Editing Latino (demonym) (section)

== Usage ==

=== Community usage ===
Both ''Hispanic'' and ''Latino'' are generally used to denote people living in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://psfaculty.ucdavis.edu/bsjjones/identity.ppt |title=The concept of 'Latino' is an American concept |format=ms powerpoint |website=Psfaculty.ucdavis.edu |access-date=2012-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707133400/http://psfaculty.ucdavis.edu/bsjjones/identity.ppt |archive-date=2012-07-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/December/200612081426421CJsamohT0.373089.html |title=New Survey Paints Vivid Portrait of U.S. Latinos |first=Jeffrey |last=Thomas |work=USINFO |date=December 8, 2006 |access-date=2012-12-09 |quote=Being Latino is an American identity |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021074306/http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/December/200612081426421CJsamohT0.373089.html |archive-date=October 21, 2012}}</ref> Marcelo M. Suárez-Orozco and Mariela Páez write that "Outside the United States, we don't speak of Latinos; we speak of Mexicans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, and so forth."<ref name="Suárez-Orozco p4">{{cite book |editor1-last=Suarez-Orozco |editor1-first=Marcelo |editor2-last=Páez |editor2-first=Mariela |year=2008 |title=Latinos: Remaking America |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25827-3 |page=4 |quote=The very term ''Latino'' has meaning only in reference to the U.S. experience. Outside the United States, we don't speak of Latinos; we speak of Mexicans, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, and so forth. Latinos are made in the USA.}}</ref> In Latin America, the term {{lang|es|latino}} is not a common [[endonym]] and [[:es:Latino (Estados Unidos)|its usage in Spanish]] as a [[demonym]] is restricted to the Latin American-descended population of the United States, but this is not always the case. The exception is Spain where {{lang|es|latino}} is a common demonym for immigrants from Latin America.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
Sociologist Salvador Vidal‑Ortiz and literary scholar Juliana Martínez write that after the [[U.S. census]] introduced ''Hispanic'' in the 1970s, ''Latino'' emerged as "a term of resistance to the explicit colonial relations that 'Hispanic' sets between Spain and countries in Latin America".{{r|Vidal-Ortiz & Martínez|p=387}}

=== Governmental usage ===
The U.S. government [[Office of Management and Budget]] (OMB) has defined ''Hispanic or Latino'' people as "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race".<ref name="omb">{{cite web |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Revisions-to-the-Standards-for-the-Classification-of-Federal-Data-on-Race-and-Ethnicity-October30-1997.pdf |title=Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity |author=Office of Management and Budget |author-link=Office of Management and Budget |date=October 30, 1997 |work=[[Federal Register]] Notice |publisher=[[whitehouse.gov]] |access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref> The [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|U.S. census]] uses the [[ethnonym]] ''Hispanic or Latino'' to refer to "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf |title=The Hispanic Population: 2010 Census Briefs |website=Census.gov |access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref> The Census Bureau also explains that "[o]rigin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish may be of any race."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/hispanic/ |title=Hispanic Origin Main - People and Households - U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=2016-01-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119231531/http://www.census.gov/population/hispanic/ |archive-date=2016-01-19}}</ref> Hence the U.S. census and the OMB are using the terms differently. The U.S. census and the OMB use the terms interchangeably, where both terms are synonyms. According to a study by the [[Pew Research Center]], the majority (51%) of [[Hispanic and Latino Americans]] prefer to identify with their families' country of origin, while only 24% prefer the term ''Hispanic'' or ''Latino''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Paul |last2=Lopez |first2=Mark Hugo |last3=Martínez |first3=Jessica |last4=Velasco |first4=Gabriel |title=When Labels Don't Fit: Hispanics and Their Views of Identity |url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/04/04/when-labels-dont-fit-hispanics-and-their-views-of-identity/ |website=Pew Research Center's Hispanic Trends Project |date=4 April 2012}}</ref>

=== Style guides ===
The ''[[AP Stylebook]]'' recommends usage of ''Latino'' for persons of Spanish-speaking ancestry, as well as persons "from – or whose ancestors were from – ... Latin America, including Brazilians". However, in the recent past, the term ''Latinos'' was also applied to people from the Caribbean region,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Triple-Consciousness? Approaches to Afro-Latino Culture in the United States |first1=Juan |last1=Flores |author-link=Juan Flores (professor) |first2=Miriam |last2=Jiménez Román |author-link2=Miriam Jiménez Román |pages=319–328 |date=30 November 2009 |doi=10.1080/17442220903331662 |journal=Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies |volume=4 |issue=3 |publisher=[[Tandf]] |s2cid=144948747}}</ref> but those from former French, Dutch and British colonies are excluded.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FukTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |title=The Latino/a Condition: A Critical Reader |edition=2nd |first1=Richard |last1=Delgado |author-link=Richard Delgado |first2=Jean |last2=Stefancic |publisher=[[NYU Press]] |year=2011 |page=36 |isbn=9780814720394}}</ref>

