Editing Geography of Bahrain (section)

==Climate==
{{See also|Bahrain#Climate|l1=Climate}}
Bahrain features an [[arid climate]].<ref name=":11" /> Bahrain has two seasons: an extremely hot summer and a relatively mild winter.<ref name=":11" /> During the summer months, from April to October, afternoon temperatures average {{convert|40|°C||abbr=}} and can reach {{convert|46|°C|1}} during May, June and July.<ref name=":11" /> The combination of intense heat and high humidity makes this season uncomfortable.<ref name=":11" /> In addition, a hot, dry southwest wind, known locally as the qaws, periodically blows sand clouds across the barren southern end of Bahrain toward Manama in the summer.<ref name=":11" /> Temperatures moderate in the winter months, from November to March, when the range is between {{convert|10|and|20|C|F}}.<ref name=":11" /> However, humidity often rises above 90% in the winter.<ref name=":11" /> From December to March, prevailing winds from the northwest, known as the [[Shamal (wind)|shamal]], bring damp air over the islands.<ref name=":11" /> Regardless of the season, daily temperatures are fairly uniform throughout the archipelago.<ref name=":11" /> Note that the coldest temperature ever recorded in Bahrain was on January 20, 1964, when it dropped to -5&nbsp;°C (23&nbsp;°F) in Awali and 2.7&nbsp;°C (36&nbsp;°F) at Bahrain International Airport.<ref name=":11" />
That particular freeze was accompanied by a white-out, with icicles forming on trees and fences at Awali.<ref name=":11" />

Bahrain receives little precipitation.<ref name=":11" /> The average annual rainfall is {{convert|72|mm|in|sp=us|abbr=}}, usually confined to the winter months.<ref name=":11" /> No permanent rivers or streams exist on any of the islands.<ref name=":11" /> The winter rains tend to fall in brief, torrential downpours, flooding the shallow [[wadi]]s that are dry the rest of the year and impeding transportation.<ref name=":11" /> Little of the [[rain]]water is saved for [[irrigation]] or drinking.<ref name=":11" /> However, there are numerous natural [[Spring (hydrosphere)|springs]] in the northern part of Bahrain and on adjacent islands.<ref name=":11" /> Underground [[freshwater]] deposits also extend beneath the Persian Gulf to the Saudi Arabian coast.<ref name=":11" /> Since ancient times, these springs have attracted settlers to the archipelago.<ref name=":11" /> Despite increasing salinization, the springs remain an important source of [[drinking water]] for Bahrain.<ref name=":11" /> Since the early 1980s, however, [[desalination]] plants, which render [[seawater]] suitable for domestic and industrial use, have provided about 60% of daily water consumption needs.<ref name=":11" />

{{Weather Box
|location  = Bahrain International Airport (1991–2020, extremes 1946–2012)
|metric first = Y
|single line  = Y
|Jan record high C = 31.7
|Feb record high C = 34.7
|Mar record high C = 40.0
|Apr record high C = 41.7
|May record high C = 46.7
|Jun record high C = 46.6
|Jul record high C = 47.4
|Aug record high C = 45.7
|Sep record high C = 45.5
|Oct record high C = 42.8
|Nov record high C = 37.2
|Dec record high C = 30.6
|year record high C = 47.4
|Jan high C = 20.7
|Feb high C = 22.0
|Mar high C = 25.5
|Apr high C = 30.6
|May high C = 36.1
|Jun high C = 38.6
|Jul high C = 39.7
|Aug high C = 39.6
|Sep high C = 37.7
|Oct high C = 34.0
|Nov high C = 28.0
|Dec high C = 22.9
|year high C = 31.3
|Jan mean C = 17.5
|Feb mean C = 18.4
|Mar mean C = 21.3
|Apr mean C = 26.0
|May mean C = 31.1
|Jun mean C = 34.0
|Jul mean C = 35.1
|Aug mean C = 35.1
|Sep mean C = 33.2
|Oct mean C = 29.9
|Nov mean C = 24.6
|Dec mean C = 19.7
|year mean C = 27.2
|Jan low C = 14.5
|Feb low C = 15.4
|Mar low C = 18.1
|Apr low C = 22.4
|May low C = 27.2
|Jun low C = 30.0
|Jul low C = 31.4
|Aug low C = 31.5
|Sep low C = 29.5
|Oct low C = 26.4
|Nov low C = 21.6
|Dec low C = 16.8
|year low C = 23.7
|Jan record low C = -5
|Feb record low C = 7.2
|Mar record low C = 7.8
|Apr record low C = 14.2
|May record low C = 18.7
|Jun record low C = 22.7
|Jul record low C = 25.2
|Aug record low C = 26.0
|Sep record low C = 23.5
|Oct record low C = 18.8
|Nov record low C = 12.1
|Dec record low C = 6.4
|year record low C = -5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 18.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 13.0
|Mar precipitation mm = 14.7
|Apr precipitation mm = 5.8
|May precipitation mm = 0.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 0.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 0.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 0.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 0.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 0.9
|Nov precipitation mm = 16.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 15.2
|year precipitation mm = 85.1
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 2.5
|Feb precipitation days = 1.9
|Mar precipitation days = 2.5
|Apr precipitation days = 1.3
|May precipitation days = 0.3
|Jun precipitation days = 0.0
|Jul precipitation days = 0.0
|Aug precipitation days = 0.0
|Sep precipitation days = 0.0
|Oct precipitation days = 0.2
|Nov precipitation days = 1.6
|Dec precipitation days = 2.3
|year precipitation days = 12.6
|Jan humidity = 69.1
|Feb humidity = 67.2
|Mar humidity = 61.5
|Apr humidity = 54.4
|May humidity = 47.6
|Jun humidity = 46.2
|Jul humidity = 50.7
|Aug humidity = 58.0
|Sep humidity = 59.2
|Oct humidity = 62.3
|Nov humidity = 63.6
|Dec humidity = 68.7
|year humidity = 59.0
| Jan dew point C = 11.5
| Feb dew point C = 11.8
| Mar dew point C = 13.1
| Apr dew point C = 15.8
| May dew point C = 17.9
| Jun dew point C = 19.9
| Jul dew point C = 22.5
| Aug dew point C = 25.0
| Sep dew point C = 23.7
| Oct dew point C = 21.5
| Nov dew point C = 17.0
| Dec dew point C = 13.7
| year dew point C = 17.7
|Jan sun = 231.5
|Feb sun = 220.6
|Mar sun = 245.1
|Apr sun = 256.3
|May sun = 316.4
|Jun sun = 343.7
|Jul sun = 336.6
|Aug sun = 334.1
|Sep sun = 315.9
|Oct sun = 306.0
|Nov sun = 249.0
|Dec sun = 235.4
|year sun = 3390.4
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Bahrain/XLS/BahrainInternationalAirport_41150.xlsx
| title = Bahrain International Airport Climate Normals 1991-2020
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 4 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=41150&ano=2021&mes=3&day=19&hora=0&min=0&ndays=30 |title=41150: Bahrain International Airport (Bahrain) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 19 March 2021|website=ogimet.com |publisher=[[OGIMET]] |access-date= 19 March 2021|quote=}}</ref>
|date=December 2010
}}

