Editing Norman Jewison (section)

==Career==
=== 1952–1964: Early work ===
[[File:Chaim Topol, Lex Goudsmit en Norman Jewison (1971).jpg|left|thumb|240x240px|From left to right: [[Chaim Topol]], [[Lex Goudsmit]] and Jewison in 1971]]
When CBC Television went on the air in the fall of 1952, Jewison was an assistant director.<ref name=ACE/> During the next seven years he wrote, directed, and produced a wide variety of musicals, comedy-variety shows, dramas, and specials, including ''[[The Big Revue]]'', ''[[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]'', and ''[[The Barris Beat]]''. In 1953 he married Margaret Ann "Dixie" Dixon, a former model.  They had three children – Michael, Kevin, and Jennifer<ref name="WP obit">{{cite news|title=Norman Jewison, filmmaker with lens on social issues, dies at 97|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2024/01/22/norman-jewison-director-dead/|first=Harrison|last=Smith|date=January 22, 2024|access-date=January 25, 2024|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref name="Guardian obit">{{cite news|title=Norman Jewison obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/jan/23/norman-jewison-obituary|first=Sheila|last=Whitaker|author-link=Sheila Whitaker|date=January 23, 2024|access-date=January 25, 2024|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref> – who all pursued careers in the entertainment industry.<ref name="Historica Macleans">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Johnson|first=Brian D.|editor-last=|editor-first=|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|title=Norman Jewison (Profile)|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jewison-norman-frederick|date=January 19, 2004|access-date=January 25, 2024|volume=|publisher=Historica Canada}}</ref>  In 1958 Jewison was recruited to work for [[NBC]] in New York, where his first assignment was ''[[Your Hit Parade]]'', followed by ''[[The Andy Williams Show]]''. The success of these shows led to directing specials featuring performers such as [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Jackie Gleason]], and [[Danny Kaye]]. The television production that proved pivotal to Jewison's career was the [[Judy Garland]] "comeback" special that aired in 1961, which included [[Frank Sinatra]] and [[Dean Martin]], and led to a weekly show that Jewison was later called in to direct. Visiting the studio during rehearsal for the special, actor [[Tony Curtis]] suggested to Jewison that he should direct a feature film.<ref name=Hour/>

Jewison's career as a film director began when Tony Curtis' and [[Janet Leigh]]'s film production company, [[Curtleigh Productions]], hired him to direct the comedy ''[[40 Pounds of Trouble]]'' in February 1962.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=boxoffice-february121962|url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/27245570/boxoffice-february121962|access-date=June 28, 2021|website=yumpu.com|language=en}}</ref> The film was financed and distributed by [[Universal-International Pictures]] and was the first motion picture ever filmed at [[Disneyland]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Valley Times from North Hollywood, California on May 14, 1962 · 6|url=http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/580393232/|access-date=July 5, 2021|website=Newspapers.com|date=May 14, 1962 |language=en}}</ref> Curtleigh Productions' contract with Jewison had a negotiable option for further films if the initial picture was successful.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_variety_1962-03-14_226_3|title=Variety 1962-03-14: Vol 226 Iss 3|date=March 14, 1962|language=English}}</ref> In early October 1962, Jewison formed his own independent film production company, Simkoe Productions, and signed a two-picture deal with Curtis' new film production company, [[Curtis Enterprises]], as well as an additional two-picture deal with Universal-International Pictures.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/boxofficeoctdec18182boxo|title=Boxoffice (Oct–Dec 1962)|date=1962|location=New York|others=Media History Digital Library}}</ref> Although the two pictures for Curtis Enterprises were not made, both films for Universal-International Pictures were. He made two comedies starring [[Doris Day]]: ''[[The Thrill of It All (film)|The Thrill of It All]]'', released in 1963 and co-starring [[James Garner]], and ''[[Send Me No Flowers]]'', released in 1964 and co-starring [[Rock Hudson]]. After another comedy, ''[[The Art of Love (1965 film)|The Art of Love]]'' (1965), Jewison was determined to escape from the genre and tackle more demanding projects.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CA9GcnfVmSIC&pg=PA152|title=Steve McQueen: A Biography|publisher=Crown Archetype|year=2011|last=Eliot|first=Marc|page=152|isbn=9780307453211}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYl0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85|title=The Magnificent '60s: The 100 Most Popular Films of a Revolutionary Decade|publisher=McFarland|date=June 16, 2022|last=Hannan|first=Brian|page=85|isbn=9781476687230}}</ref>