=== Contrast with ''Hispanic'' ===
{{Hispanic and Latino Americans|right}}
{{Further|Hispanic and Latino (ethnic categories)}}
<!-- IMPORTANT NOTE: When citing files or reports from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, kindly provide the relevant quotation as well, or at least a page number, so that the definitions and page can be easily identified. Thank you. -->
Whereas ''Latino'' designates someone with roots in Latin America, the term ''Hispanic'' in contrast is a [[demonym]] that includes Spaniards and other speakers of the Spanish language.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object-groups/mexican-america?ogmt_page=mexican-america-glossary |title=Defining 'Hispanic' as meaning those with Spanish-speaking roots in the Americas and 'Latino' as meaning those with both Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking roots in Latin America |website=Americanhistory.si.edu |access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/uselectionroadtrip/2008/oct/18/uselections2008-race-newmexico |location=London |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |first=Kevin |last=Anderson |title=US elections 2008 (News), New Mexico (News), US politics |date=2008-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Herald Style Guide |access-date=6 April 2012 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/heraldstyleguide/ |website=Sites.google.com}}</ref>{{better source needed |reason=None of these three sources adequately defines 'Hispanic' as generally excluding Brazilians and French speaking parts of Latin America, but including Spaniards, and 'latino' as generally including Brazilians, Haitians and excluding Spaniards. |date=August 2019}}

The term ''Latino'' was officially adopted in 1997 by the [[United States Government]] in the ethnonym ''[[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Hispanic or Latino]]'', which replaced the single term ''Hispanic'': "Because regional usage of the terms differs – Hispanic is commonly used in the eastern portion of the United States, whereas Latino is commonly used in the western portion."<ref name=omb/>

U.S. official use of the term ''Hispanic'' has its origins in the [[1970 United States census|1970 census]]. The [[United States Census Bureau|Census Bureau]] attempted to identify all Hispanics by use of the following criteria in sampled sets:<ref name="historical census">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056.html |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |author=Gibson, Campbell |author2=Jung, Kay |access-date=2006-12-07 |date=September 2002 |work=Working Paper Series No. 56}}</ref>
:* Spanish speakers and persons belonging to a household where [[Spanish language|Spanish]] was spoken
:* Persons with [[Spanish people|Spanish]] heritage by birth location
:* Persons who self-identify with Latin America, excluding Brazil, Haiti and French Guiana

Neither ''Hispanic'' nor ''Latino'' refers to a [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|race]], as a person of Latino or Hispanic ethnicity can be of any race.<ref name="overview">{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-1.pdf |title=Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin |access-date=2007-07-15 |author=United States Census Bureau |date=March 2001 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212034359/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-context=dt&-reg=DEC_2000_SF2_U_PCT007:001 |archive-date=2020-02-12}}</ref><ref name="compraceho">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/compraceho.html |title=U.S. Census Bureau Guidance on the Presentation and Comparison of Race and Hispanic Origin Data |access-date=2007-03-18 |author=U.S. Census Bureau |quote=Race and Hispanic origin are two separate concepts in the federal statistical system. People who are Hispanic may be of any race. People in each race group may be either Hispanic or Not Hispanic. Each person has two attributes, their race (or races) and whether or not they are Hispanic.}}</ref> Like non-Latinos, a Latino can be of any race or combination of races: [[White people|White]], [[Black people|Black]] or [[African American]], [[Asian American]], [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] or [[Alaskan Native]], [[Native Hawaiian]] or other [[Pacific Islander American]], or [[Multiracial American|two or more ethnicities]]. While Brazilian Americans are not included with Hispanics and Latinos in the government's census population reports, any Brazilian American can report as being Hispanic or Latino since Hispanic or Latino origin is, like race or ethnicity, a matter of self-identification.<ref name=overview/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=B03001. Hispanic or Latino Origin by Spedific Origin |access-date=2008-01-20 |work=2006 American Community Survey |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref>

Other federal and local government agencies and non-profit organizations include Brazilians and Portuguese in their definition of ''Hispanic''. The [[United States Department of Transportation|U.S. Department of Transportation]] defines "Hispanic Americans" as: "persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, Central or South American, or other Spanish or Portuguese culture or origin, regardless of race".<ref>[https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/download/module5.pdf#page=359 U.S. Department of Transportation], "Disadvantaged Business Enterprise Program Administration Reference Manual For Division Office Civil Rights Personnel", Fhwa.dot.gov</ref> This definition has been adopted by the [[Small Business Administration]] as well as by many federal, state, and municipal agencies for the purposes of awarding government contracts to minority owned businesses. 
The [[Congressional Hispanic Caucus]] and the [[Congressional Hispanic Conference]] include representatives of Spanish and Portuguese descent. The [[Hispanic Society of America]] is dedicated to the study of the arts and cultures of [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], and [[Latin America]]. Each year since 1997 the International Latino Book Award is conferred to the best achievements in Spanish or Portuguese literature at [[BookExpo America]], the largest publishing trade show in the United States. The [[Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities]], which proclaims itself the champion of Hispanic success in higher education, has member institutions in the U.S., Puerto Rico, Latin America, Spain, and Portugal.

