Editing Foreign relations of Turkey (section)

===After 1945===
[[File:Cumhurbaşkanı Ersin Tatar, Gaziantep AFAD Merkezi’nde yetkililerle bir araya geldi 02.jpg|thumb|330px|[[Northern Cyprus]] has been occupied by Turkey since 1974.<ref>US Congressional Research Service, July 11, 2024 https://sgp.fas.org/crs/mideast/IF10487.pdf</ref>]]

Turkey became [[Member states of the Council of Europe|one of the early members]] of the [[Council of Europe]] in 1950. Turkey applied for full membership of the [[European Economic Community|EEC]] in 1987, joined the [[European Union Customs Union]] in 1995 and started [[Accession of Turkey to the European Union|accession negotiations]] with the [[European Union]] in 2005.<ref name="TR_EUChrono">{{cite web|url=http://www.abgs.gov.tr/en/tur-eu_relations_dosyalar/chronology.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515022203/http://www.abgs.gov.tr/en/tur-eu_relations_dosyalar/chronology.htm|archive-date=15 May 2007|title=Chronology of Turkey-EU relations|publisher=Turkish Secretariat of European Union Affairs|access-date=30 October 2006}}</ref><ref name="barroso">{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/pdf/interview_20061015_en.pdf|title=Interview with European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso on BBC Sunday AM|publisher=[[European Commission]]|access-date=17 December 2006|date=15 October 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061121143823/http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/pdf/interview_20061015_en.pdf| archive-date= 21 November 2006 | url-status= live}}</ref> In a non-binding vote on 13 March 2019, the [[European Parliament]] called on the EU governments to suspend EU accession talks with Turkey, citing violations of human rights and the rule of law; but the negotiations, effectively on hold since 2018, remain active as of 2025.<ref name="dw-13-03-2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/european-parliament-votes-to-suspend-turkeys-eu-membership-bid/a-47902275|title=European Parliament votes to suspend Turkey's EU membership bid|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=13 March 2019|access-date=10 October 2019|archive-date=10 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010002713/https://www.dw.com/en/european-parliament-votes-to-suspend-turkeys-eu-membership-bid/a-47902275|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the United States government, the other defining aspect of Turkey's foreign policy has been the country's long-standing [[Turkey–United States relations|strategic alliance with the United States]].<ref name="U.S.DoS-Turkey">{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-turkey/|title=U.S. Relations With Turkey|website=state.gov|publisher=U.S. Department of State|date=12 August 2021|access-date=6 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105151421/https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-turkey/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=fas.org>{{cite web|title=Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R41368.pdf|website=fas.org|date=22 December 2022|access-date=6 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228193044/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/R41368.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Truman Doctrine]] in 1947 enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece during the [[Cold War]], and resulted in large-scale U.S. military and economic support. In 1948 both countries were included in the [[Marshall Plan]] and the [[Organization for European Economic Co-operation|OEEC]] for rebuilding European economies.<ref name="Truman Doctrine">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ID4E3Lm8TsgC&pg=PA134|title=Outposts and Allies: U.S. Army Logistics in the Cold War, 1945–1953|last=Huston|first=James A.|publisher=Susquehanna University Press|year=1988|isbn=978-0-941664-84-4|page=134|access-date=3 April 2015|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328152535/https://books.google.com/books?id=ID4E3Lm8TsgC&pg=PA134#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