=== Climate change ===
[[File:Show Your Stripes change in temperature graphic for All of Bahrain with bars with labels.png|thumb|Temperature change in Bahrain, each bar represents the average temperature over that year.]]
Due to [[climate change]] Bahrain is experiencing more frequent extreme heat, drought, flooding and [[Dust storm|dust storms]] and the threat of sea level rise. These conditions threaten Bahrain's food and water security, and are expected to become more severe in the future.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahmoud |first=Mohammed |date=29 May 2024 |title=Building a More Resilient Bahrain: An Integrated Approach to Climate Change, Socioeconomic, and Governance Challenges |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/building-more-resilient-bahrain-integrated-approach-climate-change-socioeconomic-and#:~:text=The%20Kingdom%20of%20Bahrain%20faces,and%20the%20nation's%20food%20security. |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Middle East Institute |language=en}}</ref> Despite being a relatively low-emitting country overall, Bahrain was the second highest [[greenhouse gas]] emitter per capita in 2023, at approximately 42 tonnes per person.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Matthew W. |last2=Peters |first2=Glen P. |last3=Gasser |first3=Thomas |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Schwingshackl |first5=Clemens |last6=Gütschow |first6=Johannes |last7=Houghton |first7=Richard A. |last8=Friedlingstein |first8=Pierre |last9=Pongratz |first9=Julia |last10=Le Quéré |first10=Corinne |date=2023-03-29 |title=National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide since 1850 |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |journal=Scientific Data |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |issn=2052-4463 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11250/3119366}}</ref> Most of Bahrain's emissions arise from burning [[Fossil fuel|fossil fuels]] in the energy sector.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Climate Watch |title=Bahrain |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/BHR?end_year=2021&start_year=1990 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.climatewatchdata.org}}</ref> The nation has committed to [[Net-zero emissions|net zero]] by 2060<ref>{{Cite web |last=Climate Watch |title=Bahrain |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/BHR?end_year=2021&start_year=1990 |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.climatewatchdata.org}}</ref> and also aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 30% by 2035.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Bahrain |date=30 July 2024 |title=Climate Change and Environment Protection |url=https://bahrain.bh/wps/portal/en/BNP/HomeNationalPortal/ContentDetailsPage/!ut/p/z1/rVRNc5swEP0rvuQIWgkF4yNOauJMUzfYOLEuGQEiqAGh2IpJ_33RtDnExKaZVhd97e5bvbcrxNA9Yorv5SM3slG86vYb5j_g-TlcBRcA3y8pgdv1JPanNxhuIg_dvTeYrCY--ISElCwjDxaA2Kf8-wbWH46MEHr4STIDP4hmlPpBPD4fn8IHoH_8D8NOYzL1AKLlQf795_XwfQA_SjDG1wlAQA78e-mtEUMsU0abEm1SpR-EOgOeNi9mZEoxepLqMW_qMxBqL7eNqoUyI67ykeLmZSuOndugOpN5F5IUtCgK6lAK2KEFJc4EB9yhHva8McmpIKm13pkBKi7oB1K8Y-qACrzqCLhdz8N4MbvEQPHflcIJrf-llKzW7PTzrocAumaQP56fWdgp1igjXg26_3-S3VkZBggc6gY2VG7sJAkLMmAQANp0LI-PsjTvZNhL0aJENdu6-0CWnyzFqzeEIymEX8nvmDyzXxTatHrn6mZrKmF2biXVk720M9faomZN7cq0dlvt8ryWyi1F1S21dltRdZfC3Qm-zUq0FArpOrGjDjz1U0rpsNSPv8RBuypKvf_mhL8AN4Xzyw!!/ |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=Government of Bahrain}}</ref>