Geography of Bahrain
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The Kingdom of Bahrain<ref>For the history of the name, see Etymology of Bahrain.</ref> consists of Bahrain Island and 33 of the 37 Bahrain Islands, lying in the Persian Gulf's Gulf of Bahrain off the north shore of West Asia's Arabian Peninsula. Bahrain's capital city is Manama. The islands are about Template:Convert off the east coast of Saudi Arabia and Template:Convert from Qatar.<ref name=":11">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> The total area of the country is about Template:Convert, about four times the size of the District of Columbia.<ref name=":11" />
Bahrain Island accounts for about 78% of the kingdom's land area, comprising Template:Convert. It is Template:Convert long from north to south and at its widest point stretches Template:Convert from east to west. The island is surrounded by several of the Middle East's large petroleum fields and commands a strategic position amid the Persian Gulf's shipping lanes.
Geographical setting and islands
[edit]Following the return of Janan to Qatar in March 2001, the state of Bahrain consists of 33 natural islands in the Template:Nowrap archipelago.
Around most of Bahrain is a relatively shallow inlet of the Persian Gulf known as the Gulf of Bahrain.<ref name=":11" /> The seabed adjacent to Bahrain is rocky and, mainly off the northern part of the island, covered by extensive coral reefs.<ref name=":11" /> Most of the island is a low-lying and barren desert.<ref name=":11" /> Outcroppings of limestone form low rolling hills, stubby cliffs, and shallow ravines.<ref name=":11" /> The limestone is covered by various densities of saline sand, capable of supporting only the hardiest desert vegetation – chiefly thorn trees and scrub.<ref name=":11" /> There is a fertile strip five kilometres wide along the northern coast on which date, almond, fig, and pomegranate trees grow.<ref name=":11" /> The interior contains an escarpment that rises to 134 meters, the highest point on the island, to form Jabal al Dukhan (Mountain of Smoke), named for the mists that often wreathe the summit.<ref name=":11" /> Most of the country's oil wells are situated in the vicinity of Jabal al Dukhan.<ref name=":11" />
One author writes about the geology of the nation: "Bahrein lies on a portion of the ancient Tethys Ocean geosynclinal belt represented today by the Persian Gulf. The formation of the principal island is the result of pressure from the mountain masses of Persia against the crystalline platform of central Asia, the thrust being absorbed by gentle folding in the geosynclines. The structure of Bahrein is that of a large, single, closed dome covering the entire faulting".
Rocks exposed at the surface consist of:
- Recent sands and coquinas forming flat, raised beaches surrounding the island from which the surface rises gradually to an elevation 150 to 200 feet above sea level. At this point it breaks away into inward-facing cliffs eighty to one hundred feet high completely surrounding an oval central depression about twelve miles long and four wide.
- Pleistocene sands, cross-bedded and probably wind-deposited, lying in the canyon.
- Miocene silicious clay covering a very limited area.