The shared threat posed by the [[Soviet Union]] during the [[Cold War]] was a driving factor behind Turkey's accession to [[NATO]] in 1952, fostering strong bilateral ties with the United States. In the ensuing decades, Turkey benefited significantly from American political, economic, and diplomatic support—particularly on critical issues such as its longstanding bid for European Union membership.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ziya Öniş |first1=ŞuhnazYılmaz |title=Turkey-EU-US Triangle in Perspective: Transformation or Continuity? |url=http://istanbul2004.ku.edu.tr/syilmaz/public_html/doc/03.pdf |website=istanbul2004.ku.edu.tr/ |access-date=4 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316111719/http://istanbul2004.ku.edu.tr/syilmaz/public_html/doc/03.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2014}}</ref> In the post–Cold War era, Turkey's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the [[Middle East]], the [[Caucasus]] and the Balkans.<ref name=edoc.hu-berlin.de>{{cite book|last1=Mitrovic|first1=Marija|title=Turkish Foreign Policy towards the Balkans|url=http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/series/getmaseries/2014-10/PDF/10.pdf|via=edoc.hu-berlin.de Open access publication server of the Humboldt University|access-date=9 August 2014|publisher=Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, Institut für Sozialwissenschaften|date=24 March 2014|doi=10.18452/3090|archive-date=14 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814121746/http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/series/getmaseries/2014-10/PDF/10.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural, [[Turkic history|historic]] and [[Turkic languages|linguistic]] heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Bal20042">{{cite book |author=İdris Bal |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=vDzjkrTDKjYC |page=269 }} |title=Turkish Foreign Policy in Post Cold War Era |publisher=Universal-Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-58112-423-1 |page=269 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> The [[International Organization of Turkic Culture]] (TURKSOY) was established in 1993, and the [[Organization of Turkic States]] (OTS) was established in 2009. The [[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]], a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]] that extends from [[Baku]] in [[Azerbaijan]] to the port of [[Ceyhan]] in Turkey, forms part of Turkey's foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit from the [[Caspian Sea]] basin to Europe. Turkey sealed its land border with Armenia in a gesture of support to Azerbaijan (a Turkic state in the Caucasus region) during the [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War|First]] (1993) and [[Second Nagorno-Karabakh War|Second]] (2020) Nagorno-Karabakh Wars, and it remains closed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elanchenny |first=Susae |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=9chOD205h2YC }} |title=Breaking the Ice The Role of Civil Society and Media in Turkey-Armenia Relations An Evaluation of the 'Dialogue-Building between Turkey and Armenia' Project |date=2010 |publisher=Istanbul Kültür University |isbn=978-605-4233-80-9 |location=Istanbul |page=9}}</ref> Armenia and Turkey started diplomatic talks in order to normalize the relationship between the two countries. The discussions include opening the closed borders and starting trade. Turkey and Armenia have also restarted commercial flights between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 2022 |title=Turkey, Armenia hold 2nd diplomatic talks aimed at normalization |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/diplomacy/turkey-armenia-hold-2nd-diplomatic-talks-aimed-at-normalization |access-date=22 March 2022 |publisher=Daily Sabah}}</ref>

Under the [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]] government (2003–), Turkey's economy has grown rapidly and the country's influence has grown in the Middle East based on a strategic depth doctrine, though this doctrine has been accused of [[Neo-Ottomanism]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=22209 |title=Turkey's Middle East Policies: Between Neo-Ottomanism and Kemalism |last=Taspinar |first=Omer |access-date=5 June 2010 |date=September 2008 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |archive-date=15 September 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040915011611/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=22209 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Murinson |first=Alexander |title=Turkey's Entente with Israel and Azerbaijan: State Identity and Security in the Middle East and Caucasus (Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Politics) |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2009 |page=119 |isbn=978-0-415-77892-3}}</ref> Debate on Turkey's foreign relations is controversial both within Turkey itself and outside the country. In the West, there is a divide between those who are worried about Turkey's perceived movement away from the West toward a less democratic, more Islamic or more pro-Russian and pro-Chinese<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/05/16/u-s-ally-turkey-may-have-a-new-best-friend-in-beijing/|title=U.S. ally Turkey may have a new best friend in Beijing|last=Taylor|first=Adam|date=16 May 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref> orientation and those who do not see Turkey's changing political structure, growing regional power, and diversification of relations with countries such as Russia as a threat.<ref name="Kubilay Yado Arin 2013">Kubilay Yado Arin: ''The AKP's Foreign Policy, Turkey's Reorientation from the West to the East?'' Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, Berlin 2013. {{ISBN|9783865737199}}.</ref>