, Dvorak in America: 1892–1895, Amadeus Press, Portland, Oregon, 1993, p. 131.</ref> Dvořák stated:
The symphony was commissioned by the New York Philharmonic, and premiered on 16 December 1893, at Carnegie Hall conducted by Anton Seidl. A day earlier, in an article published in the New York Herald on 15 December 1893, Dvořák further explained how Native American music influenced his symphony:
In the same article, Dvořák stated that he regarded the symphony's second movement as a "sketch or study for a later work, either a cantata or opera ... which will be based upon Longfellow's Hiawatha"<ref name="hiawatha">Template:Cite web</ref> (Dvořák never actually wrote such a piece).<ref name="hiawatha" /> He also wrote that the third movement scherzo was "suggested by the scene at the feast in Hiawatha where the Indians dance".<ref name="hiawatha" />
In 1893, a newspaper interview quoted Dvořák as saying "I found that the music of the negroes and of the Indians was practically identical", and that "the music of the two races bore a remarkable similarity to the music of Scotland".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Most historians agree that Dvořák is referring to the pentatonic scale, which is typical of each of these musical traditions.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
In a 2008 article in The Chronicle of Higher Education, prominent musicologist Joseph Horowitz states that African-American spirituals were a major influence on Dvořák's music written in North America, quoting him from an 1893 interview in the New York Herald as saying, "In the negro melodies of America I discover all that is needed for a great and noble school of music."<ref>Template:Cite journalTemplate:Subscription required</ref> Dvořák did, it seems, borrow rhythms from the music of his native Bohemia, as notably in his Slavonic Dances, and the pentatonic scale in some of his music written in North America from African-American and/or Native American sources. Statements that he borrowed melodies are often made but seldom supported by specifics. One verified example is the song of the Scarlet Tanager in the Quartet. Michael Steinberg writes<ref>Michael Steinberg, The Symphony: A Listener's Guide, Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 152</ref> that a flute solo theme in the first movement of the symphony resembles the spiritual "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot".<ref>"Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" was written by Wallis Willis, a Native American of the Choctaw Nation and former slave and popularized by the African-American Fisk Jubilee Singers</ref> Leonard Bernstein averred that the symphony was truly multinational in its foundations.<ref>Leonard Bernstein: 1953 American Decca recordings. DGG 477 0002. Comments on the 2nd compact disc.</ref>
Dvořák was influenced not only by music he had heard but also by what he had seen in America. He wrote that he would not have composed his American pieces as he had if he had not seen America.<ref>Letter to Emil Kozanek, 15 September 1893, translated in Letters of Composers, edited by Gertrude Norman and Miriam Lubell Shrifte (1946, Alfred A. Knopf, New York).</ref> It has been said that Dvořák was inspired by the "wide open spaces" of America, such as prairies he may have seen on his trip to Iowa in the summer of 1893.<ref>Sullivan, Jack (1999), New World Symphonies: How American Culture Changed European Music, Yale University Press, p. ix</ref> Notices about several performances of the symphony include the phrase "wide open spaces" about what inspired the symphony and/or about the feelings it conveys to listeners.Template:Efn
Dvořák was also influenced by the style and techniques used by earlier classical composers including Beethoven and Schubert.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The falling fourths and timpani strokes in the New World SymphonyTemplate:'s Scherzo movement evoke the Scherzo of Beethoven's Choral Symphony (Symphony No. 9). The use of quotations of prior movements in the symphony's final movement is reminiscent of Beethoven quoting prior movements in the opening Presto of the Choral Symphony's final movement.<ref name=dvorak.cz />
Reception
[edit]At the premiere in Carnegie Hall, the end of every movement was met with thunderous clapping and Dvořák felt obliged to stand up and bow.<ref name="Clapham">Clapham, John, Dvořák, Norton, New York, 1979, pp. 132–133.</ref> This was one of the greatest public triumphs of Dvořák's career. When the symphony was published, several European orchestras soon performed it. Alexander Mackenzie conducted the London Philharmonic Society in the first London performance on 21 June 1894.<ref name="Clapham" /> Clapham says the symphony became "one of the most popular of all time" and at a time when the composer's main works were being welcomed in no more than ten countries, this symphony reached the rest of the musical world and has become a "universal favorite".<ref name="Clapham" /> As of 1978, it had been performed more often "than any other symphony at the Royal Festival Hall, London" and is in "tremendous demand in Japan".<ref name="Clapham" />
In the UK, the largo became familiar to the general public after its use in a 1973 television advert directed by Ridley Scott for the Hovis bakery.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
"Goin' Home"
[edit]Template:Listen The theme from the Largo was adapted into the spiritual-like song "Goin' Home" (often mistakenly considered a folk song or traditional spiritual) by Dvořák's pupil William Arms Fisher, who wrote the lyrics in 1922.<ref>Otakar Šourek, Antonín Dvořák: his life and works, Philosophical library, 1954, p. 59; Glenn Watkins, Proof through the night: music and the Great War, Volume 1, University of California Press, 2003, p. 273.</ref><ref name="Keller">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Franya J. Berkman, Monument Eternal: The Music of Alice Coltrane, Wesleyan University Press, 2010, p. 88.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
See also
[edit]Footnotes
[edit]References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]External links
[edit]- Template:IMSLP2
- Score from Indiana University
- Score from Mutopia Project
- Template:YouTube
- True Story of "Goin' Home" – From Bohemia to Boston
- Performance of "Goin' Home" by the New York Festival of Song from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format
- Template:Cite web
- Original manuscript parts at the New York Philharmonic Archives