The ''[[American Heritage Dictionary]]'' maintains a distinction between the terms ''Hispanic'' and ''Latino'':

<blockquote>Though often used interchangeably in American English, ''Hispanic'' and ''Latino'' are not identical terms, and in certain contexts the choice between them can be significant. ''Hispanic'', from the Latin word for "Spain," has the broader reference, potentially encompassing all Spanish-speaking peoples in both hemispheres and emphasizing the common denominator of language among communities that sometimes have little else in common. ''Latino''—which in Spanish and Portuguese means "Latin" but which as an English word is probably a shortening of the Spanish word ''latinoamericano''—refers more exclusively to persons or communities of Latin American origin. Of the two, only ''Hispanic'' can be used in referring to Spain and its history and culture; a native of Spain residing in the United States is a ''Hispanic'', not a ''Latino'', and one cannot substitute ''Latino'' in the phrase ''the Hispanic influence on native Mexican cultures'' without garbling the meaning. In practice, however, this distinction is of little significance when referring to residents of the United States, most of whom are of Latin American origin and can theoretically be called by either word.<ref name= "AmerHer" >{{cite web |url=https://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?id=H5224500 |title=His·pan·ic |work=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |edition=5th |publisher=HarperCollins |access-date=2022-09-28}}</ref>
</blockquote>

The ''[[AP Stylebook]]'' also distinguishes between the terms ''Hispanic'' and ''Latino''. The Stylebook limits the term ''Hispanic'' to people "from – or whose ancestors were from – a Spanish-speaking land or culture". It provides a more expansive definition, however, of the term ''Latino''. The Stylebook definition of Latino includes not only people of Spanish-speaking ancestry, but also more generally includes persons "from – or whose ancestors were from – . . . Latin America". The Stylebook specifically lists "Brazilian" as an example of a group which can be considered Latino.

There were 28 categories tabulated in the [[2000 United States census]]: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, Central American: Costa Rican, Guatemalan, Honduran, Nicaraguan, Panamanian, Salvadoran, Other Central American; South American: Argentinian, Bolivian, Chilean, Colombian, Ecuadorian, Paraguayan, Peruvian, Uruguayan, Venezuelan, Other South American; Other Hispanic or Latino: Spaniard, Spanish, Spanish American, All other Hispanic or Latino.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/glossary_s.html#spanish_hispanic_latino |title=American FactFinder Help; Spanish/Hispanic/Latino |access-date=2009-03-02 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20010306000043/http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/glossary_s.html#spanish_hispanic_latino |archive-date=March 6, 2001}}</ref>

===Debates===
{{further information|Hispanic and Latino (ethnic categories)}}
The use of the term ''Latino'', despite its increasing popularity, is still highly debated among those who are called by the name.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-apr-10-me-26028-story.html |title=The Term 'Latino' Describes No One |first=EVELYN G. |last=ALEMAN |date=10 April 1999 |access-date=17 October 2017 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crossculturecommunications.com/latino-hispanic.pdf |title=Latino or Hispanic Panic: Which Term Should We Use? |website=Crossculturecommunications.com |access-date=17 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807224426/http://www.crossculturecommunications.com/latino-hispanic.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> Since the adoption of the term by the U.S. Census Bureau<ref>Fisher, Celia B. and Lerner, Richard M. ''Encyclopedia of Applied Developmental Science''
SAGE, 2004, {{ISBN|0-7619-2820-0}} Page 634
</ref> and its subsequent widespread use, there have been several controversies and disagreements, especially in the United States and, to a lesser extent, in [[Mexico]] and other [[Spanish-speaking]] countries. Many Latin American scholars, journalists, and [[indigenous-rights]] organizations have objected to the [[mass-media]] use of the word ''Latino'', pointing out that such ethnonyms are optional and should be used only to describe people involved in the practices, ideologies, and [[identity politics]] of their supporters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalpolitician.com/2946-hispanic-latin-america-south-america |title=Global Politician |website=Globalpolitician.com |access-date=17 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503215455/http://www.globalpolitician.com/2946-hispanic-latin-america-south-america/ |archive-date=3 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/18/opinion/l-latino-hispanic-quechua-no-american-take-your-pick-718992.html |title=Latino? Hispanic? Quechua? No, American; Take Your Pick |date=18 November 1992 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/suncommentary/la-op-rodriguez12nov12,1,3317414.column?coll=la-headlines-suncomment |title=Gregory Rodriguez: Look beyond the 'Latino' label |date=12 November 2006 |access-date=17 October 2017 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>''Hispanic'' magazine, December 2000</ref> Journalist [[Rodolfo Acuña]] writes:

<blockquote>When and why the Latino identity came about is a more involved story. Essentially, politicians, the media, and marketers find it convenient to deal with the different U.S. Spanish-speaking people under one umbrella. However, many people with Spanish surnames contest the term ''Latino''. They claim it is misleading because no Latino or Hispanic nationality exists since no Latino state exists, so generalizing the term ''Latino'' slights the various national identities included under the umbrella.<ref>Acuña, Rodolfo, ''U.S. Latino issues'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003
{{ISBN|0-313-32211-2}}</ref></blockquote>