- Eocene limestone covering most of the island, the central region of which, known as “Jabal Dukhān “Mountain of Smoke”, rises to a point 439 feet above sea level. The limestone is very porous and is the source of most of the water in the northern half of the island.<ref>Faroughy, Abbas. 1951. The Bahrein Islands (750-1951): A Contribution to the Study of Power Politics in the Persian Gulf. New York: Verry, Fisher & Co. Pages 14-15.</ref>
In addition to Bahrain Island, other islands of significance include Nabih Saleh, which is northwest of Sitrah; Jidda Island and Umm as Sabaan, to the north of Umm a Nasan; and a group of islands, the largest of which is Hawar, near the coast of Qatar.<ref name=":11" /> Nabih Saleh contains several freshwater springs that are used to irrigate the island's the extensive date palm groves.<ref name=":11" /> The rocky islet of Jiddah formerly housed the state prison<ref name=":11" /> but has now been converted to a holiday resort.Template:Citation needed Hawar and the fifteen small islands near it are the subject of a territorial dispute between Bahrain and Qatar.<ref name=":11" /> Hawar is nineteen kilometres long and about one and one-half kilometres wide.<ref name=":11" /> The other islands (such as the Al Garum Islands) are uninhabited and are nesting sites for a variety of migratory birds.<ref name=":11" />
In Bahrain forest cover is around 1% of the total land area, equivalent to 700 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 220 hectares (ha) in 1990. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under public ownership.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Climate
[edit]Template:See also Bahrain features an arid climate.<ref name=":11" /> Bahrain has two seasons: an extremely hot summer and a relatively mild winter.<ref name=":11" /> During the summer months, from April to October, afternoon temperatures average Template:Convert and can reach Template:Convert during May, June and July.<ref name=":11" /> The combination of intense heat and high humidity makes this season uncomfortable.<ref name=":11" /> In addition, a hot, dry southwest wind, known locally as the qaws, periodically blows sand clouds across the barren southern end of Bahrain toward Manama in the summer.<ref name=":11" /> Temperatures moderate in the winter months, from November to March, when the range is between Template:Convert.<ref name=":11" /> However, humidity often rises above 90% in the winter.<ref name=":11" /> From December to March, prevailing winds from the northwest, known as the shamal, bring damp air over the islands.<ref name=":11" /> Regardless of the season, daily temperatures are fairly uniform throughout the archipelago.<ref name=":11" /> Note that the coldest temperature ever recorded in Bahrain was on January 20, 1964, when it dropped to -5 °C (23 °F) in Awali and 2.7 °C (36 °F) at Bahrain International Airport.<ref name=":11" /> That particular freeze was accompanied by a white-out, with icicles forming on trees and fences at Awali.<ref name=":11" />
Bahrain receives little precipitation.<ref name=":11" /> The average annual rainfall is Template:Convert, usually confined to the winter months.<ref name=":11" /> No permanent rivers or streams exist on any of the islands.<ref name=":11" /> The winter rains tend to fall in brief, torrential downpours, flooding the shallow wadis that are dry the rest of the year and impeding transportation.<ref name=":11" /> Little of the rainwater is saved for irrigation or drinking.<ref name=":11" /> However, there are numerous natural springs in the northern part of Bahrain and on adjacent islands.<ref name=":11" /> Underground freshwater deposits also extend beneath the Persian Gulf to the Saudi Arabian coast.<ref name=":11" /> Since ancient times, these springs have attracted settlers to the archipelago.<ref name=":11" /> Despite increasing salinization, the springs remain an important source of drinking water for Bahrain.<ref name=":11" /> Since the early 1980s, however, desalination plants, which render seawater suitable for domestic and industrial use, have provided about 60% of daily water consumption needs.<ref name=":11" />
Climate change
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Due to climate change Bahrain is experiencing more frequent extreme heat, drought, flooding and dust storms and the threat of sea level rise. These conditions threaten Bahrain's food and water security, and are expected to become more severe in the future.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Despite being a relatively low-emitting country overall, Bahrain was the second highest greenhouse gas emitter per capita in 2023, at approximately 42 tonnes per person.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Most of Bahrain's emissions arise from burning fossil fuels in the energy sector.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The nation has committed to net zero by 2060<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and also aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 30% by 2035.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Area and boundaries
[edit]Area:
total:780 km2
country comparison to the world: 188
- land:780 km2
- water: 0 km2
Area comparative
- USA - 3.5 times the size of Washington D.C.
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 161 km
Maritime claims:
- territorial sea: Template:Convert
- contiguous zone: Template:Convert
- continental shelf: extending to boundaries to be determined
Elevation extremes:
- lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
- highest point: Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m
Resources and land use
[edit].svg){kind=link}
Natural resources:
- oil, associated and non associated natural gas, fish, pearls
Land use:
- arable land: 2.11%
- permanent crops: 3.95%
- other: 93.95% (2012)
Irrigated land: 40.15 km2 (2003)
Total renewable water resources: 0.12 m³ (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
- total: 0.36 km3/yr (50%/6%/45%)
- per capita: 386 m³/yr (2003)
Environmental concerns
[edit]Natural hazards:
periodic droughts; dust storms
Environment - current issues:
desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwater resources (groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all water needs)
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]Template:Bahrain topics Template:Geography of Asia Template:Asia topic