=== 1965–1987: Breakthrough and acclaim ===
[[File:Norman Jewison and Clint Eastwood in a portrait taken by Gail Harvey. (48198950847).jpg|thumb|right|170px|[[Clint Eastwood]] with Jewison in 1987]]
His breakthrough film proved to be ''[[The Cincinnati Kid]]'' (1965), a drama starring [[Steve McQueen (actor)|Steve McQueen]], and Jewison considered it one of his personal favourites because it was his first challenging drama.<ref name="Interview">Bierlich, Jenny. Interview with Norman Jewison – {{YouTube|TKsOBW3JZ3o|58th Annual ACE Eddie Awards at the Beverly Hilton Hotel}}, February 17, 2008</ref> This success was followed in 1966 by a satire on [[Cold War]] paranoia, ''[[The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming]]''; it was the first film Jewison also produced, and it was nominated for four [[Academy Awards]], including Best Picture. He felt that doing "a plea for coexistence, or the absurdity of international conflict was important right at that moment". While reaction to ''Russians'' was positive, Jewison was labelled as "a Canadian pinko" by right-wing commentators.<ref name="SE">{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thesundayedition/the-sunday-edition-december-30-2018-1.4462999|title=The Sunday Edition – December 30, 2018|date=December 30, 2018|last=Enright|first=Michael|type=Radio interview|language=en|publisher=CBC|orig-year=2011|time=13:30}}</ref>

Continuing his string of successes was one of the films that has become closely identified with Jewison as its director, ''[[In the Heat of the Night (film)|In the Heat of the Night]]'' (1967), a crime drama set in a racially divided Southern town and starring [[Sidney Poitier]] and [[Rod Steiger]], which won five Academy Awards, including Best Picture, while Jewison was nominated for Best Director. While he was filming, [[Robert F. Kennedy|Robert Kennedy]] told Jewison that this could be "a very important film. Timing is everything". Kennedy reminded Jewison of that prediction a year and a half later when he presented him with the [[Critics' Choice Movie Awards|Critics' Choice Movie Award]] for best drama.<ref name=SE/> As a follow-up he directed and produced another film with McQueen, using innovative multiple screen images in the crime caper ''[[The Thomas Crown Affair (1968 film)|The Thomas Crown Affair]]'' (1968). From that point Jewison produced all feature films he directed, often with associate Patrick Palmer, and he also acted as producer for films directed by others, beginning with his former film editor [[Hal Ashby]]'s directorial debut ''[[The Landlord]]'' (1970).<ref name="Historica bio"/>  After the completion of the period comedy ''[[Gaily, Gaily]]'' (1969), Jewison, having become disenchanted with the political climate in the United States, moved his family to England.<ref name="Historica bio">{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Wise|first1=Wyndham|last2=Laurence|first2=Karen|editor-last=|editor-first=|encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|title=Norman Jewison|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/jewison-norman-frederick|date=November 2, 2010|access-date=January 25, 2024|volume=|publisher=Historica Canada}}</ref>

