Editing 1991 (section)

=== January ===
* [[January 1]] – [[Socialist Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]] becomes the second [[Eastern Europe]]an country to abandon its [[command economy]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Greenhouse|first=Steven|date=January 1, 1991|title=Czechs Begin Shift to a Free Market|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/01/world/czechs-begin-shift-to-a-free-market.html|access-date=August 18, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105063345/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/01/world/czechs-begin-shift-to-a-free-market.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[January 5]] – [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] troops attack [[Tskhinvali]], the capital of [[South Ossetia]], starting the [[1991–92 South Ossetia War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caucasus.dk/chapter4.htm|title=The Georgian – South Ossetian Conflict|last=Cvetkovski|first=Nikola|publisher=Danish Association for Research on the Caucasus|access-date=April 11, 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430213436/http://www.caucasus.dk/chapter4.htm|archive-date=April 30, 2009}}</ref>
* [[January 7]] – [[1991 Haitian coup d'état]]: An attempted coup by the [[Tonton Macoute]], a paramilitary force under former dictator [[Jean-Claude Duvalier]], is thwarted in Haiti.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Lantern 8 January 1991 – Ohio State University Newspaper Archives|url=https://osupublicationarchives.osu.edu/?a=d&d=LTN19910108-01.2.43&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------|access-date=2021-06-12|website=osupublicationarchives.osu.edu|archive-date=October 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005155035/https://osupublicationarchives.osu.edu/?a=d&d=LTN19910108-01.2.43&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 30, he is convicted by a jury of attempting to overthrow the country's first [[Government of Haiti|democratically elected government]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}
* [[January 9]]
**[[Gulf War]]: [[U.S. Secretary of State]] [[James Baker]] meets with [[Iraqi Foreign Minister]] [[Tariq Aziz]] but fails to produce a plan for the withdrawal of [[Invasion of Kuwait|Iraqi troops from Kuwait]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Friedman|first=Thomas L.|date=January 9, 1991|title=Confrontation in the Gulf; Iraqi, in Geneva, Says Pressure Won't Work|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/09/world/confrontation-in-the-gulf-iraqi-in-geneva-says-pressure-won-t-work.html|access-date=2021-06-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=June 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002019/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/09/world/confrontation-in-the-gulf-iraqi-in-geneva-says-pressure-won-t-work.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last2=Drozdiak|first2=William|last1=Hoffman|first1=David|date=January 9, 1991|title=Baker and Aziz Arrive in Geneva|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/01/09/baker-and-aziz-arrive-in-geneva/585e554f-ffb9-4576-9bb7-86ec42640575/|access-date=June 12, 2021|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229222527/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/01/09/baker-and-aziz-arrive-in-geneva/585e554f-ffb9-4576-9bb7-86ec42640575/|url-status=live}}</ref>
** In [[Sebokeng]], [[South Africa]], gunmen open fire on mourners attending the funeral of an [[African National Congress]] leader, killing 45 people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South African major mass killings timeline 1900–2012 {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/south-african-major-mass-killings-timeline-1900-2012|access-date=2021-06-12|website=sahistory.org.za|archive-date=May 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508083518/https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/south-african-major-mass-killings-timeline-1900-2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[January 12]] – Gulf War: The [[102nd United States Congress|102nd]] [[U.S. Congress]] passes a [[Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991|resolution]] authorizing the use of [[Liberation of Kuwait campaign|military force]] to expel [[Iraqi forces]] from [[Kuwait]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Fritz|first1=Sarah|last2=Eaton|first2=William J.|date=January 13, 1991|title=Congress Authorizes Gulf War : Historic act: The vote in both houses, supporting Bush and freeing troops to attack Iraq, is decisive and bipartisan. It is the strongest move since Tonkin Gulf.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-13-mn-374-story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207050820/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-13-mn-374-story.html|archive-date=February 7, 2021|access-date=February 2, 2021|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
* [[January 13]] – [[Singing Revolution]]: [[Soviet]] forces storm [[Vilnius]] to stop [[Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania|Lithuanian independence]], [[January Events (Lithuania)|killing 14 civilians]] and injuring 702 more. In [[Latvia]], a [[The Barricades|series of confrontations]] between the [[Latvian government]] and the [[Soviet government]] take place in [[Riga]].<ref name="bbc-onthisday">{{cite news|title=On This Day 13 January, 1991: Bloodshed at Lithuanian TV station|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/13/newsid_4059000/4059959.stm|access-date=September 13, 2011|work=BBC News|date=January 13, 1991|archive-date=November 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109010731/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/13/newsid_4059000/4059959.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Adoption of the Declaration of Independence, the Barricades (1990–1991) {{!}} Aizsardzības ministrija|url=http://www.mod.gov.lv/en/about-us/history/adoption-declaration-independence-barricades-1990-1991|access-date=2021-06-12|website=mod.gov.lv|archive-date=July 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727192552/https://www.mod.gov.lv/en/about-us/history/adoption-declaration-independence-barricades-1990-1991|url-status=live}}</ref> Lithuania formally declares independence on February 16, and voters in [[1991 Estonian independence referendum|Estonia]] and [[1991 Latvian independence and democracy referendum|Latvia]] vote for independence on March 3.