Editing Demographics of Romania (section)

==Ethnic groups==
{{main|Minorities in Romania}}
[[File:Românii pe județe (România, 1930-2021).jpg|200px|thumb|right|Romanians by counties (Ethnic maps 1930–2021)]]
[[File:Romania 1930 ethnic map EN.png|thumb|200px|right|Ethnic map (1930 census)]]
[[File:Romania harta etnica 1977.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Ethnic map (1977 census)]]
[[File:RoCensus2002Inhab.png|thumb|200px|right|Ethnicity in Romania by county (inhabitants) based on the 2002 census data]]
[[File:Romani_in_Romania_(2002).png|thumb|200px|right|Romanians in Romania based on 2002 census data]]
[[File:Romania detailed ethnic map.PNG|200px|thumb|Ethnic map ([[2011 Romanian census|2011 census]])]]
[[File:Ethnic-maps-of-romania-from-1977-to-2021-v0-15wn0vk3ebcd1.webp|thumb|200x200px|Ethnic map (2021 census)]]
Slightly more than 10% of the population of Romania is formed of [[minorities in Romania]]. The principal minorities are Hungarians and Roma, although other smaller ethnic groups exist too. Before [[World War II]], minorities represented more than 28% of the total population. During the war that percentage was halved, largely by the loss of the border areas of [[Bessarabia]] and northern [[Bukovina]] (to the former [[Soviet Union]], now [[Moldova]] and [[Ukraine]]) and southern [[Dobrudja]] (to [[Bulgaria]]). Two-thirds of the ethnic German population either [[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)|left or were deported after World War II]], a period that was followed by decades of relatively regular (by communist standards) migration. During [[Kingdom of Romania#The interbellum years|the interwar period in Romania]], the total number of ethnic Germans amounted to as much as 786,000 (according to some sources and estimates dating to 1939),<ref>Dr. Gerhard Reichning, ''Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Teil 1'', Bonn 1995, Page 17</ref><ref>Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. ''Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50''. Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt – Wiesbaden. – Stuttgart: [[Kohlhammer Verlag]], 1958 Page 46</ref> a figure which had subsequently fallen to circa 36,000 as of 2011 in contemporary Romania. One reason for the decline of Romanian Germans is that after the [[Romanian Revolution]] there has been a mass migration of [[Transylvania Saxons]] to Germany, in what was referred by British daily newspaper ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' to as 'the most astonishing, and little reported, ethnic migration in modern Europe'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/oct/01/romania-saxon-conservation-village|title=A forgotten Saxon world shows how ancient and modern can co-exist|last=Jenkins|first=Simon|date=2009-10-01|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-09-25}}</ref>

Of a total population of three quarter million [[History of the Jews in Romania|Jews]] before World War II, about a third were killed during the [[Holocaust]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/killedtable.html|title=Estimated Number of Jews Killed in the Final Solution|website=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org|access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref> Mass emigration, mostly to [[Israel]] and [[United States]], has reduced the surviving Jewish community to less than 6,000 in 2002 (it is estimated that the real numbers could be 3–4 times higher).<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20051202063320/http://www.romanianjewish.org/ro/fedrom_01.html Comunitati evreiesti din România]}}, B'nai B'rith International and Federația Comunitatii Evreiesti din România. Accessed online 4 December 2006</ref>

[[Hungarians]] (Magyars; ''see [[Hungarians in Romania]]'', especially in [[Harghita County|Harghita]], [[Covasna County|Covasna]], and [[Mureș County|Mureș counties]]) and [[Romani people|Roma]] (''see [[Romani people in Romania]]'') are the principal minorities, with a declining [[ethnic German|German]] population ([[Banat Swabians]] in [[Timiș County|Timiș]]; [[Transylvanian Saxons]] in [[Sibiu County|Sibiu]], [[Brașov County|Brașov]] and elsewhere), and smaller numbers of [[Czechs of Romania|Czechs]], [[Slovaks of Romania|Slovaks]], [[Serbs of Romania|Serbs]], [[Croats of Romania|Croats]], and [[Banat Bulgarians]] (in [[Banat]]), [[Ukrainians]] (especially in [[Maramureș]] and [[Bukovina]]), [[Greeks of Romania]] (especially in [[Braila (county)|Brăila]] and [[Constanța County|Constanța]]), [[Turks of Romania|Turks]] and [[Crimean Tatars|Tatars]] (mainly in [[Constanța County|Constanța]]), [[Armenians of Romania|Armenians]], [[Russians]] ([[Lipovans]], [[Old Believers]] in [[Tulcea (county)|Tulcea]]), [[History of the Jews in Romania|Jews]] and others. Since the [[Romanian Revolution of 1989]], Bucharest and other cities have again become increasingly cosmopolitan, including identifiable presences from outside the EU ([[Chinese of Romania|Chinese]], Turks, Moldovans, Syrians, Iraqis, [[Afro-Romanian|Africans]]) as well as from the EU (French, Italians, Germans, British, Greeks).<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.mediafax.ro/social/locuitorii-straini-ai-capitalei-peste-30-000-de-migranti-inregistrati-in-bucuresti-10519706 |title = Locuitorii străini ai Capitalei: Peste 30.000 de migranţi, înregistraţi în Bucureşti}}</ref> In Romania, there are also guest workers from countries such as Vietnam and Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://observator.tv/social/firmele-cauta-cu-disperare-angajati-in-asia-pe-un-santier-din-bucuresti-am-gasit-zeci-de-vietnamezi-au-parte-de-salarii-speciale-247740.html |title = Firmele caută angajaţi în Asia. Pe un şantier din Bucureşti, lucrează zeci de vietnamezi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://observator.tv/economic/nepalezi-solutie-criza-angajatori-251794.html |title = Nepalezii, soluția de criză a angajatorilor din România. Cei mai mulți lucrează în industria alimentară}}</ref>

Minority populations are greatest in [[Transylvania]] and the [[Banat]], areas in the north and west of the country, which were part of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] (after 1867 the [[Austria-Hungary]]) until the end of [[Treaty of Trianon|World War I]]. Even before the union with Romania, ethnic Romanians comprised the overall majority in Transylvania. However, ethnic Hungarians and Germans were the dominant urban population until relatively recently, while Hungarians still constitute the majority in Harghita and Covasna counties.

The Roma constitute one of Romania's largest minorities. According to the [[2011 Romanian census]], they number 621,573 people or 3.08% of the total population, being the second-largest ethnic minority in Romania after Hungarians,<ref name="CensusRef">{{cite web
|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf
|title=Romanian 2011 census
|publisher=www.edrc.ro
|access-date=2011-12-10
|language=ro
|archive-date=2013-07-17
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> with significant populations in [[Mureș County|Mureș]] (8.9%) and [[Călărași County|Călărași]] (7,47%) counties. There are different estimates about the size of the total population of people with Roma ancestry in Romania because a lot of people of Roma descent do not declare themselves as Roma. The number of the Roma is usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Romania's population.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/romania/ | title=Europe :: Romania – the World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency| date=19 April 2022}}</ref>

After Hungarians and the Roma, [[Ukrainians of Romania]] are the third-largest minority. According to the 2011 Romanian census they number 51,703 people, making up 0.3% of the total population.<ref name="insse3">{{in lang|ro}} [http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf "Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populației și Locuințelor – 2011"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802060014/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf |date=2019-08-02 }}, at the 2011 census site; accessed February 2, 2012.</ref> Ukrainians mainly live in northern Romania, in areas close to the Ukrainian border. Over 60% of all Romanian Ukrainians live in [[Maramureș County]] (where they make up 6.77% of the population).