[[File:Norman Jewison at the Reel Club World Premiere of 'Moonstruck' event in 1987. (48198939747).jpg|thumb|left|170px|Jewison in 1987]]
At Pinewood Studios northwest of London, and on location in [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], he worked on the musical ''[[Fiddler on the Roof (film)|Fiddler on the Roof]]'' (1971, re-issued 1979), which won three [[Academy Awards|Oscars]] and was nominated for five others, including Best Picture and Director. During the filming of ''Fiddler'', Jewison was also the subject of the 1971 [[National Film Board of Canada]] documentary, ''Norman Jewison, Filmmaker'', directed by Douglas Jackson.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onf-nfb.gc.ca/eng/collection/film/?id=10595 |title=National Film Board of Canada archives "Norman Jewison, Filmmaker" |publisher=Onf-nfb.gc.ca |date=August 3, 2010 |access-date=June 4, 2011}}</ref> Jewison's next project was the musical ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar (film)|Jesus Christ Superstar]]'' (1973), based on the Broadway musical written by [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] and [[Tim Rice]]. It was filmed in Israel, where Jewison also produced the western ''Billy Two Hats'' (1974), starring [[Gregory Peck]]. ''Superstar'', controversial for its treatment of a religious subject, was followed by another movie that sparked critical debate, this time over violence. ''[[Rollerball (1975 film)|Rollerball]]'' (1975) is set in the near future when corporations rule the world and entertainment is centred around a deadly game. The next film he directed, the labour union drama ''[[F.I.S.T. (film)|F.I.S.T.]]'' (1978), loosely based on the life of [[Jimmy Hoffa]], also provided some controversy, this time regarding the [[screenplay|screenwriting]] credit. Screenwriter [[Joe Eszterhas]] was unhappy to share the screenwriting credit with the film's star [[Sylvester Stallone]], as he felt that Stallone's input had been minor, while Stallone claimed to have basically rewritten the whole script.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv.yahoo.com/joe-eszterhas/contributor/30330/bio |title=Yahoo! TV Esterhaus biography |publisher=Tv.yahoo.com |access-date=June 4, 2011}}</ref>

In 1978 Jewison returned to Canada, settling in the [[Caledon, Ontario|Caledon]] area in [[Ontario]] and establishing a farm that produced prizewinning cattle, as well as maple syrup.<ref name="Historica Macleans"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Roman |first1=Zachary |title=Iconic filmmaker Norman Jewison, first inductee to Caledon Walk of Fame, dead at 97 |url=https://caledoncitizen.com/iconic-filmmaker-norman-jewison-first-inductee-to-caledon-walk-of-fame-dead-at-97/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |work=Caledon Citizen |publisher=London Publishing Corporation |date=25 January 2024}}</ref>  Operating from a base in [[Toronto]], as well as one maintained in California, he directed high-profile actors [[Al Pacino]] in ''[[...And Justice for All (film)|...And Justice for All]]'' (1979), and [[Burt Reynolds]] and [[Goldie Hawn]] in the romantic comedy ''[[Best Friends (1982 film)|Best Friends]]'' (1982), and he produced ''[[The Dogs of War (film)|The Dogs of War]]'' (1981) and ''[[Iceman (1984 film)|Iceman]]'' (1984). During this period Jewison also produced the [[53rd Academy Awards|53rd Annual Academy Awards]] (1981), which was slated to air the day President [[Ronald Reagan]] was shot and had to be rescheduled. Revisiting the theme of racial tension that had characterised ''In the Heat of the Night'', Jewison's ''[[A Soldier's Story]]'' (1984), based on a [[Pulitzer Prize]] winning play, was nominated for three Academy Awards, including Best Picture. His next film was also based on a successful play. ''[[Agnes of God (film)|Agnes of God]]'' (1985), set in a [[Quebec]] convent, starred [[Jane Fonda]], [[Meg Tilly]], and [[Anne Bancroft]]; it received three Academy Award nominations.<ref name="Historica bio"/> In 1986, he then discontinued the agreement with film producer [[Columbia Pictures]], citing the behaviour of British filmmaker and head of production [[David Puttnam]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=April 1, 1987|title=Columbia Letting Multipic Pacts With Jewinson, Others Expire|page=37|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> After the falling out with Columbia, his Yorktown Productions company was moved to [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] for a three-year agreement to direct, produce, and develop pictures from the studio, and gave MGM the right of first refusal on films he wished to make.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 13, 1987 |title=Jewison To Make Films For MGM After Col Fallout |pages=4, 50 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>  Jewison's next film proved to be one of the most popular romantic films ever made.  ''[[Moonstruck]]'' (1987), starring [[Cher]], was a box office hit that garnered three Academy Awards, including Best Actress for Cher.  Jewison also received his third Best Director nomination.<ref name="WP obit"/><ref name="Guardian obit"/>