<ref>{{cite book|first=Anatol|last=Lieven|title=The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iz3NACNOpCAC&pg=PA410|year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06078-2|pages=410|access-date=October 8, 2020|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207101429/https://books.google.com/books?id=iz3NACNOpCAC&pg=PA410#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Parks|first=Michael|date=March 4, 1991|title=Estonia, Latvia Vote Overwhelmingly for Independence : Baltics: Secession from the Soviet Union passes by wide margins in both republics. The next test is a countrywide referendum on Gorbachev's plan.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-04-mn-92-story.html|access-date=2021-06-12|website=Los Angeles Times|archive-date=August 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804170803/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-04-mn-92-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Clines|first=Francis X.|date=March 4, 1991|title=Latvia and Estonia Vote for Sovereignty|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/04/world/latvia-and-estonia-vote-for-sovereignty.html|access-date=2021-06-12|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=March 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303074429/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/04/world/latvia-and-estonia-vote-for-sovereignty.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[January 15]]
** Gulf War: The [[UN]] deadline for the withdrawal of [[Iraqi forces]] from [[Occupation of Kuwait|occupied Kuwait]] expires, preparing the way for the start of [[Operation Desert Storm]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Goldman|first1=John J.|last2=Kempster|first2=Norman|date=November 30, 1990|title=U.N. Gives Iraq Until Jan. 15 to Leave Kuwait or Face War : Gulf crisis: Historic measure passes 12 to 2, with China abstaining. It is only the second time the Security Council has voted to use military force.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-11-30-mn-5769-story.html|access-date=February 2, 2021|website=Los Angeles Times|archive-date=February 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201154339/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-11-30-mn-5769-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
** [[Prime Minister of Cape Verde]] [[Pedro Pires]] resigns following [[African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde|his party]]'s loss in the [[1991 Cape Verdean parliamentary election|Cape Verdean parliamentary election]]. Later on February 17, [[António Mascarenhas Monteiro]] wins the [[1991 Cape Verdean presidential election|country's first multiparty presidential election]] since 1975.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baker|first=Bruce|date=December 2006|title=Cape Verde: The Most Democratic Nation in Africa?|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/div-classtitlecape-verde-the-most-democratic-nation-in-africadiv/0CB09558A9EAFBE92F718ADF6BE9D0C2|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=44|issue=4|pages=495|doi=10.1017/S0022278X06002060|s2cid=144361839|access-date=April 2, 2019|archive-date=April 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402202637/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/div-classtitlecape-verde-the-most-democratic-nation-in-africadiv/0CB09558A9EAFBE92F718ADF6BE9D0C2|url-status=live|issn=0022-278X}}</ref>
* [[January 16]] – Gulf War: [[Operation Desert Storm]] begins with air strikes against [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Edwin E.|last=Moïse|title=Limited War : The Stereotypes|url=http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/FacultyPages/EdMoise/limit1.html|access-date=July 2, 2010|publisher=Clemson University|archive-date=August 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806173418/http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/FacultyPages/EdMoise/limit1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Valentine|first=Janet G.|title=American Military History: A Survey From Colonial Times to the Present|date=May 23, 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-315-51100-9|page=358|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pQ03DAAAQBAJ|access-date=September 10, 2023|archive-date=October 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005160246/https://books.google.com/books?id=pQ03DAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[January 17]]
**Gulf War: Iraq fires eight [[Scud]] missiles into Israel. [[Iraq–Israel relations|Iraqi attacks]] continue with 15 people injured in [[Tel Aviv]] on January 19 and 96 people injured in [[Ramat Gan]] on January 22.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rostker|first=Bernard|year=2000|title=Information Paper: Iraq's Scud Ballistic Missiles|url=http://www.iraqwatch.org/government/US/Pentagon/dodscud.htm|access-date=May 21, 2009|publisher=Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control from 2000 to 2006|archive-date=May 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514212635/http://www.iraqwatch.org/government/US/Pentagon/dodscud.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite journal|last1=Fetter|first1=Steve|last2=Lewis|first2=George N.|last3=Gronlund|first3=Lisbeth|author3-link=Lisbeth Gronlund|date=January 28, 1993|title=Why were Casualties so low?|url=https://api.drum.lib.umd.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/4738f048-bb00-4f30-8097-2ff88be6a792/content|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817070947/https://api.drum.lib.umd.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/4738f048-bb00-4f30-8097-2ff88be6a792/content|archive-date=August 17, 2024|url-status=live|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|location=London|volume=361|issue=6410|pages=293–296|doi=10.1038/361293a0|hdl=1903/4282|s2cid=4343235|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kifner|first=John|date=January 23, 1991|title=War in the Gulf: Tel Aviv; 3 Die, 96 are Hurt in Israeli Suburb|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/23/world/war-in-the-gulf-tel-aviv-3-die-96-are-hurt-in-israeli-suburb.html|access-date=August 18, 2020|archive-date=June 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630062830/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/23/world/war-in-the-gulf-tel-aviv-3-die-96-are-hurt-in-israeli-suburb.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Atkinson|first1=Rick|last2=Balz|first2=Dan|date=January 23, 1991|title=Scud Hits Tel Aviv, Leaving 3 Dead, 96 Hurt|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/fogofwar/archive/post012291.htm|access-date=June 2, 2013|archive-date=October 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006145653/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/fogofwar/archive/post012291.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
**[[Harald V of Norway]] becomes the [[king of Norway]] after the death of his father, [[Olav V]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harald V {{!}} Biography & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harald-V|access-date=2021-06-12|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-date=September 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910205016/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harald-V|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[January 18]] – [[Eastern Air Lines]] shuts down after 62 years of operations, citing financial problems. Later on December 4, [[Pan American World Airways]] ceases its operations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bearak|first=Barry|date=January 20, 1991|title=The Day After Eastern Folds: Many Passengers Are Left Up in the Air : Travel: Some connect with other carriers, several are left on standby status. The 62-year-old airline finally succumbed to a number of infirmities.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-20-mn-895-story.html|access-date=August 18, 2020|website=Los Angeles Times|archive-date=August 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830184945/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-20-mn-895-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Airways|date=December 4, 2016|title=December 4, 1991: The Last "Clipper" Flight|url=https://airwaysmag.com/airchive/the-last-clipper-flight/|access-date=August 18, 2020|website=Airways Magazine|archive-date=August 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830192338/https://airwaysmag.com/airchive/the-last-clipper-flight/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[January 22]] – Gulf War: The [[British Army]] [[Special Air Service|SAS]] patrol, [[Bravo Two Zero]], is deployed in Iraq.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The SAS Operations {{!}} Gulf-war {{!}} Britain's Small Wars|url=https://britains-smallwars.com/campaigns/gulf-war/page.php?art_url=gulf-sas|access-date=November 20, 2024|website=britains-smallwars.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722141527/https://britains-smallwars.com/campaigns/gulf-war/page.php?art_url=gulf-sas|archive-date=July 22, 2024}}</ref>
* [[January 24]] – The [[government of Papua New Guinea]] signs a peace agreement with [[Bougainville Revolutionary Army|separatist leaders]] from [[Bougainville Island]], ending [[Bougainville Civil War|fighting]] that had gone on since [[1988]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Woodbury|first=Jo|title=The Bougainville Independence Referendum: Assessing the Risks and Challenges Before, During and After the Referendum|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/ADC/Publications/IndoPac/Woodbury%20paper%20(IPSD%20version).pdf|series=Indo-Pacific Strategy Papers|date=January 2015|publisher=Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies (CDSS), Australian Defence College|location=Canberra|page=7|access-date=March 13, 2021|archive-date=October 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029183001/http://www.defence.gov.au/ADC/Publications/IndoPac/Woodbury%20paper%20%28IPSD%20version%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[January 26]] – [[President of Somalia|President]] [[Siad Barre]] is overthrown, and [[Somali Democratic Republic|Somalia]] enters a [[Somali civil war|civil war]]. Three days later, [[Ali Mahdi Muhammad]] is inaugurated as the next president.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohamed Siad Barre {{!}} president of Somalia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohamed-Siad-Barre|access-date=2021-06-12|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-date=December 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226092942/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohamed-Siad-Barre|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 29, 1991|title=New President of Somalia Is Sworn In|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-29-mn-417-story.html|access-date=2021-06-12|website=Los Angeles Times|archive-date=June 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002027/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-01-29-mn-417-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[January 29]]
** In [[South Africa]], [[Nelson Mandela]] of the [[African National Congress]] and [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]] of the [[Inkatha Freedom Party]] agree to end violence between the two organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/cis/omalley/OMalleyWeb/03lv02039/04lv02040/05lv02042.htm|title=1991|access-date=February 2, 2021|website=omalley.nelsonmandela.org|archive-date=June 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614095018/https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/cis/omalley/OMalleyWeb/03lv02039/04lv02040/05lv02042.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Noble|first=Kenneth B.|date=September 15, 1991|title=Two Black Groups and Pretoria Sign Peace Agreement|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/15/world/two-black-groups-and-pretoria-sign-peace-agreement.html|access-date=February 2, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206223956/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/15/world/two-black-groups-and-pretoria-sign-peace-agreement.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
** Gulf War: The first major ground engagement of the war, the [[Battle of Khafji]], begins. The battle lasts until February 1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2014/February%202014/0214reversal.aspx|title=AirLand Reversal|last=Lambeth|first=Benjamin S.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219160549/http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2014/February%202014/0214reversal.aspx|archive-date=February 19, 2014|url-status=live|website=Airforcemag.com|date=February 1, 2014}}</ref>