=== 1988–2001 ===
[[File:Norman Jewison, Eve Marie Saint and Carl Reiner at "A Tribute to Norman Jewison" at LACMA in Los Angeles on April 16, 2009. Photo by George Pimentel. (48198893346).jpg|thumb|left|Jewison, [[Eva Marie Saint]] and [[Carl Reiner]] in 2009]]
[[File:Norman Jewison Toronto August 2011.jpg|thumb|right|Jewison at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] in 2011|269x269px]]
For the next decade Jewison continued to direct feature films released by major studios: ''[[In Country]]'' (1989), a drama concerned with [[Vietnam veterans]] and the daughter of a war casualty; ''[[Other People's Money]]'' (1991), a social comedy about greed in the 1980s; ''[[Only You (1994 film)|Only You]]'' (1994), a romantic comedy set in Italy; and ''[[Bogus (film)|Bogus]]'' (1996), a fantasy about a young boy and his imaginary friend. He also served as producer for the film ''[[January Man]]'' (1989), executive producer for the Canadian movie ''[[Dance Me Outside]]'', and branched back into television both as director and producer, including the [[TNT (U.S. TV network)|TNT]] biographical film ''[[Geronimo (TV film)|''Geronimo'']]'' (1993) and the series ''[[The Rez]]'' (1996–1998).<ref name="TNT">{{cite web|url=https://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/236961 |title=TNT Norman Jewison Profile |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |date=March 14, 1999 |access-date=June 4, 2011}}</ref>

''[[The Hurricane (1999 film)|The Hurricane]]'' (1999) was Jewison's third film to explore the effects of racism, telling the story of boxer [[Rubin "Hurricane" Carter]], who had been falsely convicted for a triple murder in [[New Jersey]] during the mid-1960s. [[Denzel Washington]] won a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]] and was nominated for an [[Academy Award|Oscar]] for his portrayal of Carter. In 1999, Jewison's work was recognised by The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences when he was given the [[Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award]] for lifetime achievement. Jewison continued directing and producing up until his last film to be released, the 2003 thriller ''[[The Statement (film)|The Statement]]'', based on a novel by [[Brian Moore (novelist)|Brian Moore]] starring [[Michael Caine]]. That same year his autobiography ''This Terrible Business Has Been Good to Me'' was published, expressing the enthusiasm, conviction, and creative passion that sustained his career.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.vicu.utoronto.ca/collections/special_collections/f56_norman_jewison|title=Special Collections: Norman Jewison|website=Victoria University Library|publisher=[[University of Toronto]]|access-date=March 18, 2015}}</ref>

In 1999, he directed the [[HBO]] television movie ''[[Dinner with Friends (film)|Dinner with Friends]]'' starring [[Andie MacDowell]], [[Greg Kinnear]], [[Toni Collette]], and [[Dennis Quaid]]. The film was based on the [[Dinner with Friends|play of the same name]] by [[Donald Margulies]]. Jewison was nominated for the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie]].<ref name="Historica bio"/>

Describing the key characteristic of the films he made, he once said: "I want people to recognise themselves in the movies I make. I don't enjoy no-brainer action movies."<ref>{{cite news |title=Norman Jewison: Renowned Canadian film director dies at 97 |work=BBC News |date=January 22, 2024 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-68064514 |access-date=January 22, 2024}}</ref>